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Athletic PerformanceNCT07657065

Effects of Core and Inspiratory Muscle Training on Muscle Oxygenation and Athletic Performance İn Young Soccer Players

A study testing Core Training Program and Inspiratory Muscle Training (IMT) in people with Athletic Performance and Muscle Oxygenation, run by Istinye University at 1 site in Turkey (Türkiye).

Not yet recruiting

Opening soon. The study is approved but enrolment has not started yet. Sites may already take enquiries.

Sites and contacts
Official record
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Trial summary

The purpose of this randomized controlled trial is to investigate the effects of core training and inspiratory muscle training (IMT) on muscle oxygenation and athletic performance in youth male soccer players aged 15-18. Read more about this study

Who is it for?
Ages 15 to 18 years, men onlyHealthy volunteers can take part
What is being tested?
Core Training Program and Inspiratory Muscle Training (IMT)
Could I receive a placebo?
No, everyone receives an active treatment
How many people
54 participants
Where
1 siteTurkey (Türkiye)
Study dates
Aug 2026to Dec 2027
Phase
Interventional
Are there results?
Not yet: the study is under way

Key requirements

Who can take part, as listed by the sponsor. Only the study team can confirm whether you are eligible, so take this list to your doctor.

  • Ages 15 to 18 years
  • Men only
  • Healthy volunteers accepted
  • Child, Adult

Who may be able to join

  • Being between 15 and 18 years of age.
  • Being a male soccer player.
  • Actively and regularly participating in trainings at Alagöz Soccer Club.
  • Having participated in regular soccer training for at least the last 6 months.
  • Being able to continue routine trainings throughout the study period.
  • Being fully informed about the research.
  • Having obtained voluntary informed consent, and parental/guardian consent for participants under 18 years of age.
  • Having the cognitive and physical capacity to understand and fulfill the specific test and exercise instructions.

Who cannot join

  • Having a history of lower extremity, trunk-core, or athletic performance-limiting injury within the last 6 months.
  • Having undergone orthopedic lower extremity or spine surgery within the last 1 year.
  • Having active musculoskeletal pain or any orthopedic/neurological condition that prevents exercise.
  • Having any health condition that prevents the safe execution of balance, sprint, agility, jump, or core endurance tests.
  • Having asthma, chronic respiratory system diseases, exercise-induced bronchospasm, cardiovascular disease, or a physician-imposed restriction on high-intensity exercise that could affect respiratory muscle or exercise testing.
  • Having open wounds, infections, or severe skin sensitivity that prevents the application of sensors placed on the skin.
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  • Currently participating in another structured respiratory muscle training or structured core exercise program that could affect the study results.
  • Having a body mass index (BMI) of 30 kg/m² or above.
  • Being deemed unsuitable for the study by the researcher due to safety concerns.
  • Withdrawal from the study at the request of the participant or their parent/guardian.
  • Missing two consecutive exercise sessions or having an insufficient overall attendance rate.
  • Developing an exercise-preventing injury or illness during the study period.
  • Occurrence of any safety risk during testing or exercise sessions.
  • Non-compliance with the study protocol.
  • Starting another additional exercise program during the study.
  • Technical inability to obtain reliable measurement data.

Trial locations and contacts

1 site in 1 country. Contact the study team or a site near you to ask about taking part.

Abdurrahim Eyüp Canbaloglu, MSc contact

+90 5346492322

abdurrahim.eyup@gmail.com

Turkey (Türkiye)1 site
  • Igdir University

    Iğdır, 76000

    Abdurrahim Eyüp Canbaloglu, MSc, +90 5346492322, abdurrahim.eyup@gmail.com

    Dilek Cokar, Phd, +90 5343072752, dilek.cokar@istinye.edu.tr

Other trials in Turkey (Türkiye)

About this study

Official title: Effects of Core and Inspiratory Muscle Training On Muscle Oxygenation and Athletic Performance İn Young Soccer Players

The purpose of this randomized controlled trial is to investigate the effects of core training and inspiratory muscle training (IMT) on muscle oxygenation and athletic performance in youth male soccer players aged 15-18. A total of 54 healthy soccer players will be included and randomly assigned into three equal groups: the Control Group, the Core Training Group, and the Core Training + IMT Group.

All interventions will be implemented for 8 weeks in addition to routine soccer training sessions. Assessments will be performed at baseline (Week 0), mid-intervention (Week 4), and post-intervention (Week 8). The primary outcome measures of the study are aerobic capacity assessed by the Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test Level 1 and muscle oxygenation parameters monitored via near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) using a MOXY monitor. Secondary outcome measures include sprint performance, agility, dynamic balance, core muscle strength and endurance, inspiratory muscle strength, lower extremity explosive power, and soccer-specific technical performance tests.

Overall, this study aims to reveal the combined effects of core training and inspiratory muscle training on muscle oxygenation, respiratory functions, aerobic capacity, and soccer performance, while explaining the underlying physiological mechanisms in youth athletes.

Read the detailed description

Background:

Soccer performance is a multidimensional structure resulting from the interaction of technical, tactical, psychological, and physical components. In modern soccer, players frequently perform high-intensity running, sprinting, directional changes, and repeated efforts. Therefore, aerobic capacity, recovery ability, and the efficiency of muscle oxygen utilization are of critical importance.

Respiratory muscle fatigue during high-intensity exercise can limit performance by triggering the respiratory muscle metaboreflex, which reduces blood flow to peripheral muscles. Inspiratory muscle training (IMT) aims to attenuate these adverse effects by enhancing the strength and endurance of the diaphragm and auxiliary respiratory muscles. Similarly, core training improves trunk stability, enhances movement economy, optimizes force transfer along the kinetic chain, and contributes to athletic performance measures. Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is a non-invasive technology used to evaluate muscle oxygenation and hemodynamic responses during exercise. The MOXY monitor utilized in this study will allow real-time evaluation of muscle oxygen saturation (SmO2) and total hemoglobin (THb) levels.

Objectives:

The primary objective is to investigate the effects of core training and inspiratory muscle training on muscle oxygenation and aerobic performance in youth male soccer players. Secondary objectives are to examine changes in maximal inspiratory pressure, sprint performance, agility, dynamic balance, core strength/endurance, lower extremity explosive power, and soccer-specific technical skills.

Study Design \& Interventions:

This study is designed as a three-arm, parallel-group, randomized controlled trial involving 54 healthy male soccer players. Participants will be randomly allocated into one of three groups:

  1. Control Group: Continues routine soccer training only.
  2. Core Training Group: Receives a structured core training program in addition to routine soccer training.
  3. Core Training + IMT Group: Receives both the core training program and inspiratory muscle training in addition to routine soccer training.

The core training program will be implemented 3 days a week, lasting approximately 20-25 minutes prior to routine soccer practices. The program is structured on progressive overload principles, gradually increasing duration and difficulty. IMT will be performed 3 days a week using a threshold device. Participants will complete 2 sets of 30 breaths per session. Training intensity will start at 50% of maximal inspiratory pressure (MIP) and progress weekly up to approximately 70% MIP.

Assessments \& Statistical Analysis:

All assessments will be conducted at baseline (Week 0), mid-intervention (Week 4), and post-intervention (Week 8). Primary outcomes include aerobic capacity (Yo-Yo IR1 distance) and muscle oxygenation parameters (SmO2, desaturation/reoxygenation rates, and THb). Secondary outcomes include 20-meter sprint (manual stopwatch), Illinois agility test, Y-Balance test, core strength/endurance tests, Standing Long Jump, MIP (cmH2O), Modified 10-Meter Dribbling Test, and the Wall Passing Accuracy Test. Linear mixed-effects models will be used to analyze group and time effects. Statistical significance will be set at p < 0.05.

Being tested
Core Training Program, Inspiratory Muscle Training (IMT)
Keywords
Youth Soccer, Core Training, Inspiratory Muscle Training, Near-Infrared Spectroscopy, Aerobic Capacity, Diaphragm
Medical subject headings
Respiratory Aspiration

What participants receive

What participants receive. In a randomised study each person is assigned to one group by chance.

  • Core Training ProgramBehavioural

    A structured, progressive core stability training program targeting trunk and abdominal musculature. The exercises will be conducted 3 days a week for 8 weeks, taking approximately 20-25 minutes before soccer practices.

  • Inspiratory Muscle Training (IMT)Device

    Inspiratory muscle training performed using a threshold device. The protocol consists of 2 sets of 30 breaths per session, 3 days a week for 8 weeks. Training intensity starts at 50% of maximal inspiratory pressure (MIP) and progresses up to 70% MIP.

Study groups in NCT07657065
Study groupRoleWhat they receive
Control GroupNo interventionParticipants in this group will only continue their routine soccer training program for 8 weeks without any additional core or respiratory intervention.
Core Training GroupExperimentalParticipants will perform a structured core training program in addition to their routine soccer training. The intervention will be conducted 3 days a week for 8 weeks, taking approximately 20-25 minutes before soccer practices, using a progressive overload principle.
Receives: Behavioral: Core Training Program
Combined Training GroupExperimentalParticipants will receive both the structured core training program and inspiratory muscle training (IMT) in addition to routine soccer training. Core training will be done 3 days a week for 20-25 minutes. IMT will be performed 3 days a week using a threshold device (2 sets of 30 breaths), starting at 50% of maximal inspiratory pressure (MIP) and progressing to 70% over 8 weeks.
Receives: Behavioral: Core Training Program; Device: Inspiratory Muscle Training (IMT)

What is being measured

The primary outcome is the main question the study is designed to answer.

  1. Aerobic Capacity

    Assessed using the Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test Level 1 (Yo-Yo IR1) to determine the total distance covered in meters.

    Measured: Baseline (Week 0), Mid-intervention (Week 4), and Post-intervention (Week 8)

  2. Muscle Oxygen Saturation (SmO2)

    Measured in percentage (%) during exercise using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) via a MOXY monitor to evaluate muscle oxygenation.

    Measured: Baseline (Week 0), Mid-intervention (Week 4), and Post-intervention (Week 8)

  3. Total Hemoglobin (THb)

    Measured in arbitrary units or micro-molar concentrations using a MOXY monitor (NIRS technology) to assess local blood volume changes and muscle hemodynamics.

    Measured: Baseline (Week 0), Mid-intervention (Week 4), and Post-intervention (Week 8)

Secondary outcomes (8)
  1. 20-Meter Sprint Performance

    Assessed using a 20-meter sprint test with a manual stopwatch to measure running speed in seconds.

    Measured: Baseline (Week 0), Mid-intervention (Week 4), and Post-intervention (Week 8)

  2. Agility Performance

    Measured using the Illinois Agility Test to evaluate the participant's ability to change direction quickly, recorded in seconds.

    Measured: Baseline (Week 0), Mid-intervention (Week 4), and Post-intervention (Week 8)

  3. Dynamic Balance

    Assessed using the Y-Balance Test (YBT) to measure dynamic balance and stability in anterior, posteromedial, and posterolateral directions, recorded in centimeters.

    Measured: Baseline (Week 0), Mid-intervention (Week 4), and Post-intervention (Week 8)

  4. Core Muscle Strength and Endurance

    Evaluated using core endurance tests (such as plank, side bridge, and trunk flexor/extensor endurance tests) to measure the holding time in seconds.

    Measured: Baseline (Week 0), Mid-intervention (Week 4), and Post-intervention (Week 8)

  5. Lower Extremity Explosive Power

    Measured using the Standing Long Jump test to evaluate horizontal explosive power, recorded in centimeters.

    Measured: Baseline (Week 0), Mid-intervention (Week 4), and Post-intervention (Week 8)

  6. Maximal Inspiratory Pressure (MIP)

    Measured using a digital respiratory pressure meter (or PowerBreathe device) to evaluate maximal inspiratory muscle strength, recorded in cmH2O.

    Measured: Baseline (Week 0), Mid-intervention (Week 4), and Post-intervention (Week 8)

  7. Soccer-Specific Dribbling Performance

    Assessed using the Modified 10-Meter Dribbling Test to measure soccer-specific ball control and speed, recorded in seconds.

    Measured: Baseline (Week 0), Mid-intervention (Week 4), and Post-intervention (Week 8)

  8. Soccer Passing Accuracy

    Measured using the Wall Passing Accuracy Test to evaluate soccer-specific technical passing precision, recorded as a total accuracy score.

    Measured: Baseline (Week 0), Mid-intervention (Week 4), and Post-intervention (Week 8)

Timeline

From the start of the study to its completion; the mark is today. Estimated dates are the sponsor’s plan.

  1. First posted18 Jun 2026
  2. Study startAug 2026 (estimated)
  3. Primary completionAug 2027 (estimated)
  4. Study completionDec 2027 (estimated)

Resources

More details

For doctors and researchers: how the study is designed, who runs it, and its registry IDs.

Study design
Study type
Interventional
Phase
Phase N/A
Primary purpose
Basic science
Allocation
Randomised
Intervention model
Parallel groups
Model description
This three-arm, parallel-group, randomized controlled trial investigates the isolated and combined effects of core training and inspiratory muscle training (IMT) added to routine training in youth soccer players. Participants will be randomly allocated into three groups: Control Group: Routine soccer training only Core Training Group: Routine training + Core training Combined Group: Routine training + Core training + IMT The intervention will last 8 weeks, with assessments at week 0 (pre-test), week 4 (mid-test), and week 8 (post-test). This design allows for the evaluation of both within-group changes over time and between-group differences. Utilizing multiple measurement time points enables monitoring the dynamic nature of the adaptation process and determining the time-course effects of the interventions.
Masking
None (open label)
Enrolment
54 participants (estimated)
IDs, dates and publications
ClinicalTrials.gov ID
NCT07657065
Sponsor's protocol ID
2026/78
Status last verified
Jun 2026
First submitted
15 Jun 2026
Last updated
18 Jun 2026
Results posted
No
Data monitoring committee
No
FDA-regulated drug
No
FDA-regulated device
No
Individual data sharing
No: Individual participant data will not be shared with third parties to ensure the confidentiality and privacy of the participants, in accordance with the informed consent limitations and ethical committee guidelines.

Questions about this trial

What is this clinical trial studying?

A study testing Core Training Program and Inspiratory Muscle Training (IMT) in people with Athletic Performance and Muscle Oxygenation, run by Istinye University at 1 site in Turkey (Türkiye).

The full registered description is in the About this study section and the official record.

Who may be eligible to take part?

The sponsor lists 8 inclusion and 16 exclusion criteria. Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening, so read the full criteria and contact a listed site.

Is this clinical trial currently recruiting?

The record says: opening soon, as of the sponsor's last update on 18 Jun 2026. Status can change between updates, so confirm with the study contact before making plans.

Where is the study taking place?

The record lists 1 site in Turkey (Türkiye). Whether a site is taking part right now should be confirmed with that site. See every site.

What are the possible benefits and risks?

They depend on the study and the treatment, and no study can promise a benefit. The study team explains the known risks during informed consent, before anyone joins; the record itself does not list them.

Are results available for this study?

This study is still under way. Results are not available in the source record yet.

How can a doctor refer a patient or contact the research team?

Contact Abdurrahim Eyüp Canbaloglu, MSc (+90 5346492322, abdurrahim.eyup@gmail.com), or a site near the patient. AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals.

What does the primary outcome measure?

Aerobic Capacity (time frame: Baseline (Week 0), Mid-intervention (Week 4), and Post-intervention (Week 8)). The study lists 3 primary outcomes in all. It is what the study was designed to measure, not a finding.

Where can I read the original study information?
Does a listing mean the treatment is approved or proven to work?

No. A listing means the study is registered. It does not show that the treatment is safe, works, or is approved by a regulator.

How often is this information updated?

AzTrials copies changed records from ClinicalTrials.gov every night and reloads the whole registry every week. The sponsor last updated this record on 18 Jun 2026.

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