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DiarrheaNCT07601503

Evaluating In-line Chlorination in Nigeria

A study testing In-line Chlorination (ILC) with Behavioral Change Communication (BCC) in people with Diarrhea and Water Quality, run by University of California, Berkeley at 2 sites in Nigeria.

Not yet recruiting

Opening soon. The study is approved but enrolment has not started yet. Sites may already take enquiries.

Sites and contacts
Official record
Search all trials

Trial summary

This study evaluates the implementation and effectiveness of in-line chlorination (ILC) for improving drinking water quality in rural Nigeria. Unsafe drinking water remains a major contributor to diarrheal disease, particularly among children under five. Read more about this study

Who is it for?
Ages 15 years and olderHealthy volunteers can take part
Conditions the study is for
Diarrhea, Water Quality, Adoption
What is being tested?
In-line Chlorination (ILC) with Behavioral Change Communication (BCC)
Could I receive a placebo?
No, everyone receives an active treatment
How many people
2,655 participants
Where
2 sitesNigeria
Study dates
26 May 2026to 31 Dec 2027
Phase
Interventional
Are there results?
Not yet: the study is under way

Key requirements

Who can take part, as listed by the sponsor. Only the study team can confirm whether you are eligible, so take this list to your doctor.

  • Ages 15 years and older
  • All sexes
  • Healthy volunteers accepted
  • Child, Adult, Older adult

Who may be able to join

  • Adult (18+) or emancipated minor (15+) pregnant women and women with children under 5 years old who do not plan to permanently move in the next 12 months.
  • Must be knowledgeable about the household's water collection and management practices

Who cannot join

  • Non-age-eligible women. Men and non-emancipated minors. Women who do not consent.

Trial locations and contacts

2 sites in 1 country. Contact the study team or a site near you to ask about taking part.

Amy J Pickering contact

+1.510.410.2666

pickering@berkeley.edu

Elisa M Maffioli contact

+1.443.875.4930

elisamaf@umich.edu

Nigeria2 sites

  • Makoda LGA

    Makuda, Kano State

    Gbenga Adedayo, +234.805.602.6845, gadedayo@hanovialimited.com

  • Yala LGA

    Yala, Cross River State

    Gbenga Adedayo, +234.805.602.6845, gadedayo@hanovialimited.com

Other trials in Nigeria

About this study

Official title: In-line Chlorination for Drinking Water Treatment in Nigeria

This study evaluates the implementation and effectiveness of in-line chlorination (ILC) for improving drinking water quality in rural Nigeria. Unsafe drinking water remains a major contributor to diarrheal disease, particularly among children under five. Inline chlorination is a passive water treatment approach that automatically doses chlorine at community water systems without requiring electricity or daily user action. Two cluster randomized controlled trials will be conducted in Kano State (North-West Nigeria) and Cross River State (South-South Nigeria). Communities will be randomized to either receive in-line chlorination installed at eligible communal water systems or serve as controls with no chlorination. The unit of randomization is a community or a cluster of communities that share water system for drinking water. The primary objective is to estimate the causal impact of in-line chlorination on household drinking water quality. Outcomes include the prevalence of Escherichia coli contamination in tap water and stored household water as well as the presence of free chlorine residual. Secondary objectives assess water source usage and adoption of chlorinated sources, as well as reduction in diarrheal disease. Implementation fidelity and operational performance of chlorination devices will also be monitored.

Being tested
In-line Chlorination (ILC) with Behavioral Change Communication (BCC)
Keywords
Inline Chlorination, Safe Water, Water Practices, Behavior, Diarrhea, Children
Medical subject headings
Diarrhea, Behavior

What participants receive

What participants receive. In a randomised study each person is assigned to one group by chance.

  • In-line Chlorination (ILC) with Behavioral Change Communication (BCC)Device

    In-line chlorination devices will be installed on all compatible communal water systems within treatment communities. Devices automatically dose chlorine proportional to water flow without requiring electricity or daily user input. Technologies will include TuriTap liquid dosers installed at handpumps and CTI-8 tablet dosers installed at tanks or piped systems. Devices will be calibrated and routinely monitored to maintain chlorine residual within recommended ranges. In addition to device installation, communities will participate in behavior change communication (BCC) activities designed to support understanding and acceptance of chlorinated water. BCC activities will include community sensitization meetings conducted by the implementing partner. Meetings will provide information on the purpose of chlorination through the in-line chlorination devices, expected benefits and limitations, safe water handling practices, and guidance for addressing taste or odor concerns.

Study groups in NCT07601503
Study groupRoleWhat they receive
Arm 1: Inline Chlorination (ILC) with Behavioral Change Communication (BCC)ExperimentalCommunities randomized to this arm will receive inline chlorination installed at eligible communal drinking water systems, such as boreholes or handpumps, and behavioral change communication.
Receives: Device: In-line Chlorination (ILC) with Behavioral Change Communication (BCC)
Arm 2: Control (No Chlorination)No interventionCommunities randomized to this arm will not receive inline chlorination during the study period and will continue their usual water collection and treatment practices.

What is being measured

The primary outcome is the main question the study is designed to answer.

  1. Proportion of water source samples with detectable free chlorine residual.

    Measured as >0.1 ppm.

    Measured: About 4-, 8-, and 12-month follow ups after device installations

  2. Proportion of household stored drinking water samples with detectable free chlorine residual.

    Measured as >0.1 ppm.

    Measured: About 4-, 8-, and 12-month follow ups after device installations

  3. Proportion of household stored drinking water samples positive for Escherichia coli.

    Measured as >1 MPN/100 mL of water by culture-based assay

    Measured: About 4-, 8-, and 12-month follow ups after device installations

Secondary outcomes (8)

  1. Proportion of water source samples with detectable total chlorine residual.

    Measured as >0.1 ppm.

    Measured: About 4-, 8-, and 12-month follow ups after device installations

  2. Concentration of E. coli in water source samples

    Concentration of E. coli (in log10 MPN/100ml) in water source samples by culture-based assay

    Measured: About 4-, 8-, and 12-month follow ups after device installations

  3. Concentration of E. coli in household stored water samples

    Concentration of E. coli (in log10 MPN/100ml) in household stored water samples by culture-based assay

    Measured: About 4-, 8-, and 12-month follow ups after device installations

  4. Concentration of total coliform bacteria in water source samples

    Concentration of total coliform bacteria (MPN/100mL) in water source samples

    Measured: About 4-, 8-, and 12-month follow ups after device installations

  5. Concentration of total coliform bacteria in household stored water samples

    Concentration of total coliform bacteria (MPN/100mL) in household stored water samples

    Measured: About 4-, 8-, and 12-month follow ups after device installations

  6. Prevalence of caregiver-reported diarrhea among children under five years of age

    Measured as the proportion of children under five reported by caregivers to have experienced diarrhea, defined as three or more loose or watery stools within a 24-hour period, during the 7 days preceding the survey.

    Measured: About 4-, 8-, and 12-month follow ups after device installations

  7. Prevalence of caregiver-reported diarrhea among household members, any age

    Measured as the proportion of individuals surveyed in the household that have experienced diarrhea, defined as three or more loose or watery stools within a 24-hour period, during the 7 days preceding the survey. Measured for subset of available respondents.

    Measured: About 4-, 8-, and 12-month follow ups after device installations

  8. Prevalence of diarrhea among female caregivers

    Measured as the proportion of respondents that have experienced diarrhea, defined as three or more loose or watery stools within a 24-hour period, during the 7 days preceding the survey.

    Measured: Time frame - About 4-, 8-, and 12-month follow ups after device installations

Timeline

From the start of the study to its completion; the mark is today. Estimated dates are the sponsor’s plan.

  1. First posted22 May 2026
  2. Study start26 May 2026 (estimated)
  3. Primary completion31 Dec 2027 (estimated)
  4. Study completion31 Dec 2027 (estimated)

Resources

More details

For doctors and researchers: how the study is designed, who runs it, and its registry IDs.

Study design
Study type
Interventional
Phase
Phase N/A
Primary purpose
Prevention
Allocation
Randomised
Intervention model
Parallel groups
Masking
None (open label)
Enrolment
2,655 participants (estimated)
IDs, dates and publications
ClinicalTrials.gov ID
NCT07601503
Sponsor's protocol ID
2025-08-18832
Status last verified
May 2026
First submitted
14 May 2026
Last updated
22 May 2026
Results posted
No
Data monitoring committee
No
FDA-regulated drug
No
FDA-regulated device
No
Individual data sharing
No

Publications

  • Pickering AJ, Crider Y, Sultana S, Swarthout J, Goddard FG, Anjerul Islam S, Sen S, Ayyagari R, Luby SP. Effect of in-line drinking water chlorination at the point of collection on child diarrhoea in urban Bangladesh: a double-blind, cluster-randomised controlled trial. Lancet Glob Health. 2019 Sep;7(9):e1247-e1256. doi: 10.1016/S2214-109X(19)30315-8.

    PubMed 31402005

  • Lindmark M, Cherukumilli K, Crider YS, Marcenac P, Lozier M, Voth-Gaeddert L, Lantagne DS, Mihelcic JR, Zhang QM, Just C, Pickering AJ. Passive In-Line Chlorination for Drinking Water Disinfection: A Critical Review. Environ Sci Technol. 2022 Jul 5;56(13):9164-9181. doi: 10.1021/acs.est.1c08580. Epub 2022 Jun 14.

    PubMed 35700262

Questions about this trial

What is this clinical trial studying?

A study testing In-line Chlorination (ILC) with Behavioral Change Communication (BCC) in people with Diarrhea and Water Quality, run by University of California, Berkeley at 2 sites in Nigeria.

The full registered description is in the About this study section and the official record.

Who may be eligible to take part?

The sponsor lists 2 inclusion and 1 exclusion criteria. Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening, so read the full criteria and contact a listed site.

Is this clinical trial currently recruiting?

The record says: opening soon, as of the sponsor's last update on 22 May 2026. Status can change between updates, so confirm with the study contact before making plans.

Where is the study taking place?

The record lists 2 sites in Nigeria. Whether a site is taking part right now should be confirmed with that site. See every site.

What are the possible benefits and risks?

They depend on the study and the treatment, and no study can promise a benefit. The study team explains the known risks during informed consent, before anyone joins; the record itself does not list them.

Are results available for this study?

This study is still under way. Results are not available in the source record yet.

How can a doctor refer a patient or contact the research team?

Contact Amy J Pickering (+1.510.410.2666, pickering@berkeley.edu), or a site near the patient. AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals.

What does the primary outcome measure?

Proportion of water source samples with detectable free chlorine residual. (time frame: About 4-, 8-, and 12-month follow ups after device installations). The study lists 3 primary outcomes in all. It is what the study was designed to measure, not a finding.

Where can I read the original study information?

On the ClinicalTrials.gov record for NCT07601503, which also lists 2 linked publications.

Does a listing mean the treatment is approved or proven to work?

No. A listing means the study is registered. It does not show that the treatment is safe, works, or is approved by a regulator.

How often is this information updated?

AzTrials copies changed records from ClinicalTrials.gov every night and reloads the whole registry every week. The sponsor last updated this record on 22 May 2026.

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