Flexible FlatfootNCT07578974
Foot-Core Training With/Without Visual Feedback in Pediatric FPP
A study testing Foot Core Training and Foot Core Training with Visual Feedback in people with Flexible Flatfoot, run by Riphah International University at 1 site in Pakistan.
Trial summary
This study investigates flexible pes planus (flat feet) in children, a condition where the medial arch collapses during weight-bearing, affecting gait, balance, and foot function. Read more about this study
- Who is it for?
- Ages 7 to 12 years
- Conditions the study is for
- Flexible Flatfoot
- What is being tested?
- Foot Core Training and Foot Core Training with Visual Feedback
- Could I receive a placebo?
- No, everyone receives an active treatment
- How many people
- 24 participants
- Where
- 1 sitePakistan
- Study dates
- 13 Apr 2026to 25 Jul 2026
- Phase
- Interventional
- Are there results?
- None posted in the registry
Key requirements
Who can take part, as listed by the sponsor. Only the study team can confirm whether you are eligible, so take this list to your doctor.
- Ages 7 to 12 years
- All sexes
- No healthy volunteers
- Child
Who may be able to join
- Children aged 7-12 years with confirmed flat feet
- Both Genders
- Flexibility of flatfeet; tested using Tip toe standing test and Jack's test.
- Navicular Drop (>10mm)
- Mini Mental State Examination score > 21
- Visual acuity of 20/40 (6/12) or better in both eyes, confirmed by Snellen chart test.
Show all 15Show fewer
- Foot Posture Index-6 (FPI-6, > +6)
- Children demonstrate altered gait parameters consistent with flexible pes planus as measured by temporal-distance gait analysis.
- Arch Height Index (< 0.31)
- Medial Longitudinal Arch Angle (<130°)
- Calcaneal Eversion Angle ( >5° eversion)
- Subtalar ROM (Dorsiflexion <10°)
- Footprint Index (Staheli >1.0 or Chippaux >45%)
- Dynamic Balance; Y-Balance Test (<85% composite score)
- Functional Scale (LEFS) (<60%)
Who cannot join
- Children with tarsal coalitions
- Congenital defects of lower limbs
- Previous foot surgery
- Foot/ankle trauma within the last six (6) months
- Received balance training or feet muscle strengthening within the last 3 months
- Visual and vestibular disturbance
- A history of head injury within the last 3 months
- Weakness of lower extremities (Manual Muscle testing grade <5)
Trial locations and contacts
1 site in 1 country.
About this study
Official title: Comparison of Foot-Core Training With and Without Visual Feedback on Gait and Foot Posture in Children With Flexible Pes Planus
This study investigates flexible pes planus (flat feet) in children, a condition where the medial arch collapses during weight-bearing, affecting gait, balance, and foot function. Although foot-core strengthening and visual feedback individually improve arch stability and motor control, their combined effect in pediatric populations remains underexplored. To address this gap, a randomized controlled trial will be conducted at Rafia Grammar School, involving 24 children aged 7-12 years with clinically confirmed flexible pes planus. Participants will be randomly assigned into two groups: one receiving foot-core training alone and the other receiving foot-core training with visual feedback, with interventions carried out twice weekly for 8 weeks. Changes in foot posture and gait will be assessed using standardized outcome measures, and data will be analyzed using SPSS version 23.0. The study aims to determine whether adding visual feedback enhances treatment effectiveness and supports the development of more targeted, evidence-based pediatric rehabilitation strategies.
Read the detailed description
Flexible pes planus, commonly observed in children, is characterized by a collapse of the medial longitudinal arch during weight-bearing, which can impair gait efficiency, balance, and foot function if unaddressed. While intrinsic foot muscle (foot-core) strengthening has been shown to improve arch stability and functional outcomes, and visual feedback is recognized for enhancing motor control through real-time sensory input, current literature lacks empirical evidence on the combined effect of these interventions in pediatric flatfoot populations.
Most studies examine either strengthening exercises or feedback mechanisms independently, often without tailoring protocols to the unique neuromuscular learning needs of children. This gap limits the development of comprehensive rehabilitation strategies for flexible pes planus. Therefore, this study aims to compare the effectiveness of foot-core training with and without visual feedback on foot posture and gait parameters in children with flexible pes planus, thereby contributing to the advancement of targeted, evidence-based pediatric rehabilitation approaches. This randomized controlled trial will be conducted at Rafia Grammar School. Using a convenience sampling technique, children aged 7-12 years with clinically confirmed flexible pes planus will be recruited based on predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria, including cognitive readiness and flexibility of the medial arch. After baseline assessment, participants will be randomly allocated into two intervention groups (n1=12, n2=12): one receiving foot-core training alone, and the other receiving foot-core training with visual feedback. The intervention will be performed 2 times per week for 8 weeks. The study will assess changes in gait and foot posture using standardized physical and functional outcome measures. Ethical approval will be secured before starting the study, and all evaluations will be carried out consistently throughout the trial. Data will be analyzed through SPSS version 23.0.
- Conditions
- Flexible Flatfoot
- Being tested
- Foot Core Training, Foot Core Training with Visual Feedback
- Keywords
- Pes Planus, Gait, Visual feedback, Foot-core training, Pediatrics
- Medical subject headings
- Flatfoot
What participants receive
What participants receive. In a randomised study each person is assigned to one group by chance.
Foot Core TrainingOther
Also called Short Foot exercises
Children will perform exercises 2×/week for 8 weeks with daily home practice. Begin with 1-2 sets of 5-15 reps (hold 5-10 sec), 1-2 min rest, progressing gradually. Session: 30-45 min.
- Short-Foot Contraction: Lift medial arch without toe curling (5-15 reps, hold 5-10 sec)
- Tip-Toe Heel Raises: Rise, hold 2 sec, lower (15 reps)
- Towel Scrunch: Scrunch towel with toes (~1 min)
- Marble Pickup: Pick/place objects with toes (~1 min)
- Arch Lifting: Lift arch in standing (15 reps)
- Plantar Roll + Calf Stretch: Ball roll + stretch (15-30 sec ×2-3)
- Toe Spread \& Squeeze: Spread and squeeze toes
Foot Core Training with Visual FeedbackOther
Also called Short Foot Eercises with Visual Feedback
Visual feedback will be delivered via mirror therapy using a 36×36×48 cm mirror box. The child sits with the mirror at midline; one foot is hidden inside the box while the other is visible. While performing foot-core exercises, the mirror creates the illusion of symmetrical movement. The process is repeated by switching feet to ensure bilateral training.
Exercises will be done 2×/week for 8 weeks (home practice encouraged), 1-2 sets of 5-15 reps (hold 5-10 sec), 1-2 min rest, session 30-45 min.
- Short-Foot: Lift arch without toe curling (5-15 reps)
- Heel Raises: Tip-toe, hold 2 sec (15 reps)
- Towel Scrunch: Toe curl (~1 min)
- Marble Pickup: Pick/place objects (~1 min)
- Arch Lift: Standing arch raise (15 reps)
- Plantar Roll + Stretch: Ball roll + calf stretch (15-30 sec ×2-3)
- Toe Spread/Squeeze: Improves foot stability
| Study group | Role | What they receive |
|---|---|---|
| Group A: Experiment Group 1: Foot-Core Training group | Active comparator | Children will perform the following exercises 2 times per week for 8 weeks, with daily practice encouraged at home. Start with 1-2 sets of 5-15 repetitions, holding each for 5-10 seconds, with 1-2 minutes rest between sets. Progress by increasing repetitions or hold durations gradually (7). The session will take 30-45 mins. Receives: Other: Foot Core Training |
| Group B: Experiment Group 2: Foot-Core Training with Visual Feedback group | Active comparator | Visual feedback will be provided using mirror therapy with a mirror box (36 × 36 × 48 cm). The child will sit comfortably with the mirror placed at the midline between the legs; one foot will be hidden inside the box while the other remains visible in front of the mirror. As the child performs foot-core exercises with the visible foot, the mirror creates the illusion that both feet are moving symmetrically, enhancing motor learning through visual feedback. The procedure will then be repeated by switching foot positions to ensure bilateral training. Exercises will be performed twice weekly for 8 weeks, with additional home practice encouraged. Each session will last 30-45 minutes, starting with 1-2 sets of 5-15 repetitions (holding each for 5-10 seconds) and progressing gradually with rest intervals of 1-2 minutes between sets. Receives: Other: Foot Core Training with Visual Feedback |
What is being measured
The primary outcome is the main question the study is designed to answer.
Foot Posture Index
The Foot Posture Index-6 (FPI-6) is a reliable and valid tool for pediatric foot assessment, with excellent inter-rater (ICC 0.92-0.97) and test-retest reliability (ICC 0.93-0.95). It shows good validity through correlations with radiographic measures (r = 0.37-0.77) and demonstrates strong diagnostic accuracy for flexible flatfoot (AUC 0.82, sensitivity 83.7%, specificity 80.4), supporting its clinical and research use.
Measured: Baseline, 8 weeks
Temporal Distance Gait Analysis:
Temporal-distance gait analysis using footprint methods is a valid and reliable tool for assessing pediatric gait. It measures parameters like step length, stride width, and cadence via footprints on a marked walkway. Studies show good test-retest reliability (ICCs 0.52-0.98), supporting its use in children with gait abnormalities, including flexible pes planus.
Measured: Baseline, 8 weeks
Arch Height Index
The Arch Height Index (AHI) is a reliable and valid measure of pediatric foot structure. It shows strong intra- and inter-rater reliability (ICC ≥ 0.76-0.90) in both sitting and standing positions. Evidence supports its precision and consistency for assessing foot posture in children.
Measured: Baseline, 8 weeks
Medial Longitudinal Arch Angle
The Medial Longitudinal Arch (MLA) angle is a reliable and valid clinical measure for assessing pediatric foot posture. It shows excellent intra-rater (ICC 0.88-0.90) and inter-rater (ICC 0.80-0.85) reliability in children aged 6-12 years. It is a simple, non-invasive tool that accurately reflects arch structure and is useful for evaluating flexible flatfoot.
Measured: Baseline, 8 weeks
Calcaneal Eversion Angle
The Calcaneal Eversion Angle is a reliable clinical measure for assessing rearfoot position in weight-bearing stance. It shows good intra-rater reliability (ICC = 0.84) with consistent repeated measurements, and acceptable inter-rater reliability. Overall, it is a valid and practical tool for evaluating foot posture in both children and adults.
Measured: Baseline, 8 weeks
Subtalar joint range of motion
The subtalar joint ROM, assessed via goniometry in weight- or non-weight-bearing positions, is a reliable and valid measure in children. It shows good intra-rater reliability (ICC 0.74-0.90) and acceptable inter-rater reliability (ICC ~0.50-0.72). Overall, it is a clinically practical tool for evaluating foot and ankle mobility in pediatric populations.
Measured: Baseline, 8 weeks
Footprint Index (Staheli or Chippaux):
The Staheli Index (SI) and Chippaux-Smirak Index (CSI) are reliable footprint-based tools for detecting pediatric flatfoot. They show excellent intra-rater (ICC 0.92-0.99) and good inter-rater reliability (ICC 0.79-0.96), with low measurement error (SEM 0.08-0.21, MDC 0.22-0.59). Both demonstrate strong validity through correlations with radiographic arch measures (r = 0.66-0.79).
Measured: Baseline, 8 weeks
Y-Balance Test
The Y-Balance Test (YBT-LQ) is a reliable and valid measure of dynamic balance in children. It shows excellent inter-rater (ICC 0.84-0.92) and test-retest reliability (ICC 0.81-0.92), with low SEM (1.80%-3.10%) and MDC (4.98%-8.60%). These findings confirm its sensitivity and clinical usefulness for assessing dynamic postural control in pediatric populations.
Measured: Baseline, 8 weeks
Lower Extremity Functional Scale
The Lower Extremity Functional Scale (LEFS) is a reliable and valid patient-reported tool for assessing lower limb function in children and adolescents. It shows excellent internal consistency (Cronbach's α = 0.972) and strong construct validity. It also correlates highly with pediatric quality of life measures (r = 0.859).
Measured: Baseline, 8 weeks
Timeline
From the start of the study to its completion; the mark is today. Estimated dates are the sponsor’s plan.
- First posted11 May 2026
- Study start13 Apr 2026
- Primary completion10 Jul 2026
- Study completion25 Jul 2026
Resources
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govThe registry entry this page is built from, with its full change history.
- Publications (1)Papers the sponsor has linked to this study.
- Other trials for Flexible FlatfootStudies of the same condition, open and under way.
- What the trial phases meanHow a treatment moves from first tests in people to approval.
More details
For doctors and researchers: how the study is designed, who runs it, and its registry IDs.
Study design
- Study type
- Interventional
- Phase
- Phase N/A
- Primary purpose
- Other
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Model description
- This randomized controlled trial will be conducted at Rafia Grammar School. Using a convenience sampling technique, children aged 7-12 years with clinically confirmed flexible pes planus will be recruited based on predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria, including cognitive readiness and flexibility of the medial arch. After baseline assessment, participants will be randomly allocated into two intervention groups (n1=12, n2=12): one receiving foot-core training alone, and the other receiving foot-core training with visual feedback. The intervention will be performed 2 times per week for 8 weeks. The study will assess changes in gait and foot posture using standardized physical and functional outcome measures. Ethical approval will be secured before starting the study, and all evaluations will be carried out consistently throughout the trial. Data will be analyzed through SPSS version 23.0.
- Masking
- Single blind
- Who is masked
- Participant
- Enrolment
- 24 participants (actual)
Sponsor and investigators
- Lead sponsor
- Riphah International University
- Sponsor type
- University, hospital or other
- Responsible party
- Sponsor
- Investigators
- Hafiza Syeda Javeria Fayyaz, MS-PT, Principal investigator, Riphah International University
IDs, dates and publications
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT07578974
- Sponsor's protocol ID
- REC/RCR&AHS/25/0707
- Status last verified
- Sep 2026
- First submitted
- 5 May 2026
- Last updated
- 30 Sep 2026
- Results posted
- No
- Data monitoring committee
- Yes
- FDA-regulated drug
- No
- FDA-regulated device
- No
- Individual data sharing
- No
Publications
Salinas-Torres VM, Salinas-Torres RA, Carranza-Garcia LE, Herrera-Orozco J, Tristan-Rodriguez JL. Prevalence and Clinical Factors Associated With Pes Planus Among Children and Adults: A Population-Based Synthesis and Systematic Review. J Foot Ankle Surg. 2023 Sep-Oct;62(5):899-903. doi: 10.1053/j.jfas.2023.05.007. Epub 2023 Jun 5.
PubMed 37286098
Study at a glance
From the registry record, last updated by the sponsor on 30 Sep 2026. Recruitment status is as the sponsor reported it: confirm with the study team.
- Official title
- Comparison of Foot-Core Training With and Without Visual Feedback on Gait and Foot Posture in Children With Flexible Pes Planus
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT07578974
- Acronym / sponsor ID
- REC/RCR&AHS/25/0707
- Conditions
- Flexible Flatfoot
- Keywords
- Pes Planus, Gait, Visual feedback, Foot-core training, Pediatrics
- Study type
- Interventional
- Recruitment status
- Completed
- Enrolment
- 24 participants (actual)
- Lead sponsor
- Riphah International UniversityUniversity, hospital or other
- Study start
- 13 Apr 2026 (actual)
- Primary completion
- 10 Jul 2026 (actual)
- Study completion
- 25 Jul 2026 (actual)
- First posted
- 11 May 2026 (actual)
- Results
- Not posted in the source record
Clinical summary
The research question as the sponsor registered it. This describes what the study plans to test, not what it found.
This study investigates flexible pes planus (flat feet) in children, a condition where the medial arch collapses during weight-bearing, affecting gait, balance, and foot function. Although foot-core strengthening and visual feedback individually improve arch stability and motor control, their combined effect in pediatric populations remains underexplored. To address this gap, a randomized controlled trial will be conducted at Rafia Grammar School, involving 24 children aged 7-12 years with clinically confirmed flexible pes planus. Participants will be randomly assigned into two groups: one receiving foot-core training alone and the other receiving foot-core training with visual feedback, with interventions carried out twice weekly for 8 weeks. Changes in foot posture and gait will be assessed using standardized outcome measures, and data will be analyzed using SPSS version 23.0. The study aims to determine whether adding visual feedback enhances treatment effectiveness and supports the development of more targeted, evidence-based pediatric rehabilitation strategies.
Detailed description
Flexible pes planus, commonly observed in children, is characterized by a collapse of the medial longitudinal arch during weight-bearing, which can impair gait efficiency, balance, and foot function if unaddressed. While intrinsic foot muscle (foot-core) strengthening has been shown to improve arch stability and functional outcomes, and visual feedback is recognized for enhancing motor control through real-time sensory input, current literature lacks empirical evidence on the combined effect of these interventions in pediatric flatfoot populations.
Most studies examine either strengthening exercises or feedback mechanisms independently, often without tailoring protocols to the unique neuromuscular learning needs of children. This gap limits the development of comprehensive rehabilitation strategies for flexible pes planus. Therefore, this study aims to compare the effectiveness of foot-core training with and without visual feedback on foot posture and gait parameters in children with flexible pes planus, thereby contributing to the advancement of targeted, evidence-based pediatric rehabilitation approaches. This randomized controlled trial will be conducted at Rafia Grammar School. Using a convenience sampling technique, children aged 7-12 years with clinically confirmed flexible pes planus will be recruited based on predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria, including cognitive readiness and flexibility of the medial arch. After baseline assessment, participants will be randomly allocated into two intervention groups (n1=12, n2=12): one receiving foot-core training alone, and the other receiving foot-core training with visual feedback. The intervention will be performed 2 times per week for 8 weeks. The study will assess changes in gait and foot posture using standardized physical and functional outcome measures. Ethical approval will be secured before starting the study, and all evaluations will be carried out consistently throughout the trial. Data will be analyzed through SPSS version 23.0.
Study design
- Primary purpose
- Other
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Masking
- Single blind (participant)
- Number of arms
- 2
- Model description
- This randomized controlled trial will be conducted at Rafia Grammar School. Using a convenience sampling technique, children aged 7-12 years with clinically confirmed flexible pes planus will be recruited based on predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria, including cognitive readiness and flexibility of the medial arch. After baseline assessment, participants will be randomly allocated into two intervention groups (n1=12, n2=12): one receiving foot-core training alone, and the other receiving foot-core training with visual feedback. The intervention will be performed 2 times per week for 8 weeks. The study will assess changes in gait and foot posture using standardized physical and functional outcome measures. Ethical approval will be secured before starting the study, and all evaluations will be carried out consistently throughout the trial. Data will be analyzed through SPSS version 23.0.
| Arm | Type | Receives |
|---|---|---|
| Group A: Experiment Group 1: Foot-Core Training group | Active comparator | Other: Foot Core TrainingChildren will perform the following exercises 2 times per week for 8 weeks, with daily practice encouraged at home. Start with 1-2 sets of 5-15 repetitions, holding each for 5-10 seconds, with 1-2 minutes rest between sets. Progress by increasing repetitions or hold durations gradually (7). The session will take 30-45 mins. |
| Group B: Experiment Group 2: Foot-Core Training with Visual Feedback group | Active comparator | Other: Foot Core Training with Visual FeedbackVisual feedback will be provided using mirror therapy with a mirror box (36 × 36 × 48 cm). The child will sit comfortably with the mirror placed at the midline between the legs; one foot will be hidden inside the box while the other remains visible in front of the mirror. As the child performs foot-core exercises with the visible foot, the mirror creates the illusion that both feet are moving symmetrically, enhancing motor learning through visual feedback. The procedure will then be repeated by switching foot positions to ensure bilateral training. Exercises will be performed twice weekly for 8 weeks, with additional home practice encouraged. Each session will last 30-45 minutes, starting with 1-2 sets of 5-15 repetitions (holding each for 5-10 seconds) and progressing gradually with rest intervals of 1-2 minutes between sets. |
Who may qualify
- Ages
- 7 to 12 years
- Sex
- All
- Healthy volunteers
- Not accepted
- Age groups
- Child
Key inclusion criteria (15 listed)
- Children aged 7-12 years with confirmed flat feet
- Both Genders
- Flexibility of flatfeet; tested using Tip toe standing test and Jack's test.
- Navicular Drop (>10mm)
- Mini Mental State Examination score > 21
Key exclusion criteria (8 listed)
- Children with tarsal coalitions
- Congenital defects of lower limbs
- Previous foot surgery
- Foot/ankle trauma within the last six (6) months
- Received balance training or feet muscle strengthening within the last 3 months
Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening; this overview does not establish that a patient qualifies. Full inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Interventions
| Intervention | Type | Arms |
|---|---|---|
| Foot Core TrainingAlso: Short Foot exercisesChildren will perform exercises 2×/week for 8 weeks with daily home practice. Begin with 1-2 sets of 5-15 reps (hold 5-10 sec), 1-2 min rest, progressing gradually. Session: 30-45 min. 1. Short-Foot Contraction: Lift medial arch without toe curling (5-15 reps, hold 5-10 sec) 2. Tip-Toe Heel Raises: Rise, hold 2 sec, lower (15 reps) 3. Towel Scrunch: Scrunch towel with toes (~1 min) 4. Marble Pickup: Pick/place objects with toes (~1 min) 5. Arch Lifting: Lift arch in standing (15 reps) 6. Plantar Roll + Calf Stretch: Ball roll + stretch (15-30 sec ×2-3) 7. Toe Spread \& Squeeze: Spread and squeeze toes | Other | Group A: Experiment Group 1: Foot-Core Training group |
| Foot Core Training with Visual FeedbackAlso: Short Foot Eercises with Visual FeedbackVisual feedback will be delivered via mirror therapy using a 36×36×48 cm mirror box. The child sits with the mirror at midline; one foot is hidden inside the box while the other is visible. While performing foot-core exercises, the mirror creates the illusion of symmetrical movement. The process is repeated by switching feet to ensure bilateral training. Exercises will be done 2×/week for 8 weeks (home practice encouraged), 1-2 sets of 5-15 reps (hold 5-10 sec), 1-2 min rest, session 30-45 min. 1. Short-Foot: Lift arch without toe curling (5-15 reps) 2. Heel Raises: Tip-toe, hold 2 sec (15 reps) 3. Towel Scrunch: Toe curl (~1 min) 4. Marble Pickup: Pick/place objects (~1 min) 5. Arch Lift: Standing arch raise (15 reps) 6. Plantar Roll + Stretch: Ball roll + calf stretch (15-30 sec ×2-3) 7. Toe Spread/Squeeze: Improves foot stability | Other | Group B: Experiment Group 2: Foot-Core Training with Visual Feedback group |
Primary outcome
Foot Posture Index
Time frame: Baseline, 8 weeks
The Foot Posture Index-6 (FPI-6) is a reliable and valid tool for pediatric foot assessment, with excellent inter-rater (ICC 0.92-0.97) and test-retest reliability (ICC 0.93-0.95). It shows good validity through correlations with radiographic measures (r = 0.37-0.77) and demonstrates strong diagnostic accuracy for flexible flatfoot (AUC 0.82, sensitivity 83.7%, specificity 80.4), supporting its clinical and research use.
Temporal Distance Gait Analysis:
Time frame: Baseline, 8 weeks
Temporal-distance gait analysis using footprint methods is a valid and reliable tool for assessing pediatric gait. It measures parameters like step length, stride width, and cadence via footprints on a marked walkway. Studies show good test-retest reliability (ICCs 0.52-0.98), supporting its use in children with gait abnormalities, including flexible pes planus.
Arch Height Index
Time frame: Baseline, 8 weeks
The Arch Height Index (AHI) is a reliable and valid measure of pediatric foot structure. It shows strong intra- and inter-rater reliability (ICC ≥ 0.76-0.90) in both sitting and standing positions. Evidence supports its precision and consistency for assessing foot posture in children.
Medial Longitudinal Arch Angle
Time frame: Baseline, 8 weeks
The Medial Longitudinal Arch (MLA) angle is a reliable and valid clinical measure for assessing pediatric foot posture. It shows excellent intra-rater (ICC 0.88-0.90) and inter-rater (ICC 0.80-0.85) reliability in children aged 6-12 years. It is a simple, non-invasive tool that accurately reflects arch structure and is useful for evaluating flexible flatfoot.
Calcaneal Eversion Angle
Time frame: Baseline, 8 weeks
The Calcaneal Eversion Angle is a reliable clinical measure for assessing rearfoot position in weight-bearing stance. It shows good intra-rater reliability (ICC = 0.84) with consistent repeated measurements, and acceptable inter-rater reliability. Overall, it is a valid and practical tool for evaluating foot posture in both children and adults.
Subtalar joint range of motion
Time frame: Baseline, 8 weeks
The subtalar joint ROM, assessed via goniometry in weight- or non-weight-bearing positions, is a reliable and valid measure in children. It shows good intra-rater reliability (ICC 0.74-0.90) and acceptable inter-rater reliability (ICC ~0.50-0.72). Overall, it is a clinically practical tool for evaluating foot and ankle mobility in pediatric populations.
Footprint Index (Staheli or Chippaux):
Time frame: Baseline, 8 weeks
The Staheli Index (SI) and Chippaux-Smirak Index (CSI) are reliable footprint-based tools for detecting pediatric flatfoot. They show excellent intra-rater (ICC 0.92-0.99) and good inter-rater reliability (ICC 0.79-0.96), with low measurement error (SEM 0.08-0.21, MDC 0.22-0.59). Both demonstrate strong validity through correlations with radiographic arch measures (r = 0.66-0.79).
Y-Balance Test
Time frame: Baseline, 8 weeks
The Y-Balance Test (YBT-LQ) is a reliable and valid measure of dynamic balance in children. It shows excellent inter-rater (ICC 0.84-0.92) and test-retest reliability (ICC 0.81-0.92), with low SEM (1.80%-3.10%) and MDC (4.98%-8.60%). These findings confirm its sensitivity and clinical usefulness for assessing dynamic postural control in pediatric populations.
Lower Extremity Functional Scale
Time frame: Baseline, 8 weeks
The Lower Extremity Functional Scale (LEFS) is a reliable and valid patient-reported tool for assessing lower limb function in children and adolescents. It shows excellent internal consistency (Cronbach's α = 0.972) and strong construct validity. It also correlates highly with pediatric quality of life measures (r = 0.859).
Results and safety
The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.
Research links
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govLast updated by the sponsor 30 Sep 2026.
- Background: PubMed 37286098Salinas-Torres VM, Salinas-Torres RA, Carranza-Garcia LE, Herrera-Orozco J, Tristan-Rodriguez JL. Prevalence and Clinical Factors Associated With Pes Planus Among Children and Adults: A Population-Based Synthesis and Systematic Review. J Foot Ankle Surg. 2023 Sep-Oct;62(5):899-903. doi: 10.1053/j.jfas.2023.05.007. Epub 2023 Jun 5.
- Individual participant dataSharing planned: No
Related trials for Flexible Flatfoot
Not yet recruitingObservational study
Tibialis Posterior Muscle Morphology in Flexible Flatfeet Subjects
Flexible Flatfoot
Active, not recruitingObservational study
Clinical and Functional Outcomes After Subtalar Arthroereisis in Pediatric Flexible Flatfoot
Pediatric Flexible Flatfoot
Recruiting
Effects of Hip-Based Versus Knee-Based Exercises on Medial Longitudinal Arch, Dynamic Balance, and Muscle Strength in Flexible Flatfoot
Flexible Flatfoot, Flexible Flatfoot or Pes Planus
Not yet recruiting
Calcaneal Lengthening Osteotomy With Locking Wedge Plate Versus Synthetic PEEK Cage Interposition for Symptomatic Flexible Pes Planovalgus Foot Deformity in Adolescents
Flexible Flatfoot or Pes Planus
Recruiting
Effect of a Semirigid Foot Insole in Flexible Pes Planus
Flexible Flatfoot or Pes Planus
Referral and contact
AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals. Contact the study team or a site listed below; they decide who can take part. This study is not recruiting at the moment.
Hafiza Syeda Javeria Fayyaz, MS-PT principal investigator
Riphah International University
1 site in 1 country: see every site and its status.
Questions about this trial
What is this clinical trial studying?
A study testing Foot Core Training and Foot Core Training with Visual Feedback in people with Flexible Flatfoot, run by Riphah International University at 1 site in Pakistan.
The full registered description is in the About this study section and the official record.
Who may be eligible to take part?
The sponsor lists 15 inclusion and 8 exclusion criteria. Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening, so read the full criteria and contact a listed site.
Is this clinical trial currently recruiting?
The record says: finished, as of the sponsor's last update on 30 Sep 2026. Status can change between updates, so confirm with the study contact before making plans.
Where is the study taking place?
The record lists 1 site in Pakistan. Whether a site is taking part right now should be confirmed with that site. See every site.
What are the possible benefits and risks?
They depend on the study and the treatment, and no study can promise a benefit. The study team explains the known risks during informed consent, before anyone joins; the record itself does not list them.
Are results available for this study?
The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.
How can a doctor refer a patient or contact the research team?
The record lists no contact. The official record names the sponsor, who can be asked directly. AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals.
What does the primary outcome measure?
Foot Posture Index (time frame: Baseline, 8 weeks). The study lists 9 primary outcomes in all. It is what the study was designed to measure, not a finding.
Where can I read the original study information?
On the ClinicalTrials.gov record for NCT07578974, which also lists 1 linked publication.
Does a listing mean the treatment is approved or proven to work?
No. A listing means the study is registered. It does not show that the treatment is safe, works, or is approved by a regulator.
How often is this information updated?
AzTrials copies changed records from ClinicalTrials.gov every night and reloads the whole registry every week. The sponsor last updated this record on 30 Sep 2026; AzTrials last refreshed its copy on 30 Oct 2026.