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Plyometric TrainingTENNIS_CLS-TRDNCT07640724

Cluster-Set vs. Traditional-Set Plyometric Loading in Tennis Players

A study testing Cluster Set and Traditional Set in people with Plyometric Training, run by Uludag University at 1 site in Turkey (Türkiye).

Completed

Finished. The study has ended and is not enrolling. Results may be posted on the official record.

Official record
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Trial summary

The present study aimed to compare the acute effects of cluster-set (CS) and traditional-set (TS) plyometric loading protocols on countermovement jump (CMJ) performance and reactive strength index (RSI-mod) in young tennis players. Read more about this study

Who is it for?
Ages 13 to 17 years, men onlyHealthy volunteers can take part
Conditions the study is for
Plyometric Training
What is being tested?
Cluster Set and Traditional Set
Could I receive a placebo?
No, everyone receives an active treatment
How many people
28 participants
Where
1 siteTurkey (Türkiye)
Study dates
15 Mar 2025to 15 Apr 2025
Phase
Interventional
Are there results?
None posted in the registry

Key requirements

Who can take part, as listed by the sponsor. Only the study team can confirm whether you are eligible, so take this list to your doctor.

  • Ages 13 to 17 years
  • Men only
  • Healthy volunteers accepted
  • Child

Who may be able to join

  • Engaged in tennis training for ≥2 years, with a frequency of ≥3 sessions/week and participation in ≥4 tournaments annually.
  • Had ≥6 months of experience with resistance and plyometric training.
  • No history of lower extremity muscle or joint injuries within the last three months.
  • No regular use of drugs or stimulants for at least six months prior to the study.

Who cannot join

  • -

Trial locations and contacts

1 site in 1 country.

Turkey (Türkiye)1 site
  • Bursa uludag University, Faculty of Sport Sciences

    Bursa, 16059

Other trials in Turkey (Türkiye)

About this study

Official title: Acute Effects of Cluster-Set vs. Traditional-Set Plyometric Loading on Countermovement Jump and Reactive Strength Index in Young Tennis Players

The present study aimed to compare the acute effects of cluster-set (CS) and traditional-set (TS) plyometric loading protocols on countermovement jump (CMJ) performance and reactive strength index (RSI-mod) in young tennis players.

Twenty-eight male tennis players (age: 16.7 ± 1.3 years) were randomly assigned to either a CS or TS group. Following a familiarization session, participants completed an experimental session including pre-tests (CMJ and drop jump), a plyometric loading protocol (CS: 3 × [5 × 2 repetitions, 15 s intra-set rest, 2 min between sets]; TS: 3 × 10 repetitions, 3 min between sets), and post-tests at 15 s, 3 min, and 6 min. CMJ height and RSI-mod were assessed using the My Jump 2 application. Borg Scale, Total Quality Recovery (TQR) were apply after post-tests at 15 s, 3 min, and 6 min.

Read the detailed description

The present study aimed to compare the acute effects of cluster-set (CS) and traditional-set (TS) plyometric loading protocols on countermovement jump (CMJ) performance and reactive strength index (RSI-mod) in young tennis players. It was hypothesized that the CS method would elicit superior acute improvements in jump parameters and recovery due to reduced fatigue compared to the TS method. A total of 28 male adolescent tennis players, aged 13-17 years, voluntarily participated. Volunteers were randomly allocated into two experimental groups: Cluster Set Group (CS) and Traditional Set Group (TS). ). Participants were eligible if they met the following criteria.

  1. Engaged in tennis training for ≥2 years, with a frequency of ≥3 sessions/week and participation in ≥4 tournaments annually. ii. Had ≥6 months of experience with resistance and plyometric training. iii. No history of lower extremity muscle or joint injuries within the last three months. iv. No regular use of drugs or stimulants for at least six months prior to the study.

The study consisted of two sessions: a familiarization session and an experimental session involving either the Cluster Set (CS) or Traditional Set (TS) protocol. Participants refrained from any exhaustive exercise for at least 48 hours prior to the familiarization session, and a 48-hour passive recovery period was observed between sessions. During the familiarization session, anthropometric measurements (height, body mass, body fat %) were recorded, and participants completed the Physical Activity Readiness Questionnaire (PAR-Q+). Following this, subjects performed a standardized warm-up and familiarization with the testing procedures. The experimental session included the following sequence: (i) Pre-test measurements: Countermovement Jump (CMJ) and Drop Jump (DJ), (ii) execution of either CS or TS plyometric protocol, (iii) immediate Post-15s): CMJ and DJ, (iv) passive recovery (3 min) followed by CMJ and DJ, and assessment using the Total Recovery Quality Scale (TQR), (v) additional passive recovery (3 m) followed by CMJ and DJ and TQR, (vi) final post-test (6 min): CMJ and DJ. Total workout 7 minutes and passive rest 6 minutes (Table 2). Participants were instructed to sleep at least 8 hours the night before testing. Maintain a normal diet and avoid medications, stimulants, ergogenic aids, or performance-enhancing substances. Before testing, all participants completed a 10-minute standardized warm-up, consisting of jogging, galloping, multidirectional running and jumping, calisthenic exercises for joint mobility, static and dynamic stretching. The procedure of the study is shown in Figure 1. All interventions were conducted between 15:00 and 17:00 in a synthetic-floored gym under controlled conditions (temperature: 18-24°C; humidity: 40-60%). Two Way ANOVA repeated measures analysis of variance, 2 groups (CS and TS) x 4 time (Pre, Post-15s; Post-3m and Post-6m) test was performed to compare the data and determine the differences. Bonferroni test was used for pairwise time and group comparisons.

Being tested
Cluster Set, Traditional Set
Keywords
post-activation potentiation, tennis, explosive power, fatigue, cluster set
Medical subject headings
Fatigue

What participants receive

What participants receive. In a randomised study each person is assigned to one group by chance.

  • Cluster SetOther

    Cluster Set: Vertical Jumping 3 set, 2 minute rest/set, in 1 set 5 x 2 repetition, 15 sec rest after each 2 repetition.

  • Traditional SetOther

    Traditional set: Vertical jumping 3 set, 3 minute rest / set, in 1 set 10 repetition/set

Study groups in NCT07640724
Study groupRoleWhat they receive
Cluster Set Plyometric LoadingExperimentalCluster set: plyometric jumping 3 set , each set consist of 2 repetition x 5.
Receives: Other: Cluster Set
Traditional Set Plyometric LoadingActive comparatorTraditional set: pluometric jumping 3 set, each set consist of 10 repetition.
Receives: Other: Traditional Set

What is being measured

The primary outcome is the main question the study is designed to answer.

  1. Vertical Jump

    The counter movement jump (CMJ) test was used to determine vertical jump height. CMJ is widely used to monitor neuromuscular status (i.e. fatigue, performance, strength, and muscle overcompensation) from the analysis of bilateral mechanics and the ability to generate and the ability to generate and absorb ground reaction forces by the lower extremity. The My Jump 2 (Copyright©Carlos Balsalobre Fernández) application of the My Jump Lab tools, based on artificial intelligence (AI) used to measure CMJ. An iPad Pro 11-inch Model Air M2 (Apple Inc. Cupertino, CA) used to capture each trial.

    Measured: From enrollment to the end of treatment at 15 days

  2. Vertical Jump

    The counter movement jump (CMJ) test was used to determine vertical jump high. The My Jump 2 (Copyright©Carlos Balsalobre Fernández) application of the My Jump Lab tools, based on artificial intelligence (AI) used to measure CMJ. An iPad Pro 11-inch Model Air M2 (Apple Inc. Cupertino, CA) used to capture each trial.

    Measured: From enrollment to the end of treatment at 15 days

  3. Reactive Strength Index (RSI-mod)

    The Drop Jump (DJ) test was used to determine the RSI-mod. The DJ can be used to determine the intensity of plyometric exercises, measure lower body reactive strength, monitor neuromuscular fatigue and test lower extremity stiffness. The DJ is a frequently analyzed metric for determining the RSI. It assesses an athlete's ability to rapidly transition from eccentric to concentric contraction and how much force the athlete can produce in the shortest possible time. There are multiple calculations available to measure the RSI-mod, but the most used is jump height (meters) ÷ ground contact time (seconds). Participants were asked to perform the DJ test by dropping to the ground from a 40 cm frame height with their hands on their hips and jumping upwards with maximal effort in the shortest time. Vertical jump distance and RSI were determined using the My Jump 2 app.

    Measured: From enrollment to the end of treatment at 15 days

Secondary outcomes (2)
  1. Body composition

    Participants' body weight and body fat percentage were assessed using a Tanita BC-418 bioelectrical impedance analyzer (Tanita Corp., Tokyo, Japan). Height was measured with a Seca stadiometer (Seca Instruments Ltd., Hamburg, Germany).

    Measured: From enrollment to the end of treatment at 15 days

  2. Recovery

    Recovery perception was evaluated using the Turkish version of the Total Quality Recovery (TQR) scale. This scale ranges from 6 points ("very poor recovery") to 20 points ("very good recovery"). Participants completed the TQR at the end of each 3-minute passive rest period following Post-15s and Post-3m jump tests.

    Measured: From enrollment to the end of treatment at 15 days

Timeline

From the start of the study to its completion; the mark is today. Estimated dates are the sponsor’s plan.

  1. First posted11 Jun 2026
  2. Study start15 Mar 2025
  3. Primary completion30 Mar 2025
  4. Study completion15 Apr 2025

Resources

More details

For doctors and researchers: how the study is designed, who runs it, and its registry IDs.

Study design
Study type
Interventional
Phase
Phase N/A
Primary purpose
Other
Allocation
Randomised
Intervention model
Parallel groups
Model description
Participants were randomly allocated into two experimental groups: Cluster Set Group (CS) and Traditional Set Group (TS).
Masking
None (open label)
Enrolment
28 participants (actual)
IDs, dates and publications
ClinicalTrials.gov ID
NCT07640724
Sponsor's protocol ID
Date10.01.2025, Approval No460
Acronym
TENNIS_CLS-TRD
Status last verified
Jun 2026
First submitted
2 Jun 2026
Last updated
11 Jun 2026
Results posted
No
Data monitoring committee
No
FDA-regulated drug
No
FDA-regulated device
No
Individual data sharing
No: All IPD collected throughout the trial, only IPD used in the results publication.

Publications

  • Dello Iacono A, Beato M, Halperin I. The Effects of Cluster-Set and Traditional-Set Postactivation Potentiation Protocols on Vertical Jump Performance. Int J Sports Physiol Perform. 2019 Oct 15;15(4):464-469. doi: 10.1123/ijspp.2019-0186. Print 2020 Apr 1.

    PubMed 31614331
  • Feng D, Yang W, Li L. Countermovement jump and reactive strength index of artistic gymnasts improve more with cluster-based plyometric training than with traditional methods. Sci Rep. 2024 Oct 21;14(1):24700. doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-76150-1.

    PubMed 39433944
  • Chen L, Zhang Z, Huang Z, Yang Q, Gao C, Ji H, Sun J, Li D. Meta-Analysis of the Effects of Plyometric Training on Lower Limb Explosive Strength in Adolescent Athletes. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2023 Jan 19;20(3):1849. doi: 10.3390/ijerph20031849.

    PubMed 36767213
  • Deng N, Soh KG, Huang D, Abdullah B, Luo S, Rattanakoses W. Effects of plyometric training on skill and physical performance in healthy tennis players: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Physiol. 2022 Nov 24;13:1024418. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2022.1024418. eCollection 2022.

    PubMed 36505069
  • Salonikidis K, Zafeiridis A. The effects of plyometric, tennis-drills, and combined training on reaction, lateral and linear speed, power, and strength in novice tennis players. J Strength Cond Res. 2008 Jan;22(1):182-91. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0b013e31815f57ad.

    PubMed 18296973
  • Hernandez-Davo JL, Loturco I, Pereira LA, Cesari R, Pratdesaba J, Madruga-Parera M, Sanz-Rivas D, Fernandez-Fernandez J. Relationship between Sprint, Change of Direction, Jump, and Hexagon Test Performance in Young Tennis Players. J Sports Sci Med. 2021 Mar 5;20(2):197-203. doi: 10.52082/jssm.2021.197. eCollection 2021 Jun.

    PubMed 33948097
  • Zhang F, Liu Y, Liu J, Yeremenko O, Shi L. The effects of plyometric training on physical fitness in adolescent team sports: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Physiol. 2026 Jan 21;17:1760239. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2026.1760239. eCollection 2026.

    PubMed 41647156
  • Vuong JL, Fett J, Ulbricht A, Ferrauti A. Physical determinants, intercorrelations, and relevance of movement speed components in elite junior tennis players. Eur J Sport Sci. 2022 Dec;22(12):1805-1815. doi: 10.1080/17461391.2021.2005150. Epub 2022 Jan 6.

    PubMed 34753414
  • Kozinc Z, Sarabon N. Bilateral deficit in countermovement jump and its association with change of direction performance in basketball and tennis players. Sports Biomech. 2024 Oct;23(10):1370-1383. doi: 10.1080/14763141.2021.1942965. Epub 2021 Jun 16.

    PubMed 34132633

Questions about this trial

What is this clinical trial studying?

A study testing Cluster Set and Traditional Set in people with Plyometric Training, run by Uludag University at 1 site in Turkey (Türkiye).

The full registered description is in the About this study section and the official record.

Who may be eligible to take part?

The sponsor lists 4 inclusion and 1 exclusion criteria. Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening, so read the full criteria and contact a listed site.

Is this clinical trial currently recruiting?

The record says: finished, as of the sponsor's last update on 11 Jun 2026. Status can change between updates, so confirm with the study contact before making plans.

Where is the study taking place?

The record lists 1 site in Turkey (Türkiye). Whether a site is taking part right now should be confirmed with that site. See every site.

What are the possible benefits and risks?

They depend on the study and the treatment, and no study can promise a benefit. The study team explains the known risks during informed consent, before anyone joins; the record itself does not list them.

Are results available for this study?

The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.

How can a doctor refer a patient or contact the research team?

The record lists no contact. The official record names the sponsor, who can be asked directly. AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals.

What does the primary outcome measure?

Vertical Jump (time frame: From enrollment to the end of treatment at 15 days). The study lists 3 primary outcomes in all. It is what the study was designed to measure, not a finding.

Where can I read the original study information?

On the ClinicalTrials.gov record for NCT07640724, which also lists 9 linked publications.

Does a listing mean the treatment is approved or proven to work?

No. A listing means the study is registered. It does not show that the treatment is safe, works, or is approved by a regulator.

How often is this information updated?

AzTrials copies changed records from ClinicalTrials.gov every night and reloads the whole registry every week. The sponsor last updated this record on 11 Jun 2026.

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