Healthy Volunteers (HV)NCT07658274
Electrical Nerve Stimulation During Sleep for Memory Consolidation
A study testing 120 Hz Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation and 2 Hz Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation in people with Healthy Volunteers (HV), run by Xidian University at 1 site in China.
Trial summary
The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (eTNS) applied during sleep on memory consolidation and brain-body physiological coupling. Healthy college students will participate in four overnight sleep sessions in a standard sleep laboratory. Read more about this study
- Who is it for?
- Ages 18 to 35 yearsHealthy volunteers can take part
- Conditions the study is for
- Healthy Volunteers (HV)
- What is being tested?
- 120 Hz Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation and 2 Hz Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation
- Type of treatment
- Medical device
- Could I receive a placebo?
- Yes, some participants may receive a placebo
- How many people
- 30 participants
- Where
- 1 siteChina
- Study dates
- 16 Jun 2026to 31 Jul 2026
- Phase
- Interventional
- Are there results?
- Not yet: the study is under way
Key requirements
Who can take part, as listed by the sponsor. Only the study team can confirm whether you are eligible, so take this list to your doctor.
- Ages 18 to 35 years
- All sexes
- Healthy volunteers accepted
- Adult
Who may be able to join
- Healthy young adults (e.g., college students), aged generally between 18 and 30 years.
- Right-handed.
- Body Mass Index (BMI) ≤ 30 kg/m^2.
- Capable of fully comprehending the experimental procedures and voluntarily signing the informed consent form.
Who cannot join
- History or current presence of neurological disorders, psychiatric disorders, or brain damage.
- History or current presence of cardiovascular diseases (e.g., arrhythmias or abnormal nocturnal heart rate).
- Presence of depressive or anxiety symptoms (assessed by Patient Health Questionnaire-9 [PHQ-9] score > 9, or Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 [GAD-7] score > 9).
- Presence of sleep disturbances or poor sleep quality (assessed by Insomnia Severity Index [ISI] score > 8, or Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index [PSQI] score > 10).
- Any medication use within the past six months that could affect stress responses, cognitive abilities, or sleep architecture.
- History of smoking or alcohol abuse.
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- Known skin allergies to conductive paste, medical tape, or silicone electrodes.
- Female participants who are in their menstrual period during the scheduled experimental sessions (sessions must be strategically scheduled to avoid this period).
- Inability or refusal to abstain from caffeine, tea, and alcohol for at least 24 hours prior to and during the experimental sessions.
Trial locations and contacts
1 site in 1 country. Contact the study team or a site near you to ask about taking part.
China1 site, 1 recruiting
- Recruiting
Xidian University
Xi'an, Shaanxi, 71000
Xue-Juan Yang, 13227038185, xjyang@xidian.edu.cn
About this study
Official title: Effects of 2 Hz and 120 Hz Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation During Sleep on Procedural Memory and Working Memory: A Randomized, Sham-Controlled, Crossover Study
The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (eTNS) applied during sleep on memory consolidation and brain-body physiological coupling. Healthy college students will participate in four overnight sleep sessions in a standard sleep laboratory.
Before going to sleep, participants will learn and complete two cognitive tasks: a motor sequence tapping task to assess procedural memory, and an N-back task to assess working memory. During the night, participants will receive either 2 Hz eTNS, 120 Hz eTNS, or a sham (placebo) stimulation on their forehead in a randomized order. Throughout the night, researchers will record their sleep using polysomnography (PSG), along with continuous monitoring of heart rate (ECG) and breathing (respiration). Upon waking the next morning, participants will be re-tested on both memory tasks.
The primary objective is to determine whether eTNS during sleep can improve behavioral performance on procedural and working memory tasks overnight. Secondary objectives include analyzing the stimulation's effects on specific sleep brain wave patterns (such as slow oscillations and sleep spindles) and exploring the coupling mechanisms between brain activity, heart rhythms (Heartbeat Evoked Potentials), and respiration during sleep.
Read the detailed description
This study utilizes a randomized, double-blind, sham-controlled, within-subject crossover design to evaluate the modulatory effects of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (eTNS) during sleep on memory consolidation and cardiopulmonary-brain coupling.
Healthy young adults will be recruited and rigorously screened to exclude those with sleep disorders, neurological or psychiatric conditions, or recent use of medications affecting sleep or cognition. Each participant will complete four overnight sessions in a standard soundproof and lightproof sleep laboratory, separated by 5-7 days. The first night serves as an adaptation night with no stimulation or data collection. The subsequent three nights involve experimental recordings under varying stimulation conditions (2 Hz eTNS, 120 Hz eTNS, and sham stimulation) applied in a randomized order.
Experimental Procedure:
On experimental nights, participants will arrive at the laboratory at 21:00. Prior to sleep, participants will undergo a training and baseline testing phase for two distinct cognitive tasks: a procedural memory task (the classic sequential finger-tapping task) and a working memory task (the 2- to 5-back task). Following the pre-sleep tasks, participants will be fitted with polysomnography (PSG) equipment, electrocardiogram (ECG) sensors, and respiratory monitors. Lights-out is scheduled for 23:00. Upon awakening between 07:00 and 08:00 the following morning, participants will be re-tested on both the sequential finger-tapping task and the N-back task to assess overnight memory consolidation.
Stimulation Parameters:
During sleep, eTNS will be delivered via a three-channel current source stimulator connected to self-adhesive silicone electrodes placed above the left and right eyebrows. The stimulation consists of biphasic rectangular pulses with a 250 μs pulse width. For the active conditions (120 Hz or 2 Hz), the current is delivered in cycles of 30 seconds on and 30 seconds off. The current intensity will be titrated to a subjective score of 3-4 on a numerical rating scale (NRS), perceived as a mild tingling sensation that does not disrupt sleep. The sham condition delivers current only for the first two minutes (the first two cycles) to mimic the initial sensation of the active conditions. All stimulations automatically terminate after a maximum duration of 8 hours.
Data Collection and Analysis Framework:
Continuous PSG recording (including standard EEG, EOG, and EMG based on the international 10-20 system) will be synchronized with simultaneous ECG and respiration data. The study will primarily compare the pre- and post-sleep behavioral improvements across the three stimulation conditions. Furthermore, the neurophysiological data will be analyzed to extract sleep structural features, slow oscillation (SO) and sleep spindle metrics, and complex physiological interactions. Specific focus will be placed on SO-spindle coupling, SO-respiration coupling, and Heartbeat Evoked Potentials (HEP) to elucidate the underlying neural and autonomic mechanisms by which peripheral stimulation influences cognitive functions during sleep.
- Conditions
- Healthy Volunteers (HV)
- Being tested
- 120 Hz Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation, 2 Hz Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation, Sham Stimulation (Placebo)
- Keywords
- Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation, eTNS, Procedural Memory, Working Memory, Slow Oscillations, Sleep Spindles, Heartbeat Evoked Potentials, Polysomnography
What participants receive
What participants receive. In a randomised study each person is assigned to one group by chance.
120 Hz Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve StimulationDevice
Participants will receive 120 Hz transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (eTNS) during nighttime sleep. The stimulation is delivered via a current source stimulator connected to self-adhesive silicone electrodes placed above the left and right eyebrows. The stimulation consists of biphasic rectangular pulses with a 250 μs pulse width at a frequency of 120 Hz. It is delivered in continuous cycles of 30 seconds on and 30 seconds off. Before sleep, the current intensity is individually titrated to elicit a mild tingling sensation (corresponding to a score of 3-4 on a numerical rating scale) that will not disrupt the participant's sleep. The stimulation protocol automatically terminates after a duration of 8 hours.
2 Hz Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve StimulationDevice
Participants will receive 2 Hz transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (eTNS) during nighttime sleep. The stimulation is delivered via a current source stimulator connected to self-adhesive silicone electrodes placed above the left and right eyebrows. The stimulation consists of biphasic rectangular pulses with a 250 μs pulse width at a frequency of 2 Hz. It is delivered in continuous cycles of 30 seconds on and 30 seconds off. Before sleep, the current intensity is individually titrated to elicit a mild tingling sensation (corresponding to a score of 3-4 on a numerical rating scale) that will not disrupt the participant's sleep. The stimulation protocol automatically terminates after a duration of 8 hours.
Sham Stimulation (Placebo)Device
Participants will receive a sham stimulation designed to serve as a placebo control. The equipment setup, including the placement of self-adhesive silicone electrodes above the left and right eyebrows, is identical to the active eTNS conditions. The current intensity is initially adjusted before sleep to elicit the same mild tingling sensation (a score of 3-4 on a numerical rating scale). However, to maintain double-blinding without providing a therapeutic dose, the stimulator only delivers current output during the first 2 minutes of the night (i.e., exactly two cycles of 30 seconds on and 30 seconds off). After these initial 2 minutes, the current output ceases entirely for the remainder of the 8-hour sleep period.
| Study group | Role | What they receive |
|---|---|---|
| 120 Hz Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation | Experimental | Not described Receives: Device: 120 Hz Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation |
| 2 Hz Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation | Experimental | Not described Receives: Device: 2 Hz Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation |
| Sham Stimulation (Placebo) | Placebo comparator | Not described Receives: Device: Sham Stimulation (Placebo) |
What is being measured
The primary outcome is the main question the study is designed to answer.
Change in Procedural Memory Performance
Procedural memory consolidation will be assessed using the classic sequential finger-tapping task (SFTT). Performance improvement is calculated as the difference in speed (number of correct sequences typed) and accuracy between the pre-sleep training/testing session and the post-sleep testing session. A larger positive difference indicates better procedural memory consolidation overnight.
Measured: Assessed pre-sleep (approx. 21:00-22:00) and post-sleep (approx. 07:00-08:00 the following morning), representing an overnight interval of approximately 10 hours.
Secondary outcomes (2)
Change in Working Memory Performance
Working memory performance will be assessed using the 2- to 5-back task. Outcome metrics include reaction time and accuracy (hit rate and false alarm rate). The overnight change is calculated by comparing the performance in the post-sleep testing session to the pre-sleep baseline session. Higher accuracy and shorter reaction times indicate improved working memory function.
Measured: Assessed pre-sleep (approx. 21:00-22:00) and post-sleep (approx. 07:00-08:00 the following morning), representing an overnight interval of approximately 10 hours.
Sleep Architecture and Sleep Efficiency
Sleep architecture will be derived from PSG scoring according to the American Academy of Sleep Medicine (AASM) criteria. Key metrics include Total Sleep Time (TST), Sleep Efficiency (SE, calculated as TST divided by Time in Bed), and the percentage of time spent in different sleep stages (N1, N2, N3, and REM sleep). This ensures the stimulation does not negatively disrupt normal sleep patterns.
Measured: Continuously recorded during the 8-hour nighttime sleep period.
Timeline
From the start of the study to its completion; the mark is today. Estimated dates are the sponsor’s plan.
- First posted18 Jun 2026
- Study start16 Jun 2026 (estimated)
- Primary completion30 Jul 2026 (estimated)
- Study completion31 Jul 2026 (estimated)
Resources
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govThe registry entry this page is built from, with its full change history.
- Other trials for Healthy Volunteers (HV)Studies of the same condition, open and under way.
- What the trial phases meanHow a treatment moves from first tests in people to approval.
More details
For doctors and researchers: how the study is designed, who runs it, and its registry IDs.
Study design
- Study type
- Interventional
- Phase
- Phase N/A
- Primary purpose
- Basic science
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Crossover
- Masking
- Double blind
- Who is masked
- Participant, Outcomes assessor
- Enrolment
- 30 participants (estimated)
Sponsor and investigators
- Lead sponsor
- Xidian University
- Sponsor type
- University, hospital or other
- Responsible party
- Sponsor
IDs, dates and publications
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT07658274
- Sponsor's protocol ID
- 20260615
- Status last verified
- Jun 2026
- First submitted
- 14 Jun 2026
- Last updated
- 24 Jun 2026
- Results posted
- No
- FDA-regulated drug
- No
- FDA-regulated device
- No
- Individual data sharing
- No
Study at a glance
From the registry record, last updated by the sponsor on 24 Jun 2026. Recruitment status is as the sponsor reported it: confirm with the study team.
- Official title
- Effects of 2 Hz and 120 Hz Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation During Sleep on Procedural Memory and Working Memory: A Randomized, Sham-Controlled, Crossover Study
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT07658274
- Acronym / sponsor ID
- 20260615
- Conditions
- Healthy Volunteers (HV)
- Keywords
- Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation, eTNS, Procedural Memory, Working Memory, Slow Oscillations, Sleep Spindles, Heartbeat Evoked Potentials, Polysomnography
- Study type
- Interventional
- Recruitment status
- Recruiting
- Enrolment
- 30 participants (estimated)
- Lead sponsor
- Xidian UniversityUniversity, hospital or other
- Study start
- 16 Jun 2026 (estimated)
- Primary completion
- 30 Jul 2026 (estimated)
- Study completion
- 31 Jul 2026 (estimated)
- First posted
- 18 Jun 2026 (actual)
- Results
- Not posted in the source record
Clinical summary
The research question as the sponsor registered it. This describes what the study plans to test, not what it found.
The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (eTNS) applied during sleep on memory consolidation and brain-body physiological coupling. Healthy college students will participate in four overnight sleep sessions in a standard sleep laboratory.
Before going to sleep, participants will learn and complete two cognitive tasks: a motor sequence tapping task to assess procedural memory, and an N-back task to assess working memory. During the night, participants will receive either 2 Hz eTNS, 120 Hz eTNS, or a sham (placebo) stimulation on their forehead in a randomized order. Throughout the night, researchers will record their sleep using polysomnography (PSG), along with continuous monitoring of heart rate (ECG) and breathing (respiration). Upon waking the next morning, participants will be re-tested on both memory tasks.
The primary objective is to determine whether eTNS during sleep can improve behavioral performance on procedural and working memory tasks overnight. Secondary objectives include analyzing the stimulation's effects on specific sleep brain wave patterns (such as slow oscillations and sleep spindles) and exploring the coupling mechanisms between brain activity, heart rhythms (Heartbeat Evoked Potentials), and respiration during sleep.
Detailed description
This study utilizes a randomized, double-blind, sham-controlled, within-subject crossover design to evaluate the modulatory effects of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (eTNS) during sleep on memory consolidation and cardiopulmonary-brain coupling.
Healthy young adults will be recruited and rigorously screened to exclude those with sleep disorders, neurological or psychiatric conditions, or recent use of medications affecting sleep or cognition. Each participant will complete four overnight sessions in a standard soundproof and lightproof sleep laboratory, separated by 5-7 days. The first night serves as an adaptation night with no stimulation or data collection. The subsequent three nights involve experimental recordings under varying stimulation conditions (2 Hz eTNS, 120 Hz eTNS, and sham stimulation) applied in a randomized order.
Experimental Procedure:
On experimental nights, participants will arrive at the laboratory at 21:00. Prior to sleep, participants will undergo a training and baseline testing phase for two distinct cognitive tasks: a procedural memory task (the classic sequential finger-tapping task) and a working memory task (the 2- to 5-back task). Following the pre-sleep tasks, participants will be fitted with polysomnography (PSG) equipment, electrocardiogram (ECG) sensors, and respiratory monitors. Lights-out is scheduled for 23:00. Upon awakening between 07:00 and 08:00 the following morning, participants will be re-tested on both the sequential finger-tapping task and the N-back task to assess overnight memory consolidation.
Stimulation Parameters:
During sleep, eTNS will be delivered via a three-channel current source stimulator connected to self-adhesive silicone electrodes placed above the left and right eyebrows. The stimulation consists of biphasic rectangular pulses with a 250 μs pulse width. For the active conditions (120 Hz or 2 Hz), the current is delivered in cycles of 30 seconds on and 30 seconds off. The current intensity will be titrated to a subjective score of 3-4 on a numerical rating scale (NRS), perceived as a mild tingling sensation that does not disrupt sleep. The sham condition delivers current only for the first two minutes (the first two cycles) to mimic the initial sensation of the active conditions. All stimulations automatically terminate after a maximum duration of 8 hours.
Data Collection and Analysis Framework:
Continuous PSG recording (including standard EEG, EOG, and EMG based on the international 10-20 system) will be synchronized with simultaneous ECG and respiration data. The study will primarily compare the pre- and post-sleep behavioral improvements across the three stimulation conditions. Furthermore, the neurophysiological data will be analyzed to extract sleep structural features, slow oscillation (SO) and sleep spindle metrics, and complex physiological interactions. Specific focus will be placed on SO-spindle coupling, SO-respiration coupling, and Heartbeat Evoked Potentials (HEP) to elucidate the underlying neural and autonomic mechanisms by which peripheral stimulation influences cognitive functions during sleep.
Study design
- Primary purpose
- Basic science
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Crossover
- Masking
- Double blind (participant, outcomes assessor)
- Number of arms
- 3
| Arm | Type | Receives |
|---|---|---|
| 120 Hz Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation | Experimental | Device: 120 Hz Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation |
| 2 Hz Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation | Experimental | Device: 2 Hz Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation |
| Sham Stimulation (Placebo) | Placebo comparator | Device: Sham Stimulation (Placebo) |
Who may qualify
- Ages
- 18 to 35 years
- Sex
- All
- Healthy volunteers
- Accepted
- Age groups
- Adult
Key inclusion criteria (4 listed)
- Healthy young adults (e.g., college students), aged generally between 18 and 30 years.
- Right-handed.
- Body Mass Index (BMI) ≤ 30 kg/m^2.
- Capable of fully comprehending the experimental procedures and voluntarily signing the informed consent form.
Key exclusion criteria (9 listed)
- History or current presence of neurological disorders, psychiatric disorders, or brain damage.
- History or current presence of cardiovascular diseases (e.g., arrhythmias or abnormal nocturnal heart rate).
- Presence of depressive or anxiety symptoms (assessed by Patient Health Questionnaire-9 [PHQ-9] score > 9, or Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 [GAD-7] score > 9).
- Presence of sleep disturbances or poor sleep quality (assessed by Insomnia Severity Index [ISI] score > 8, or Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index [PSQI] score > 10).
- Any medication use within the past six months that could affect stress responses, cognitive abilities, or sleep architecture.
Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening; this overview does not establish that a patient qualifies. Full inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Interventions
| Intervention | Type | Arms |
|---|---|---|
| 120 Hz Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve StimulationParticipants will receive 120 Hz transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (eTNS) during nighttime sleep. The stimulation is delivered via a current source stimulator connected to self-adhesive silicone electrodes placed above the left and right eyebrows. The stimulation consists of biphasic rectangular pulses with a 250 μs pulse width at a frequency of 120 Hz. It is delivered in continuous cycles of 30 seconds on and 30 seconds off. Before sleep, the current intensity is individually titrated to elicit a mild tingling sensation (corresponding to a score of 3-4 on a numerical rating scale) that will not disrupt the participant's sleep. The stimulation protocol automatically terminates after a duration of 8 hours. | Device | 120 Hz Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation |
| 2 Hz Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve StimulationParticipants will receive 2 Hz transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (eTNS) during nighttime sleep. The stimulation is delivered via a current source stimulator connected to self-adhesive silicone electrodes placed above the left and right eyebrows. The stimulation consists of biphasic rectangular pulses with a 250 μs pulse width at a frequency of 2 Hz. It is delivered in continuous cycles of 30 seconds on and 30 seconds off. Before sleep, the current intensity is individually titrated to elicit a mild tingling sensation (corresponding to a score of 3-4 on a numerical rating scale) that will not disrupt the participant's sleep. The stimulation protocol automatically terminates after a duration of 8 hours. | Device | 2 Hz Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation |
| Sham Stimulation (Placebo)Participants will receive a sham stimulation designed to serve as a placebo control. The equipment setup, including the placement of self-adhesive silicone electrodes above the left and right eyebrows, is identical to the active eTNS conditions. The current intensity is initially adjusted before sleep to elicit the same mild tingling sensation (a score of 3-4 on a numerical rating scale). However, to maintain double-blinding without providing a therapeutic dose, the stimulator only delivers current output during the first 2 minutes of the night (i.e., exactly two cycles of 30 seconds on and 30 seconds off). After these initial 2 minutes, the current output ceases entirely for the remainder of the 8-hour sleep period. | Device | Sham Stimulation (Placebo) |
Primary outcome
Change in Procedural Memory Performance
Time frame: Assessed pre-sleep (approx. 21:00-22:00) and post-sleep (approx. 07:00-08:00 the following morning), representing an overnight interval of approximately 10 hours.
Procedural memory consolidation will be assessed using the classic sequential finger-tapping task (SFTT). Performance improvement is calculated as the difference in speed (number of correct sequences typed) and accuracy between the pre-sleep training/testing session and the post-sleep testing session. A larger positive difference indicates better procedural memory consolidation overnight.
2 secondary outcomes
Change in Working Memory Performance
Time frame: Assessed pre-sleep (approx. 21:00-22:00) and post-sleep (approx. 07:00-08:00 the following morning), representing an overnight interval of approximately 10 hours.
Sleep Architecture and Sleep Efficiency
Time frame: Continuously recorded during the 8-hour nighttime sleep period.
Results and safety
This study is still under way. Results are not available in the source record yet.
Research links
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govLast updated by the sponsor 24 Jun 2026.
- Individual participant dataSharing planned: No
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Referral and contact
AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals. Contact the study team or a site listed below; they decide who can take part.
1 site in 1 country: see every site and its status.
Questions about this trial
What is this clinical trial studying?
A study testing 120 Hz Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation and 2 Hz Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation in people with Healthy Volunteers (HV), run by Xidian University at 1 site in China.
The full registered description is in the About this study section and the official record.
Who may be eligible to take part?
The sponsor lists 4 inclusion and 9 exclusion criteria. Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening, so read the full criteria and contact a listed site.
Is this clinical trial currently recruiting?
The record says: looking for participants now, as of the sponsor's last update on 24 Jun 2026. Status can change between updates, so confirm with the study contact before making plans.
Where is the study taking place?
The record lists 1 site in China. Whether a site is taking part right now should be confirmed with that site. See every site.
What are the possible benefits and risks?
They depend on the study and the treatment, and no study can promise a benefit. Some participants in this study may receive a placebo. The study team explains the known risks during informed consent, before anyone joins; the record itself does not list them.
Are results available for this study?
This study is still under way. Results are not available in the source record yet.
How can a doctor refer a patient or contact the research team?
Contact Xue-Juan Yang (13227038185, xjyang@xidian.edu.cn), or a site near the patient. AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals.
What does the primary outcome measure?
Change in Procedural Memory Performance (time frame: Assessed pre-sleep (approx. 21:00-22:00) and post-sleep (approx. 07:00-08:00 the following morning), representing an overnight interval of approximately 10 hours.). It is what the study was designed to measure, not a finding.
Where can I read the original study information?
Does a listing mean the treatment is approved or proven to work?
No. A listing means the study is registered. It does not show that the treatment is safe, works, or is approved by a regulator.
How often is this information updated?
AzTrials copies changed records from ClinicalTrials.gov every night and reloads the whole registry every week. The sponsor last updated this record on 24 Jun 2026.