Placebo EffectNCT07542119
Effects of Conditioning Activities in Female Athletes
A study testing post-activation performance enhancement (PAPE) protocol in people with Placebo Effect and Physical Performance, run by Universidade Federal do Triangulo Mineiro at 1 site in Brazil.
Trial summary
This study will investigate how different warm-up strategies affect physical performance in female athletes who practice invasion sports (e.g., soccer, handball, and basketball). Read more about this study
- Who is it for?
- Ages 18 to 30 years, women onlyHealthy volunteers can take part
- Conditions the study is for
- Placebo Effect, Physical Performance, Countermovement Jump
- What is being tested?
- post-activation performance enhancement (PAPE) protocol
- Could I receive a placebo?
- Yes, some participants may receive a placebo
- How many people
- 20 participants
- Where
- 1 siteBrazil
- Study dates
- 10 May 2026to 25 Nov 2026
- Phase
- Interventional
- Are there results?
- Not yet: the study is under way
Key requirements
Who can take part, as listed by the sponsor. Only the study team can confirm whether you are eligible, so take this list to your doctor.
- Ages 18 to 30 years
- Women only
- Healthy volunteers accepted
- Adult
Who may be able to join
- Female athletes aged 18 to 30 years
- Familiarity with the proposed tests and exercises
- Ability to perform all testing procedures
- Regular participation in invasion team sports (at least two sessions per week) for a minimum of two years
Who cannot join
- Presence of musculoskeletal injuries that could limit test performance
- Injury occurring during the study period
- Absence for more than seven days between experimental sessions
- Failure to comply with the data collection schedule
Trial locations and contacts
1 site in 1 country. Contact the study team or a site near you to ask about taking part.
Brazil1 site
Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro
Uberaba, Minas Gerais, 55
Armando Seno Lourenço Silva, Master´s Student, 17981447702, armandoseno95@gmail.com
Armando Seno Lourenço Silva, Master´s Student, 55 17981447702, armandoseno95@gmail.com
About this study
Official title: Effect of Conditioning Activities on Neuromuscular Performance in Female Invasion Sports Athletes
This study will investigate how different warm-up strategies affect physical performance in female athletes who practice invasion sports (e.g., soccer, handball, and basketball). Participants will complete three different conditions: a standard warm-up only, a warm-up followed by a performance-enhancing activity, and a warm-up followed by a low-intensity activity designed to simulate the same expectations without real physiological effects.
After each condition, athletes will perform tests of vertical jump performance and change-of-direction speed. In addition, participants will report their perceived effort, expectations, muscle soreness, and recovery status.
The study will include eighteen female athletes and will be conducted under controlled conditions, including standardized hydration, recovery, and environmental factors. The design will allow comparison of the physical and psychological effects of the different warm-up strategies on performance.
Read the detailed description
Post-activation potentiation (PAP) refers to the transient improvement in performance following maximal stimuli, attributed to the phosphorylation of the myosin light chain. However, due to its brief and involuntary nature (typically lasting less than 2 minutes, with a half-life of approximately 28 seconds), its practical contribution is limited.
Based on this, other mechanisms such as increased muscle temperature and water content, enhanced motor unit recruitment, and increased neural excitability appear to have greater practical relevance.
Accordingly, the term post-activation performance enhancement (PAPE) was proposed to describe performance improvements following maximal or submaximal conditioning activities. Its magnitude may vary according to factors such as sex, strength level, recovery time, training experience, and protocol characteristics.
Despite recent advances, the optimal parameters of conditioning activities to maximize PAPE remain inconclusive, and many studies present methodological limitations, such as lack of randomization, blinding, and familiarization procedures.
Furthermore, there is a need to thoroughly explore the role of participants' expectations, as well as to include placebo or nocebo conditions, as these psychophysiological factors may significantly influence performance outcomes. In this context, assessor blinding is essential to reduce potential bias.
In addition, evidence suggests that women may exhibit a greater PAPE response, although they are underrepresented in the literature, accounting for only a small proportion of studied samples. This may be related to lower fatigability and faster recovery following certain types of muscle actions, which could enhance the response to conditioning activities with less interference from fatigue.
Moreover, evidence regarding the effects of PAPE on change-of-direction performance is still limited. Change-of-direction tasks involve acceleration, deceleration, and rapid directional changes, often in response to dynamic sport-specific demands. Therefore, assessing this ability is essential, as it closely reflects the demands of invasion sports.
There is a lack of studies employing rigorous methodologies that adequately control psychophysiological variables such as expectancy and placebo effects, along with proper blinding of both participants and researchers. Additionally, studies focusing on female athletes remain scarce.
Therefore, this study aims to address these gaps using a randomized crossover experimental design with three conditions: a "real" conditioning activity (standardized warm-up followed by drop jumps), a SHAM condition (standardized warm-up followed by low-intensity exercise at 20% of one-repetition maximum with verbal suggestion and simulated occlusion), and a control condition (standardized warm-up only). The study will compare the effects of these conditions on neuromuscular performance and perceptual responses in female athletes.
- Conditions
- Placebo Effect, Physical Performance, Countermovement Jump
- Being tested
- post-activation performance enhancement (PAPE) protocol
- Keywords
- women, enhancement, warm-up
What participants receive
What participants receive. In a randomised study each person is assigned to one group by chance.
post-activation performance enhancement (PAPE) protocolOther
This study uses a randomized crossover design in which participants complete three conditions (real conditioning activity, SHAM, and control), reducing inter-individual variability. A key feature is the SHAM condition designed to control for placebo and expectancy effects, combining low-load resistance exercise (20% 1RM), verbal suggestion, and simulated blood flow restriction (15 mmHg), insufficient to induce physiological responses. All conditions are strictly standardized, including a warm-up, metronome-controlled cadence, fixed rest intervals, and equal total duration. The conditioning activity (drop jump) is performed at maximal intensity with individualized box height and standardized technique. The study focuses exclusively on female athletes and includes evaluator blinding, addressing gaps in research and improving control of psychophysiological influences on performance.
| Study group | Role | What they receive |
|---|---|---|
| Conditioning Activity | Experimental | The "real" conditioning activity will consist of one set of six repetitions of drop jumps performed at maximal intensity. The box height will be individually determined during two familiarization sessions to ensure optimal performance and safety. Each repetition will be separated by a 15-second interval.
Participants will be instructed to step off the box and, upon ground contact, perform the jump as quickly as possible, emphasizing minimal ground contact time and maximal rebound height. Arm swing will be allowed to ensure maximal performance. Receives: Other: post-activation performance enhancement (PAPE) protocol |
| Control Condition | Active comparator | In the control condition, only the standardized warm-up will be performed. However, the total duration will be adjusted to match the other conditions, with no additional intervention. In other words, if the conditioning activity and SHAM conditions last 25 minutes (10 minutes of standardized warm-up + 15 minutes of the conditioning activity itself), in the control condition participants will perform the standardized warm-up repeatedly until reaching 25 minutes. Receives: Other: post-activation performance enhancement (PAPE) protocol |
| Sham Condition | Sham comparator | The SHAM condition will be performed using the free-weight squat with a load of 20% of 1RM, i.e., a "simulated" conditioning activity insufficient to induce physiological effects. Three sets will be performed, with three-minute intervals between them. During these intervals, pneumatic tourniquets (77 × 21.5 cm) will be placed on the proximal portion of the thighs and inflated to (only) 15 mmHg for 3 minutes (including 30 seconds before and after for placement and removal).
Movement cadence will be controlled using a metronome, ensuring that participants perform the movement in synchrony with the auditory signal. The adopted cadence will be 20/20, i.e., 2 seconds for the eccentric phase and 2 seconds for the concentric phase, totaling 4 seconds per repetition.
Players will receive verbal suggestion that this technique is expected to improve performance with less fatigue compared to the "heavy" exercise, referring to the "real" conditioning activity condition. Receives: Other: post-activation performance enhancement (PAPE) protocol |
What is being measured
The primary outcome is the main question the study is designed to answer.
Countermovement Jump Height
Countermovement jump height (cm), assessed under standardized conditions using a contact mat. Participants will perform three attempts, and the mean value will be used for analysis. Jumps will be executed with hands on hips to minimize upper-body contribution. Measurements will be collected at baseline and after each experimental condition to evaluate changes in performance.
Measured: Baseline (pre-intervention) following each experimental condition within the same session.
Secondary outcomes (2)
Agility Performance
Agility performance assessed by the 5-10-5 change of direction test (seconds), measured under standardized conditions using photocell timing gates. Participants will perform three attempts, and the mean time will be used for analysis. The test consists of sprinting 5 meters to one side, 10 meters to the opposite side, and 5 meters back to the starting point. Measurements will be collected at baseline and after each experimental condition.
Measured: Baseline (pre-intervention) and after the countermovement jump assessment (following each experimental condition).
Participant Expectation
Participant expectation assessed using a bipolar Visual Analog Scale (-500 to +500), used to quantify perceived effectiveness and potential placebo/nocebo effects. Participants will rate their expected change in performance following each experimental condition. Assessments will be conducted immediately after each condition and prior to performance testing.
Measured: Post-intervention (after each condition).
Timeline
From the start of the study to its completion; the mark is today. Estimated dates are the sponsor’s plan.
- First posted21 Apr 2026
- Study start10 May 2026 (estimated)
- Primary completion20 Aug 2026 (estimated)
- Study completion25 Nov 2026 (estimated)
Resources
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govThe registry entry this page is built from, with its full change history.
- Publications (5)Papers the sponsor has linked to this study.
- Other trials for Placebo EffectStudies of the same condition, open and under way.
- What the trial phases meanHow a treatment moves from first tests in people to approval.
More details
For doctors and researchers: how the study is designed, who runs it, and its registry IDs.
Study design
- Study type
- Interventional
- Phase
- Phase N/A
- Primary purpose
- Basic science
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Crossover
- Masking
- Double blind
- Who is masked
- Participant, Investigator
- Enrolment
- 20 participants (estimated)
Sponsor and investigators
- Lead sponsor
- Universidade Federal do Triangulo Mineiro
- Sponsor type
- University, hospital or other
- Responsible party
- Principal investigator, Gustavo Ribeiro da Mota, Universidade Federal do Triangulo Mineiro
- Investigators
- Gustavo Ribeiro da Mota, PhD, Principal investigator, Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro
IDs, dates and publications
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT07542119
- Sponsor's protocol ID
- 7.572.592/2025
- Status last verified
- Apr 2026
- First submitted
- 14 Apr 2026
- Last updated
- 23 Apr 2026
- Results posted
- No
- Data monitoring committee
- No
- FDA-regulated drug
- No
- FDA-regulated device
- No
- Individual data sharing
- No: Individual participant data will not be shared due to privacy and confidentiality considerations. The dataset is small and may allow participant identification.
Publications
Ramirez-Campillo R, Andrade DC, Izquierdo M. Effects of plyometric training volume and training surface on explosive strength. J Strength Cond Res. 2013 Oct;27(10):2714-22. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0b013e318280c9e9.
PubMed 23254550Xu K, Blazevich AJ, Boullosa D, Ramirez-Campillo R, Yin M, Zhong Y, Tian Y, Finlay M, Byrne PJ, Cuenca-Fernandez F, Wang R. Optimizing Post-activation Performance Enhancement in Athletic Tasks: A Systematic Review with Meta-analysis for Prescription Variables and Research Methods. Sports Med. 2025 Apr;55(4):977-1008. doi: 10.1007/s40279-024-02170-6. Epub 2025 Jan 24.
PubMed 39853660Seitz LB, de Villarreal ES, Haff GG. The temporal profile of postactivation potentiation is related to strength level. J Strength Cond Res. 2014 Mar;28(3):706-15. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0b013e3182a73ea3.
PubMed 23965945Boullosa D, Beato M, Dello Iacono A, Cuenca-Fernandez F, Doma K, Schumann M, Zagatto AM, Loturco I, Behm DG. A New Taxonomy for Postactivation Potentiation in Sport. Int J Sports Physiol Perform. 2020 Aug 19;15(8):1197-1200. doi: 10.1123/ijspp.2020-0350.
PubMed 32820135Blazevich AJ, Babault N. Post-activation Potentiation Versus Post-activation Performance Enhancement in Humans: Historical Perspective, Underlying Mechanisms, and Current Issues. Front Physiol. 2019 Nov 1;10:1359. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2019.01359. eCollection 2019.
PubMed 31736781
Study at a glance
From the registry record, last updated by the sponsor on 23 Apr 2026. Recruitment status is as the sponsor reported it: confirm with the study team.
- Official title
- Effect of Conditioning Activities on Neuromuscular Performance in Female Invasion Sports Athletes
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT07542119
- Acronym / sponsor ID
- 7.572.592/2025
- Conditions
- Placebo Effect, Physical Performance, Countermovement Jump
- Keywords
- women, enhancement, warm-up
- Study type
- Interventional
- Recruitment status
- Not yet recruiting
- Enrolment
- 20 participants (estimated)
- Lead sponsor
- Universidade Federal do Triangulo MineiroUniversity, hospital or other
- Study start
- 10 May 2026 (estimated)
- Primary completion
- 20 Aug 2026 (estimated)
- Study completion
- 25 Nov 2026 (estimated)
- First posted
- 21 Apr 2026 (actual)
- Results
- Not posted in the source record
Clinical summary
The research question as the sponsor registered it. This describes what the study plans to test, not what it found.
This study will investigate how different warm-up strategies affect physical performance in female athletes who practice invasion sports (e.g., soccer, handball, and basketball). Participants will complete three different conditions: a standard warm-up only, a warm-up followed by a performance-enhancing activity, and a warm-up followed by a low-intensity activity designed to simulate the same expectations without real physiological effects.
After each condition, athletes will perform tests of vertical jump performance and change-of-direction speed. In addition, participants will report their perceived effort, expectations, muscle soreness, and recovery status.
The study will include eighteen female athletes and will be conducted under controlled conditions, including standardized hydration, recovery, and environmental factors. The design will allow comparison of the physical and psychological effects of the different warm-up strategies on performance.
Detailed description
Post-activation potentiation (PAP) refers to the transient improvement in performance following maximal stimuli, attributed to the phosphorylation of the myosin light chain. However, due to its brief and involuntary nature (typically lasting less than 2 minutes, with a half-life of approximately 28 seconds), its practical contribution is limited.
Based on this, other mechanisms such as increased muscle temperature and water content, enhanced motor unit recruitment, and increased neural excitability appear to have greater practical relevance.
Accordingly, the term post-activation performance enhancement (PAPE) was proposed to describe performance improvements following maximal or submaximal conditioning activities. Its magnitude may vary according to factors such as sex, strength level, recovery time, training experience, and protocol characteristics.
Despite recent advances, the optimal parameters of conditioning activities to maximize PAPE remain inconclusive, and many studies present methodological limitations, such as lack of randomization, blinding, and familiarization procedures.
Furthermore, there is a need to thoroughly explore the role of participants' expectations, as well as to include placebo or nocebo conditions, as these psychophysiological factors may significantly influence performance outcomes. In this context, assessor blinding is essential to reduce potential bias.
In addition, evidence suggests that women may exhibit a greater PAPE response, although they are underrepresented in the literature, accounting for only a small proportion of studied samples. This may be related to lower fatigability and faster recovery following certain types of muscle actions, which could enhance the response to conditioning activities with less interference from fatigue.
Moreover, evidence regarding the effects of PAPE on change-of-direction performance is still limited. Change-of-direction tasks involve acceleration, deceleration, and rapid directional changes, often in response to dynamic sport-specific demands. Therefore, assessing this ability is essential, as it closely reflects the demands of invasion sports.
There is a lack of studies employing rigorous methodologies that adequately control psychophysiological variables such as expectancy and placebo effects, along with proper blinding of both participants and researchers. Additionally, studies focusing on female athletes remain scarce.
Therefore, this study aims to address these gaps using a randomized crossover experimental design with three conditions: a "real" conditioning activity (standardized warm-up followed by drop jumps), a SHAM condition (standardized warm-up followed by low-intensity exercise at 20% of one-repetition maximum with verbal suggestion and simulated occlusion), and a control condition (standardized warm-up only). The study will compare the effects of these conditions on neuromuscular performance and perceptual responses in female athletes.
Study design
- Primary purpose
- Basic science
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Crossover
- Masking
- Double blind (participant, investigator)
- Number of arms
- 3
| Arm | Type | Receives |
|---|---|---|
| Conditioning Activity | Experimental | Other: post-activation performance enhancement (PAPE) protocolThe "real" conditioning activity will consist of one set of six repetitions of drop jumps performed at maximal intensity. The box height will be individually determined during two familiarization sessions to ensure optimal performance and safety. Each repetition will be separated by a 15-second interval. Participants will be instructed to step off the box and, upon ground contact, perform the jump as quickly as possible, emphasizing minimal ground contact time and maximal rebound height. Arm swing will be allowed to ensure maximal performance. |
| Control Condition | Active comparator | Other: post-activation performance enhancement (PAPE) protocolIn the control condition, only the standardized warm-up will be performed. However, the total duration will be adjusted to match the other conditions, with no additional intervention. In other words, if the conditioning activity and SHAM conditions last 25 minutes (10 minutes of standardized warm-up + 15 minutes of the conditioning activity itself), in the control condition participants will perform the standardized warm-up repeatedly until reaching 25 minutes. |
| Sham Condition | Sham comparator | Other: post-activation performance enhancement (PAPE) protocolThe SHAM condition will be performed using the free-weight squat with a load of 20% of 1RM, i.e., a "simulated" conditioning activity insufficient to induce physiological effects. Three sets will be performed, with three-minute intervals between them. During these intervals, pneumatic tourniquets (77 × 21.5 cm) will be placed on the proximal portion of the thighs and inflated to (only) 15 mmHg for 3 minutes (including 30 seconds before and after for placement and removal). Movement cadence will be controlled using a metronome, ensuring that participants perform the movement in synchrony with the auditory signal. The adopted cadence will be 20/20, i.e., 2 seconds for the eccentric phase and 2 seconds for the concentric phase, totaling 4 seconds per repetition. Players will receive verbal suggestion that this technique is expected to improve performance with less fatigue compared to the "heavy" exercise, referring to the "real" conditioning activity condition. |
Who may qualify
- Ages
- 18 to 30 years
- Sex
- Female only
- Healthy volunteers
- Accepted
- Age groups
- Adult
Key inclusion criteria (4 listed)
- Female athletes aged 18 to 30 years
- Familiarity with the proposed tests and exercises
- Ability to perform all testing procedures
- Regular participation in invasion team sports (at least two sessions per week) for a minimum of two years
Key exclusion criteria (4 listed)
- Presence of musculoskeletal injuries that could limit test performance
- Injury occurring during the study period
- Absence for more than seven days between experimental sessions
- Failure to comply with the data collection schedule
Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening; this overview does not establish that a patient qualifies. Full inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Interventions
| Intervention | Type | Arms |
|---|---|---|
| post-activation performance enhancement (PAPE) protocolThis study uses a randomized crossover design in which participants complete three conditions (real conditioning activity, SHAM, and control), reducing inter-individual variability. A key feature is the SHAM condition designed to control for placebo and expectancy effects, combining low-load resistance exercise (20% 1RM), verbal suggestion, and simulated blood flow restriction (15 mmHg), insufficient to induce physiological responses. All conditions are strictly standardized, including a warm-up, metronome-controlled cadence, fixed rest intervals, and equal total duration. The conditioning activity (drop jump) is performed at maximal intensity with individualized box height and standardized technique. The study focuses exclusively on female athletes and includes evaluator blinding, addressing gaps in research and improving control of psychophysiological influences on performance. | Other | Conditioning Activity, Control Condition, Sham Condition |
Primary outcome
Countermovement Jump Height
Time frame: Baseline (pre-intervention) following each experimental condition within the same session.
Countermovement jump height (cm), assessed under standardized conditions using a contact mat. Participants will perform three attempts, and the mean value will be used for analysis. Jumps will be executed with hands on hips to minimize upper-body contribution. Measurements will be collected at baseline and after each experimental condition to evaluate changes in performance.
2 secondary outcomes
Agility Performance
Time frame: Baseline (pre-intervention) and after the countermovement jump assessment (following each experimental condition).
Participant Expectation
Time frame: Post-intervention (after each condition).
Results and safety
This study is still under way. Results are not available in the source record yet.
Research links
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govLast updated by the sponsor 23 Apr 2026.
- Results publication: PubMed 23254550Ramirez-Campillo R, Andrade DC, Izquierdo M. Effects of plyometric training volume and training surface on explosive strength. J Strength Cond Res. 2013 Oct;27(10):2714-22. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0b013e318280c9e9.
- Results publication: PubMed 39853660Xu K, Blazevich AJ, Boullosa D, Ramirez-Campillo R, Yin M, Zhong Y, Tian Y, Finlay M, Byrne PJ, Cuenca-Fernandez F, Wang R. Optimizing Post-activation Performance Enhancement in Athletic Tasks: A Systematic Review with Meta-analysis for Prescription Variables and Research Methods. Sports Med. 2025 Apr;55(4):977-1008. doi: 10.1007/s40279-024-02170-6. Epub 2025 Jan 24.
- Results publication: PubMed 23965945Seitz LB, de Villarreal ES, Haff GG. The temporal profile of postactivation potentiation is related to strength level. J Strength Cond Res. 2014 Mar;28(3):706-15. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0b013e3182a73ea3.
- Results publication: PubMed 32820135Boullosa D, Beato M, Dello Iacono A, Cuenca-Fernandez F, Doma K, Schumann M, Zagatto AM, Loturco I, Behm DG. A New Taxonomy for Postactivation Potentiation in Sport. Int J Sports Physiol Perform. 2020 Aug 19;15(8):1197-1200. doi: 10.1123/ijspp.2020-0350.
- Results publication: PubMed 31736781Blazevich AJ, Babault N. Post-activation Potentiation Versus Post-activation Performance Enhancement in Humans: Historical Perspective, Underlying Mechanisms, and Current Issues. Front Physiol. 2019 Nov 1;10:1359. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2019.01359. eCollection 2019.
- Individual participant dataSharing planned: No. Individual participant data will not be shared due to privacy and confidentiality considerations. The dataset is small and may allow participant identification.
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Referral and contact
AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals. Contact the study team or a site listed below; they decide who can take part.
Gustavo Ribeiro da Mota, PhD principal investigator
Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro
1 site in 1 country: see every site and its status.
Questions about this trial
What is this clinical trial studying?
A study testing post-activation performance enhancement (PAPE) protocol in people with Placebo Effect and Physical Performance, run by Universidade Federal do Triangulo Mineiro at 1 site in Brazil.
The full registered description is in the About this study section and the official record.
Who may be eligible to take part?
The sponsor lists 4 inclusion and 4 exclusion criteria. Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening, so read the full criteria and contact a listed site.
Is this clinical trial currently recruiting?
The record says: opening soon, as of the sponsor's last update on 23 Apr 2026. Status can change between updates, so confirm with the study contact before making plans.
Where is the study taking place?
The record lists 1 site in Brazil. Whether a site is taking part right now should be confirmed with that site. See every site.
What are the possible benefits and risks?
They depend on the study and the treatment, and no study can promise a benefit. Some participants in this study may receive a placebo. The study team explains the known risks during informed consent, before anyone joins; the record itself does not list them.
Are results available for this study?
This study is still under way. Results are not available in the source record yet.
How can a doctor refer a patient or contact the research team?
Contact Gustavo Ribeiro da Mota, PhD (55 14991021717, gustavo.mota@uftm.edu.br), or a site near the patient. AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals.
What does the primary outcome measure?
Countermovement Jump Height (time frame: Baseline (pre-intervention) following each experimental condition within the same session.). It is what the study was designed to measure, not a finding.
Where can I read the original study information?
On the ClinicalTrials.gov record for NCT07542119, which also lists 5 linked publications.
Does a listing mean the treatment is approved or proven to work?
No. A listing means the study is registered. It does not show that the treatment is safe, works, or is approved by a regulator.
How often is this information updated?
AzTrials copies changed records from ClinicalTrials.gov every night and reloads the whole registry every week. The sponsor last updated this record on 23 Apr 2026.