Mental Health CrisisNCT07697326
Mental Health Crisis Training for Police, Firefighters, and Public Health Staff
An observational study of Mental Health Crisis, run by Far Eastern Memorial Hospital at 1 site in Taiwan.
Trial summary
This study evaluated whether a mental health crisis response training course improved the knowledge, confidence, and attitudes of police officers, firefighters, emergency medical personnel, and public health staff who may encounter people experiencing mental health or substance use crises. Read more about this study
- Who is it for?
- Any ageHealthy volunteers can take part
- Conditions the study is for
- Mental Health Crisis
- What is being tested?
- Mental Health Crisis Response Training
- Type of treatment
- Lifestyle or therapy programme
- How many people
- 714 participants
- Where
- 1 siteTaiwan
- Study dates
- 7 Apr 2026to 20 Jun 2026
- Phase
- Observational
- Are there results?
- None posted in the registry
Key requirements
Who can take part, as listed by the sponsor. Only the study team can confirm whether you are eligible, so take this list to your doctor.
- Ages Any age
- All sexes
- Healthy volunteers accepted
- Child, Adult, Older adult
Study population: The study population consisted of police officers, firefighters, emergency medical personnel, mental health personnel, public health personnel, and other frontline staff who attended a four-hour mental health crisis response training program in New Taipei City, Taiwan. Course attendees were invited to voluntarily complete online questionnaires immediately before and after the training. Participation in the research questionnaires was voluntary and was not required for attendance at the training course.
Who may be able to join
- Police officers, firefighters, emergency medical personnel, mental health personnel, public health personnel, or other frontline staff attending the mental health crisis response training program organized in New Taipei City.
- Willing to participate voluntarily after reading the questionnaire information and participant rights statement.
- Willing to complete the online study questionnaire before and/or immediately after the training course.
Who cannot join
- No protocol-specified exclusion criteria.
Trial locations and contacts
1 site in 1 country.
About this study
Official title: Evaluating Mental Health Crisis Training Outcomes Among Police, Firefighters, and Public Health Staff
This study evaluated whether a mental health crisis response training course improved the knowledge, confidence, and attitudes of police officers, firefighters, emergency medical personnel, and public health staff who may encounter people experiencing mental health or substance use crises.
Participants attended a four-hour training course covering mental health laws, recognition and assessment of behavioral emergencies, crisis identification, the escalation of violent behavior, communication, and de-escalation techniques. Participants voluntarily completed an online questionnaire immediately before and after the course.
The study compared participants' responses before and after training to determine whether the course improved their understanding of mental health crises, confidence in responding to these situations, and attitudes toward people with mental health conditions or substance use problems.
Read the detailed description
This was an observational, single-group pre-post study conducted among personnel attending a mental health crisis response training program organized in New Taipei City, Taiwan. Eligible attendees included police officers, firefighters, emergency medical personnel, public health personnel, and other frontline staff involved in responding to mental health or behavioral emergencies. Participation in the research questionnaires was voluntary and was separate from participation in the training course. The study did not assign participants to receive the training or to a comparison group.
Before the course, participants who agreed to participate scanned a QR code and completed an online 32-item questionnaire. The questionnaire assessed knowledge and understanding of mental health crises, perceived confidence and self-efficacy in responding to behavioral emergencies, attitudes toward people with mental health conditions, and attitudes toward people with substance use problems.
The four-hour course included mental health legislation, initial and secondary assessment of behavioral emergencies, identification of mental health crises, recognition of the escalation of potentially violent behavior, personal and scene safety, communication strategies, and verbal de-escalation techniques. Immediately after completing the course, participants completed the corresponding online post-training questionnaire.
No personally identifying information was collected. Pre-training and post-training responses were compared to evaluate changes associated with participation in the course. Analyses included descriptive statistics and appropriate comparisons of pre-training and post-training measures according to the distribution and measurement level of each variable. Additional analyses examined whether participant characteristics were associated with training outcomes.
- Conditions
- Mental Health Crisis
- Being tested
- Mental Health Crisis Response Training
- Keywords
- Crisis Intervention Training, Mental Health Crisis, Behavioral Emergency, Firefighters, Emergency Medical Services, Public Health Personnel, De-escalation Training, Mental Health Stigma, Substance Use Stigma, Self-Efficacy, Interprofessional Education, Pre-Post Study
What participants receive
What participants receive. In a randomised study each person is assigned to one group by chance.
Mental Health Crisis Response TrainingBehavioural
A four-hour instructor-led training course covering mental health legislation, initial and secondary assessment of behavioral emergencies, recognition of mental health crises, escalation of potentially violent behavior, personal and scene safety, communication strategies, and verbal de-escalation techniques.
| Study group | Role | What they receive |
|---|---|---|
| Mental Health Crisis Training Participants | Police officers, firefighters, emergency medical personnel, public health personnel, and other frontline staff who attended a four-hour mental health crisis response training course and voluntarily completed online questionnaires immediately before and after the course. Receives: Behavioral: Mental Health Crisis Response Training |
What is being measured
The primary outcome is the main question the study is designed to answer.
Change in Self-Efficacy for Managing Mental Health Crises and Behavioral Emergencies
Self-efficacy was assessed using the mean score of eight items from the study-specific questionnaire (items 6-13). Each item was rated on a 5-point confidence scale. The overall mean score ranged from 1 to 5, with higher scores indicating greater confidence in recognizing, assessing, communicating with, and responding to individuals experiencing mental health crises or behavioral emergencies. Change was calculated as the post-training mean score minus the pre-training mean score.
Measured: Immediately before the training session and immediately after completion of the 4-hour training session
Secondary outcomes (4)
Change in Cognition Toward Behavioral Emergencies
Cognition toward behavioral emergencies was assessed using the mean score of six items from the study-specific questionnaire (items 15-20). Each item was rated on a 5-point agreement scale. Item 20 was reverse-coded because agreement with routine use of force represented less favorable cognition. The mean score ranged from 1 to 5, with higher scores indicating more favorable understanding and attitudes regarding behavioral emergency response. Change was calculated as the post-training score minus the pre-training score.
Measured: Immediately before the training session and immediately after completion of the 4-hour training session
Change in Stigma Toward People Experiencing Behavioral Emergencies
Stigma toward people experiencing behavioral emergencies was assessed using the mean score of six dichotomous items from the study-specific questionnaire (items 21-26). Positive recovery-oriented or interaction-related items were reverse-coded so that higher scores consistently represented greater stigma. The mean score ranged from 0 to 1, with higher scores indicating greater stigma. Change was calculated as the post-training score minus the pre-training score; a negative change indicated reduced stigma.
Measured: Immediately before the training session and immediately after completion of the 4-hour training session
Change in Stigma Toward People With Substance Use Problems
Stigma toward people with substance use problems was assessed using the mean score of six dichotomous items from the study-specific questionnaire (items 27-32). Positive recovery-oriented or interaction-related items were reverse-coded so that higher scores consistently represented greater stigma. The mean score ranged from 0 to 1, with higher scores indicating greater stigma. Change was calculated as the post-training score minus the pre-training score; a negative change indicated reduced stigma.
Measured: Immediately before the training session and immediately after completion of the 4-hour training session
Post-Training Satisfaction With the Mental Health Crisis Response Training
Training satisfaction was assessed using five items from the post-training questionnaire (items 33-37). Items evaluated the perceived usefulness of the course for participants' work, satisfaction with the instructor and course content, usefulness of practical exercises, course flow, and overall course satisfaction. Each item was rated on a 5-point Likert scale ranging from 1 to 5. The mean satisfaction score ranged from 1 to 5, with higher scores indicating greater satisfaction with the training course.
Measured: Immediately after completion of the 4-hour training session
Timeline
From the start of the study to its completion; the mark is today. Estimated dates are the sponsor’s plan.
- First posted13 Jul 2026
- Study start7 Apr 2026
- Primary completion20 Jun 2026
- Study completion20 Jun 2026
Resources
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govThe registry entry this page is built from, with its full change history.
- Publications (5)Papers the sponsor has linked to this study.
- Other trials for Mental Health CrisisStudies of the same condition, open and under way.
- What the trial phases meanHow a treatment moves from first tests in people to approval.
More details
For doctors and researchers: how the study is designed, who runs it, and its registry IDs.
Study design
- Study type
- Observational
- Observational model
- Cohort
- Time perspective
- Prospective
- Enrolment
- 714 participants (actual)
Sponsor and investigators
- Lead sponsor
- Far Eastern Memorial Hospital
- Sponsor type
- University, hospital or other
- Responsible party
- Principal investigator, Hua Ho, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital
IDs, dates and publications
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT07697326
- Sponsor's protocol ID
- 114067-E
- Other IDs
- FEMH-2026-C-073
- Status last verified
- Jul 2026
- First submitted
- 5 Jul 2026
- Last updated
- 13 Jul 2026
- Results posted
- No
- Data monitoring committee
- No
- FDA-regulated drug
- No
- FDA-regulated device
- No
- Individual data sharing
- No: Individual participant data will not be publicly shared because the study used anonymous questionnaire responses, and the participant information process did not include consent for unrestricted secondary use or public data sharing. Aggregate study results may be published. Deidentified summary data or study materials may be considered upon reasonable request, subject to approval by the principal investigator, the institution, and the relevant research ethics committee.
Publications
McCloskey RJ, Ulintz AJ, Hammond GC, Brown JL, Parrish M, Toliver I. Post-Opioid Overdose Response Team Intervention Barriers and Facilitators to Substance Use Treatment: Perspectives of Patients and Team Members. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2025;29(4):491-500. doi: 10.1080/10903127.2025.2479569. Epub 2025 Apr 7.
PubMed 40135998Rogers MS, McNiel DE, Binder RL. Effectiveness of Police Crisis Intervention Training Programs. J Am Acad Psychiatry Law. 2019 Dec;47(4):414-421. doi: 10.29158/JAAPL.003863-19. Epub 2019 Sep 24.
PubMed 31551327Crisanti AS, Fairfax-Columbo J, Duran D, Rosenbaum NA, Melendrez B, Trujillo I, Earheart JA, Tinney M. Evaluation of Ongoing Crisis Intervention Team (CIT) Training for Law Enforcement Using the ECHO Model. J Police Crim Psychol. 2022;37(4):863-875. doi: 10.1007/s11896-022-09529-3. Epub 2022 Jun 17.
PubMed 35755942Nick GA, Williams S, Lekas HM, Pahl K, Blau C, Kamin D, Fuller-Lewis C. Crisis Intervention Team (CIT) training and impact on mental illness and substance use-related stigma among law enforcement. Drug Alcohol Depend Rep. 2022 Sep 29;5:100099. doi: 10.1016/j.dadr.2022.100099. eCollection 2022 Dec.
PubMed 36844168Compton MT, Krishan S, Broussard B, Bakeman R, Fleischmann MH, Hankerson-Dyson D, Husbands L, Stewart T, D'Orio B, Watson AC. Modeling the effects of Crisis Intervention Team (CIT) training for police officers: How knowledge, attitudes, and self-efficacy drive de-escalation skills and referral decisions. Int J Law Psychiatry. 2022 Jul-Aug;83:101814. doi: 10.1016/j.ijlp.2022.101814. Epub 2022 Jun 24.
PubMed 35759936
Study at a glance
From the registry record, last updated by the sponsor on 13 Jul 2026. Recruitment status is as the sponsor reported it: confirm with the study team.
- Official title
- Evaluating Mental Health Crisis Training Outcomes Among Police, Firefighters, and Public Health Staff
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT07697326
- Acronym / sponsor ID
- 114067-E
- Conditions
- Mental Health Crisis
- Keywords
- Crisis Intervention Training, Mental Health Crisis, Behavioral Emergency, Firefighters, Emergency Medical Services, Public Health Personnel, De-escalation Training, Mental Health Stigma
- Study type
- Observational
- Recruitment status
- Completed
- Enrolment
- 714 participants (actual)
- Lead sponsor
- Far Eastern Memorial HospitalUniversity, hospital or other
- Study start
- 7 Apr 2026 (actual)
- Primary completion
- 20 Jun 2026 (actual)
- Study completion
- 20 Jun 2026 (actual)
- First posted
- 13 Jul 2026 (actual)
- Results
- Not posted in the source record
Clinical summary
The research question as the sponsor registered it. This describes what the study plans to test, not what it found.
This study evaluated whether a mental health crisis response training course improved the knowledge, confidence, and attitudes of police officers, firefighters, emergency medical personnel, and public health staff who may encounter people experiencing mental health or substance use crises.
Participants attended a four-hour training course covering mental health laws, recognition and assessment of behavioral emergencies, crisis identification, the escalation of violent behavior, communication, and de-escalation techniques. Participants voluntarily completed an online questionnaire immediately before and after the course.
The study compared participants' responses before and after training to determine whether the course improved their understanding of mental health crises, confidence in responding to these situations, and attitudes toward people with mental health conditions or substance use problems.
Detailed description
This was an observational, single-group pre-post study conducted among personnel attending a mental health crisis response training program organized in New Taipei City, Taiwan. Eligible attendees included police officers, firefighters, emergency medical personnel, public health personnel, and other frontline staff involved in responding to mental health or behavioral emergencies. Participation in the research questionnaires was voluntary and was separate from participation in the training course. The study did not assign participants to receive the training or to a comparison group.
Before the course, participants who agreed to participate scanned a QR code and completed an online 32-item questionnaire. The questionnaire assessed knowledge and understanding of mental health crises, perceived confidence and self-efficacy in responding to behavioral emergencies, attitudes toward people with mental health conditions, and attitudes toward people with substance use problems.
The four-hour course included mental health legislation, initial and secondary assessment of behavioral emergencies, identification of mental health crises, recognition of the escalation of potentially violent behavior, personal and scene safety, communication strategies, and verbal de-escalation techniques. Immediately after completing the course, participants completed the corresponding online post-training questionnaire.
No personally identifying information was collected. Pre-training and post-training responses were compared to evaluate changes associated with participation in the course. Analyses included descriptive statistics and appropriate comparisons of pre-training and post-training measures according to the distribution and measurement level of each variable. Additional analyses examined whether participant characteristics were associated with training outcomes.
Study design
- Observational model
- Cohort
- Time perspective
- Prospective
- Number of arms
- 1
| Arm | Type | Receives |
|---|---|---|
| Mental Health Crisis Training Participants | – | Behavioral: Mental Health Crisis Response TrainingPolice officers, firefighters, emergency medical personnel, public health personnel, and other frontline staff who attended a four-hour mental health crisis response training course and voluntarily completed online questionnaires immediately before and after the course. |
Who may qualify
- Sex
- All
- Healthy volunteers
- Accepted
- Age groups
- Child, Adult, Older adult
- Study population
- The study population consisted of police officers, firefighters, emergency medical personnel, mental health personnel, public health personnel, and other frontline staff who attended a four-hour mental health crisis response training program in New Taipei City, Taiwan. Course attendees were invited to voluntarily complete online questionnaires immediately before and after the training. Participation in the research questionnaires was voluntary and was not required for attendance at the training course.
Key inclusion criteria (3 listed)
- Police officers, firefighters, emergency medical personnel, mental health personnel, public health personnel, or other frontline staff attending the mental health crisis response training program organized in New Taipei City.
- Willing to participate voluntarily after reading the questionnaire information and participant rights statement.
- Willing to complete the online study questionnaire before and/or immediately after the training course.
Key exclusion criteria (1 listed)
- No protocol-specified exclusion criteria.
Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening; this overview does not establish that a patient qualifies. Full inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Interventions
| Intervention | Type | Arms |
|---|---|---|
| Mental Health Crisis Response TrainingA four-hour instructor-led training course covering mental health legislation, initial and secondary assessment of behavioral emergencies, recognition of mental health crises, escalation of potentially violent behavior, personal and scene safety, communication strategies, and verbal de-escalation techniques. | Behavioural | Mental Health Crisis Training Participants |
Primary outcome
Change in Self-Efficacy for Managing Mental Health Crises and Behavioral Emergencies
Time frame: Immediately before the training session and immediately after completion of the 4-hour training session
Self-efficacy was assessed using the mean score of eight items from the study-specific questionnaire (items 6-13). Each item was rated on a 5-point confidence scale. The overall mean score ranged from 1 to 5, with higher scores indicating greater confidence in recognizing, assessing, communicating with, and responding to individuals experiencing mental health crises or behavioral emergencies. Change was calculated as the post-training mean score minus the pre-training mean score.
4 secondary outcomes
Change in Cognition Toward Behavioral Emergencies
Time frame: Immediately before the training session and immediately after completion of the 4-hour training session
Change in Stigma Toward People Experiencing Behavioral Emergencies
Time frame: Immediately before the training session and immediately after completion of the 4-hour training session
Change in Stigma Toward People With Substance Use Problems
Time frame: Immediately before the training session and immediately after completion of the 4-hour training session
Post-Training Satisfaction With the Mental Health Crisis Response Training
Time frame: Immediately after completion of the 4-hour training session
Results and safety
The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.
Research links
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govLast updated by the sponsor 13 Jul 2026.
- Background: PubMed 40135998McCloskey RJ, Ulintz AJ, Hammond GC, Brown JL, Parrish M, Toliver I. Post-Opioid Overdose Response Team Intervention Barriers and Facilitators to Substance Use Treatment: Perspectives of Patients and Team Members. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2025;29(4):491-500. doi: 10.1080/10903127.2025.2479569. Epub 2025 Apr 7.
- Background: PubMed 31551327Rogers MS, McNiel DE, Binder RL. Effectiveness of Police Crisis Intervention Training Programs. J Am Acad Psychiatry Law. 2019 Dec;47(4):414-421. doi: 10.29158/JAAPL.003863-19. Epub 2019 Sep 24.
- Background: PubMed 35755942Crisanti AS, Fairfax-Columbo J, Duran D, Rosenbaum NA, Melendrez B, Trujillo I, Earheart JA, Tinney M. Evaluation of Ongoing Crisis Intervention Team (CIT) Training for Law Enforcement Using the ECHO Model. J Police Crim Psychol. 2022;37(4):863-875. doi: 10.1007/s11896-022-09529-3. Epub 2022 Jun 17.
- Background: PubMed 36844168Nick GA, Williams S, Lekas HM, Pahl K, Blau C, Kamin D, Fuller-Lewis C. Crisis Intervention Team (CIT) training and impact on mental illness and substance use-related stigma among law enforcement. Drug Alcohol Depend Rep. 2022 Sep 29;5:100099. doi: 10.1016/j.dadr.2022.100099. eCollection 2022 Dec.
- Background: PubMed 35759936Compton MT, Krishan S, Broussard B, Bakeman R, Fleischmann MH, Hankerson-Dyson D, Husbands L, Stewart T, D'Orio B, Watson AC. Modeling the effects of Crisis Intervention Team (CIT) training for police officers: How knowledge, attitudes, and self-efficacy drive de-escalation skills and referral decisions. Int J Law Psychiatry. 2022 Jul-Aug;83:101814. doi: 10.1016/j.ijlp.2022.101814. Epub 2022 Jun 24.
- Individual participant dataSharing planned: No. Individual participant data will not be publicly shared because the study used anonymous questionnaire responses, and the participant information process did not include consent for unrestricted secondary use or public data sharing. Aggregate study results may be published. Deidentified summary data or study materials may be considered upon reasonable request, subject to approval by the principal investigator, the institution, and the relevant research ethics committee.
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Referral and contact
AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals. Contact the study team or a site listed below; they decide who can take part. This study is not recruiting at the moment.
The record lists no contact. Use the official record to reach the sponsor.
1 site in 1 country: see every site and its status.
Questions about this trial
What is this clinical trial studying?
An observational study of Mental Health Crisis, run by Far Eastern Memorial Hospital at 1 site in Taiwan.
The full registered description is in the About this study section and the official record.
Who may be eligible to take part?
The sponsor lists 3 inclusion and 1 exclusion criteria. Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening, so read the full criteria and contact a listed site.
Is this clinical trial currently recruiting?
The record says: finished, as of the sponsor's last update on 13 Jul 2026. Status can change between updates, so confirm with the study contact before making plans.
Where is the study taking place?
The record lists 1 site in Taiwan. Whether a site is taking part right now should be confirmed with that site. See every site.
What are the possible benefits and risks?
They depend on the study and the treatment, and no study can promise a benefit. The study team explains the known risks during informed consent, before anyone joins; the record itself does not list them.
Are results available for this study?
The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.
How can a doctor refer a patient or contact the research team?
The record lists no contact. The official record names the sponsor, who can be asked directly. AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals.
What does the primary outcome measure?
Change in Self-Efficacy for Managing Mental Health Crises and Behavioral Emergencies (time frame: Immediately before the training session and immediately after completion of the 4-hour training session). It is what the study was designed to measure, not a finding.
Where can I read the original study information?
On the ClinicalTrials.gov record for NCT07697326, which also lists 5 linked publications.
Does a listing mean the treatment is approved or proven to work?
No. A listing means the study is registered. It does not show that the treatment is safe, works, or is approved by a regulator.
How often is this information updated?
AzTrials copies changed records from ClinicalTrials.gov every night and reloads the whole registry every week. The sponsor last updated this record on 13 Jul 2026.