Physiotherapy and RehabilitationAir pistol T10NCT07681427
Effects of a 12-week T10 Exercise Program on Shooting Performance, Upper Extremity Function, Balance and Reaction Time in Competitive Air Pistol Athletes
A study testing Exercise in people with Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation and Exercise, run by Hacettepe University at 1 site in Turkey (Türkiye).
Trial summary
Air pistol shooting requires a high level of postural stability, upper extremity neuromuscular control, and concentration to achieve optimal performance. Prolonged maintenance of the shooting position may lead to shoulder muscle fatigue, reduced joint stability, and impaired shooting accuracy. Read more about this study
- Who is it for?
- Ages 18 to 40 yearsHealthy volunteers can take part
- Conditions the study is for
- Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation, Exercise
- What is being tested?
- Exercise
- Type of treatment
- Lifestyle or therapy programme
- Could I receive a placebo?
- No, everyone receives an active treatment
- How many people
- 24 participants
- Where
- 1 siteTurkey (Türkiye)
- Study dates
- 10 Jul 2026to 15 Dec 2027
- Phase
- Interventional
- Are there results?
- Not yet: the study is under way
Key requirements
Who can take part, as listed by the sponsor. Only the study team can confirm whether you are eligible, so take this list to your doctor.
- Ages 18 to 40 years
- All sexes
- Healthy volunteers accepted
- Adult
Who may be able to join
- Age between 18 and 40 years.
- Competitive air pistol athletes with at least 2 years of regular shooting experience.
- Participating in shooting training for at least 6 hours per week.
- Being in the preseason training period.
- Willing to participate and able to provide written informed consent.
Who cannot join
- Current upper extremity musculoskeletal injury or pain.
- History of upper extremity orthopedic surgery.
- Neurological or cognitive disorders affecting participation.
- Visual or hearing impairments that may interfere with testing or shooting performance.
- Inflammatory joint disease involving the lower extremities.
- History of lower extremity orthopedic surgery or musculoskeletal deformity affecting performance.
Show all 10Show fewer
- Rheumatologic, metabolic, or cardiovascular disease.
- Body mass index (BMI) >30 kg/m².
- Current use of psychiatric medication.
- Failure to attend two consecutive intervention sessions during the study period.
Trial locations and contacts
1 site in 1 country. Contact the study team or a site near you to ask about taking part.
Turkey (Türkiye)1 site
Kulu Faculty of Health Science
Konya, Kulu, 42950
Zilan Bazancir-Apaydin, Assoc. Prof., +90 5078354961, bazancirzilan@gmail.com
About this study
Official title: The Effects of a 12-Week T10 Exercise Program on Shooting Performance, Upper Extremity Function, Balance, and Reaction Time in Air Pistol Athletes: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Air pistol shooting requires a high level of postural stability, upper extremity neuromuscular control, and concentration to achieve optimal performance. Prolonged maintenance of the shooting position may lead to shoulder muscle fatigue, reduced joint stability, and impaired shooting accuracy. Although sport-specific exercise programs have been recommended to improve physical performance in shooters, the effectiveness of the T10 exercise program has not yet been investigated in this population. This randomized controlled trial aims to evaluate the effects of a 12-week T10 exercise program, in addition to routine training, on shooting performance in competitive air pistol athletes. Secondary outcomes include upper and lower extremity functional performance, balance, muscular endurance, upper extremity stability, grip strength, medicine ball throw performance, and visual and auditory reaction time. Participants will be randomly allocated to either an intervention group receiving the T10 exercise program plus routine training or a control group continuing routine training alone. Assessments will be performed at baseline and after the 12-week intervention. The findings of this study may provide evidence for the effectiveness of a sport-specific neuromuscular exercise program in enhancing shooting performance and physical function in competitive air pistol athletes.
Read the detailed description
Air pistol shooting is a precision sport that requires a high level of postural stability, upper extremity neuromuscular control, and sustained concentration to achieve accurate shooting performance. During competition, athletes maintain the shoulder in an elevated position for prolonged periods, which may result in muscle fatigue, impaired scapular stability, altered shoulder mechanics, and reduced shooting accuracy. In addition, deficiencies in balance, upper extremity stability, muscular endurance, and reaction time may negatively influence shooting performance.
Previous studies have suggested that physical conditioning and sport-specific exercise programs may improve athletic performance in shooting sports. The T10 exercise program is a comprehensive upper extremity training protocol consisting of ten exercises designed to improve neuromuscular control, dynamic stabilization, co-contraction, muscle strength, endurance, coordination, and movement quality. Despite its potential benefits, the effectiveness of the T10 exercise program has not been investigated in competitive air pistol athletes.
The primary objective of this randomized controlled trial is to determine the effects of a 12-week T10 exercise program on shooting performance in competitive air pistol athletes. Secondary objectives are to evaluate the effects of the intervention on upper extremity functional performance, upper extremity stability, dynamic balance, static balance, muscular endurance, grip strength, medicine ball throw performance, agility, lower extremity explosive performance, and visual and auditory reaction time.
A minimum of 24 competitive air pistol athletes aged 18 to 40 years will be recruited and randomly allocated to either an intervention group or a control group using simple randomization. Participants in the intervention group will perform the T10 exercise program three times per week for 12 weeks in addition to their routine shooting training, whereas participants in the control group will continue their routine training without additional exercises.
Outcome assessments will be performed at baseline and after the 12-week intervention. The primary outcome will be shooting performance. Secondary outcomes will include Upper Quarter Y Balance Test, Y Balance Test, Flamingo Balance Test, grip strength, medicine ball throw test, Closed Kinetic Chain Upper Extremity Stability Test, push-up and sit-up performance, T-test, standing long jump, and visual and auditory reaction time. The findings of this study are expected to provide evidence regarding the effectiveness of a sport-specific neuromuscular exercise program for improving shooting performance and physical function in competitive air pistol athletes and may contribute to the development of evidence-based training strategies for precision shooting sports.
- Conditions
- Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation, Exercise
- Being tested
- Exercise
- Keywords
- air pistol, T10 exercise, performance
- Medical subject headings
- Motor Activity
What participants receive
What participants receive. In a randomised study each person is assigned to one group by chance.
ExerciseBehavioural
Participants in the control group will continue their regular shooting training throughout the 12-week study period without receiving the T10 exercise program or any additional physiotherapist-supervised exercise intervention. Routine training will be conducted according to the athletes' usual training schedule under the supervision of their shooting coaches and will include technical shooting practice, aiming exercises, competition-specific drills, and standard warm-up activities. Participants will be instructed to maintain their usual training habits and refrain from initiating any additional upper extremity strengthening or neuromuscular exercise programs during the study period.
ExerciseOther
Also called routine shooting training
Participants in the control group will continue their regular shooting training throughout the 12-week study period without receiving the T10 exercise program or any additional physiotherapist-supervised exercise intervention. Routine training will be conducted according to the athletes' usual training schedule under the supervision of their shooting coaches and will include technical shooting practice, aiming exercises, competition-specific drills, and standard warm-up activities. Participants will be instructed to maintain their usual training habits and refrain from initiating any additional upper extremity strengthening or neuromuscular exercise programs during the study period.
| Study group | Role | What they receive |
|---|---|---|
| Intervention Group | Experimental | Participants will receive the T10 exercise program three times per week for 12 weeks in addition to their routine shooting training. Receives: Behavioral: Exercise |
| Control Group | Experimental | Participants will continue their routine shooting training without any additional exercise intervention. Receives: Other: Exercise |
What is being measured
The primary outcome is the main question the study is designed to answer.
Shooting Performance Score
Shooting performance will be assessed according to the official International Shooting Sport Federation (ISSF) rules using the athletes' total shooting score obtained during a standardized air pistol shooting test. Higher scores indicate better shooting performance.
Measured: Baseline and 12 weeks
Secondary outcomes (13)
1. Upper Quarter Y Balance Test
Upper extremity dynamic balance and stability will be assessed using the Upper Quarter Y Balance Test. Reach distances in the medial, superolateral, and inferolateral directions will be recorded and normalized to upper limb length.
Measured: Baseline and 12 weeks
2. Y Balance Test
Dynamic balance of the lower extremity will be evaluated using the Y Balance Test. Reach distances in the anterior, posteromedial, and posterolateral directions will be recorded and normalized to leg length.
Measured: Baseline and 12 weeks
3. Flamingo Balance Test
Static balance performance will be assessed by recording the duration participants maintain balance on a narrow beam.
Measured: Baseline and 12 weeks
4. Grip Strength
Maximal isometric handgrip strength will be measured using a Jamar hand dynamometer. The mean of three trials will be recorded in kilograms (kg).
Measured: Baseline and 12 weeks
5. Medicine Ball Throw Test
Upper extremity explosive performance will be evaluated using a 3-kg medicine ball throw. Throwing distance will be recorded in centimeters (cm).
Measured: Baseline and 12 weeks
6. Closed Kinetic Chain Upper Extremity Stability Test (CKCUEST)
Upper extremity stability and functional performance will be assessed using the number of touches completed within 15 seconds.
Measured: Baseline and 12 weeks
7. Push-up Test
Upper extremity muscular endurance will be assessed by recording the maximum number of push-ups completed within one minute.
Measured: Baseline and 12 weeks
8. Sit-up Test
Core muscular endurance will be assessed by recording the maximum number of sit-ups completed within one minute.
Measured: Baseline and 12 weeks
9. T-Test
Agility performance will be assessed using the T-Test, with completion time recorded in seconds. Lower values indicate better agility performance.
Measured: Baseline and 12 weeks
10. Standing Long Jump Test
Lower extremity explosive power will be evaluated by measuring jump distance in centimeters (cm).
Measured: Baseline and 12 weeks
11. Visual Reaction Time
Visual reaction time will be measured using the Newtest 1000 reaction timer. The average response time will be recorded in milliseconds (ms).
Measured: Baseline and 12 weeks
12. Auditory Reaction TimeAuditory
reaction time will be measured using the Newtest 1000 reaction timer. The average response time will be recorded in milliseconds (ms).
Measured: Baseline and 12 weeks
13. Ruler Drop Test
Reaction time will also be assessed using the ruler drop test. The catching distance will be recorded in centimeters (cm).
Measured: Baseline and 12 weeks
Timeline
From the start of the study to its completion; the mark is today. Estimated dates are the sponsor’s plan.
- First posted2 Jul 2026
- Study start10 Jul 2026 (estimated)
- Primary completion15 Nov 2026 (estimated)
- Study completion15 Dec 2027 (estimated)
Resources
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govThe registry entry this page is built from, with its full change history.
- Publications (2)Papers the sponsor has linked to this study.
- Other trials for Physiotherapy and RehabilitationStudies of the same condition, open and under way.
- What the trial phases meanHow a treatment moves from first tests in people to approval.
More details
For doctors and researchers: how the study is designed, who runs it, and its registry IDs.
Study design
- Study type
- Interventional
- Phase
- Phase N/A
- Primary purpose
- Treatment
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Model description
- Participants will be randomly assigned to one of two parallel groups. The intervention group will receive a supervised T10 exercise program three times per week for 12 weeks in addition to routine shooting training, while the control group will continue routine shooting training without additional exercise. Outcomes will be assessed at baseline and after the 12-week intervention.
- Masking
- None (open label)
- Enrolment
- 24 participants (estimated)
Sponsor and investigators
- Lead sponsor
- Hacettepe University
- Sponsor type
- University, hospital or other
- Responsible party
- Principal investigator, Nazli Cigercioglu, Hacettepe University
IDs, dates and publications
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT07681427
- Sponsor's protocol ID
- Air pistol T10
- Acronym
- Air pistol T10
- Status last verified
- Jun 2026
- First submitted
- 26 Jun 2026
- Last updated
- 2 Jul 2026
- Results posted
- No
- Data monitoring committee
- Yes
- FDA-regulated drug
- No
- FDA-regulated device
- No
- Individual data sharing
- No: Individual participant data (IPD) will not be made publicly available because the study includes a small sample size of competitive athletes, which may increase the risk of participant identification despite de-identification. Only aggregate, anonymized study results will be reported in publications and presentations.
Publications
Sezik EG, Uysal O, Sezik AC, Duzgun I. Scapular muscle endurance may improve shooting performance in air pistol shooters. J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 2023 Dec;63(12):1262-1268. doi: 10.23736/S0022-4707.23.14966-8. Epub 2023 Oct 30.
PubMed 37902793Mon-Lopez D, Zakynthinaki MS, Cordente CA, Garcia-Gonzalez J. The Relationship Between Pistol Olympic Shooting Performance, Handgrip and Shoulder Abduction Strength. J Hum Kinet. 2019 Oct 18;69:39-46. doi: 10.2478/hukin-2019-0009. eCollection 2019 Oct.
PubMed 31666887
Study at a glance
From the registry record, last updated by the sponsor on 2 Jul 2026. Recruitment status is as the sponsor reported it: confirm with the study team.
- Official title
- The Effects of a 12-Week T10 Exercise Program on Shooting Performance, Upper Extremity Function, Balance, and Reaction Time in Air Pistol Athletes: A Randomized Controlled Trial
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT07681427
- Acronym / sponsor ID
- Air pistol T10 / Air pistol T10
- Conditions
- Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation, Exercise
- Keywords
- air pistol, T10 exercise, performance
- Study type
- Interventional
- Recruitment status
- Not yet recruiting
- Enrolment
- 24 participants (estimated)
- Lead sponsor
- Hacettepe UniversityUniversity, hospital or other
- Study start
- 10 Jul 2026 (estimated)
- Primary completion
- 15 Nov 2026 (estimated)
- Study completion
- 15 Dec 2027 (estimated)
- First posted
- 2 Jul 2026 (actual)
- Results
- Not posted in the source record
Clinical summary
The research question as the sponsor registered it. This describes what the study plans to test, not what it found.
Air pistol shooting requires a high level of postural stability, upper extremity neuromuscular control, and concentration to achieve optimal performance. Prolonged maintenance of the shooting position may lead to shoulder muscle fatigue, reduced joint stability, and impaired shooting accuracy. Although sport-specific exercise programs have been recommended to improve physical performance in shooters, the effectiveness of the T10 exercise program has not yet been investigated in this population. This randomized controlled trial aims to evaluate the effects of a 12-week T10 exercise program, in addition to routine training, on shooting performance in competitive air pistol athletes. Secondary outcomes include upper and lower extremity functional performance, balance, muscular endurance, upper extremity stability, grip strength, medicine ball throw performance, and visual and auditory reaction time. Participants will be randomly allocated to either an intervention group receiving the T10 exercise program plus routine training or a control group continuing routine training alone. Assessments will be performed at baseline and after the 12-week intervention. The findings of this study may provide evidence for the effectiveness of a sport-specific neuromuscular exercise program in enhancing shooting performance and physical function in competitive air pistol athletes.
Detailed description
Air pistol shooting is a precision sport that requires a high level of postural stability, upper extremity neuromuscular control, and sustained concentration to achieve accurate shooting performance. During competition, athletes maintain the shoulder in an elevated position for prolonged periods, which may result in muscle fatigue, impaired scapular stability, altered shoulder mechanics, and reduced shooting accuracy. In addition, deficiencies in balance, upper extremity stability, muscular endurance, and reaction time may negatively influence shooting performance.
Previous studies have suggested that physical conditioning and sport-specific exercise programs may improve athletic performance in shooting sports. The T10 exercise program is a comprehensive upper extremity training protocol consisting of ten exercises designed to improve neuromuscular control, dynamic stabilization, co-contraction, muscle strength, endurance, coordination, and movement quality. Despite its potential benefits, the effectiveness of the T10 exercise program has not been investigated in competitive air pistol athletes.
The primary objective of this randomized controlled trial is to determine the effects of a 12-week T10 exercise program on shooting performance in competitive air pistol athletes. Secondary objectives are to evaluate the effects of the intervention on upper extremity functional performance, upper extremity stability, dynamic balance, static balance, muscular endurance, grip strength, medicine ball throw performance, agility, lower extremity explosive performance, and visual and auditory reaction time.
A minimum of 24 competitive air pistol athletes aged 18 to 40 years will be recruited and randomly allocated to either an intervention group or a control group using simple randomization. Participants in the intervention group will perform the T10 exercise program three times per week for 12 weeks in addition to their routine shooting training, whereas participants in the control group will continue their routine training without additional exercises.
Outcome assessments will be performed at baseline and after the 12-week intervention. The primary outcome will be shooting performance. Secondary outcomes will include Upper Quarter Y Balance Test, Y Balance Test, Flamingo Balance Test, grip strength, medicine ball throw test, Closed Kinetic Chain Upper Extremity Stability Test, push-up and sit-up performance, T-test, standing long jump, and visual and auditory reaction time. The findings of this study are expected to provide evidence regarding the effectiveness of a sport-specific neuromuscular exercise program for improving shooting performance and physical function in competitive air pistol athletes and may contribute to the development of evidence-based training strategies for precision shooting sports.
Study design
- Primary purpose
- Treatment
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Masking
- None (open label)
- Number of arms
- 2
- Model description
- Participants will be randomly assigned to one of two parallel groups. The intervention group will receive a supervised T10 exercise program three times per week for 12 weeks in addition to routine shooting training, while the control group will continue routine shooting training without additional exercise. Outcomes will be assessed at baseline and after the 12-week intervention.
| Arm | Type | Receives |
|---|---|---|
| Intervention Group | Experimental | Behavioral: ExerciseParticipants will receive the T10 exercise program three times per week for 12 weeks in addition to their routine shooting training. |
| Control Group | Experimental | Other: ExerciseParticipants will continue their routine shooting training without any additional exercise intervention. |
Who may qualify
- Ages
- 18 to 40 years
- Sex
- All
- Healthy volunteers
- Accepted
- Age groups
- Adult
Key inclusion criteria (5 listed)
- Age between 18 and 40 years.
- Competitive air pistol athletes with at least 2 years of regular shooting experience.
- Participating in shooting training for at least 6 hours per week.
- Being in the preseason training period.
- Willing to participate and able to provide written informed consent.
Key exclusion criteria (10 listed)
- Current upper extremity musculoskeletal injury or pain.
- History of upper extremity orthopedic surgery.
- Neurological or cognitive disorders affecting participation.
- Visual or hearing impairments that may interfere with testing or shooting performance.
- Inflammatory joint disease involving the lower extremities.
Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening; this overview does not establish that a patient qualifies. Full inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Interventions
| Intervention | Type | Arms |
|---|---|---|
| ExerciseParticipants in the control group will continue their regular shooting training throughout the 12-week study period without receiving the T10 exercise program or any additional physiotherapist-supervised exercise intervention. Routine training will be conducted according to the athletes' usual training schedule under the supervision of their shooting coaches and will include technical shooting practice, aiming exercises, competition-specific drills, and standard warm-up activities. Participants will be instructed to maintain their usual training habits and refrain from initiating any additional upper extremity strengthening or neuromuscular exercise programs during the study period. | Behavioural | Intervention Group |
| ExerciseAlso: routine shooting trainingParticipants in the control group will continue their regular shooting training throughout the 12-week study period without receiving the T10 exercise program or any additional physiotherapist-supervised exercise intervention. Routine training will be conducted according to the athletes' usual training schedule under the supervision of their shooting coaches and will include technical shooting practice, aiming exercises, competition-specific drills, and standard warm-up activities. Participants will be instructed to maintain their usual training habits and refrain from initiating any additional upper extremity strengthening or neuromuscular exercise programs during the study period. | Other | Control Group |
Primary outcome
Shooting Performance Score
Time frame: Baseline and 12 weeks
Shooting performance will be assessed according to the official International Shooting Sport Federation (ISSF) rules using the athletes' total shooting score obtained during a standardized air pistol shooting test. Higher scores indicate better shooting performance.
13 secondary outcomes
1. Upper Quarter Y Balance Test
Time frame: Baseline and 12 weeks
2. Y Balance Test
Time frame: Baseline and 12 weeks
3. Flamingo Balance Test
Time frame: Baseline and 12 weeks
4. Grip Strength
Time frame: Baseline and 12 weeks
5. Medicine Ball Throw Test
Time frame: Baseline and 12 weeks
6. Closed Kinetic Chain Upper Extremity Stability Test (CKCUEST)
Time frame: Baseline and 12 weeks
7. Push-up Test
Time frame: Baseline and 12 weeks
8. Sit-up Test
Time frame: Baseline and 12 weeks
9. T-Test
Time frame: Baseline and 12 weeks
10. Standing Long Jump Test
Time frame: Baseline and 12 weeks
11. Visual Reaction Time
Time frame: Baseline and 12 weeks
12. Auditory Reaction TimeAuditory
Time frame: Baseline and 12 weeks
13. Ruler Drop Test
Time frame: Baseline and 12 weeks
Results and safety
This study is still under way. Results are not available in the source record yet.
Research links
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govLast updated by the sponsor 2 Jul 2026.
- Results publication: PubMed 37902793Sezik EG, Uysal O, Sezik AC, Duzgun I. Scapular muscle endurance may improve shooting performance in air pistol shooters. J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 2023 Dec;63(12):1262-1268. doi: 10.23736/S0022-4707.23.14966-8. Epub 2023 Oct 30.
- Results publication: PubMed 31666887Mon-Lopez D, Zakynthinaki MS, Cordente CA, Garcia-Gonzalez J. The Relationship Between Pistol Olympic Shooting Performance, Handgrip and Shoulder Abduction Strength. J Hum Kinet. 2019 Oct 18;69:39-46. doi: 10.2478/hukin-2019-0009. eCollection 2019 Oct.
- Individual participant dataSharing planned: No. Individual participant data (IPD) will not be made publicly available because the study includes a small sample size of competitive athletes, which may increase the risk of participant identification despite de-identification. Only aggregate, anonymized study results will be reported in publications and presentations.
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Referral and contact
AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals. Contact the study team or a site listed below; they decide who can take part.
1 site in 1 country: see every site and its status.
Questions about this trial
What is this clinical trial studying?
A study testing Exercise in people with Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation and Exercise, run by Hacettepe University at 1 site in Turkey (Türkiye).
The full registered description is in the About this study section and the official record.
Who may be eligible to take part?
The sponsor lists 5 inclusion and 10 exclusion criteria. Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening, so read the full criteria and contact a listed site.
Is this clinical trial currently recruiting?
The record says: opening soon, as of the sponsor's last update on 2 Jul 2026. Status can change between updates, so confirm with the study contact before making plans.
Where is the study taking place?
The record lists 1 site in Turkey (Türkiye). Whether a site is taking part right now should be confirmed with that site. See every site.
What are the possible benefits and risks?
They depend on the study and the treatment, and no study can promise a benefit. The study team explains the known risks during informed consent, before anyone joins; the record itself does not list them.
Are results available for this study?
This study is still under way. Results are not available in the source record yet.
How can a doctor refer a patient or contact the research team?
Contact Nazli Cigercioglu, Assoc. Prof. (+90 5412903293, nazlicigercioglu@gmail.com), or a site near the patient. AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals.
What does the primary outcome measure?
Shooting Performance Score (time frame: Baseline and 12 weeks). It is what the study was designed to measure, not a finding.
Where can I read the original study information?
On the ClinicalTrials.gov record for NCT07681427, which also lists 2 linked publications.
Does a listing mean the treatment is approved or proven to work?
No. A listing means the study is registered. It does not show that the treatment is safe, works, or is approved by a regulator.
How often is this information updated?
AzTrials copies changed records from ClinicalTrials.gov every night and reloads the whole registry every week. The sponsor last updated this record on 2 Jul 2026.