Patient SafetyNCT07711873
Virtual Reality-based Training for Safe Medication Administration Among Nursing Students
A study testing VR-based medication administration training (AcroXeR NursingVR) in people with Patient Safety and Medication Errors, run by University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City at 1 site in Vietnam.
Trial summary
This study evaluated a virtual reality-based training programme designed to support safe medication administration among undergraduate nursing students. Medication administration is a core nursing competency, but students often have limited opportunities to practise medication safety scenarios repeatedly before… Read more about this study
- Who is it for?
- Ages 18 years and olderHealthy volunteers can take part
- Conditions the study is for
- Patient Safety, Medication Errors, Education, Nursing
- What is being tested?
- VR-based medication administration training (AcroXeR NursingVR)
- Type of treatment
- Lifestyle or therapy programme
- Could I receive a placebo?
- No, everyone receives an active treatment
- How many people
- 60 participants
- Where
- 1 siteVietnam
- Study dates
- 25 Nov 2024to 8 Mar 2025
- Phase
- Interventional
- Are there results?
- None posted in the registry
Key requirements
Who can take part, as listed by the sponsor. Only the study team can confirm whether you are eligible, so take this list to your doctor.
- Ages 18 years and older
- All sexes
- Healthy volunteers accepted
- Adult, Older adult
Who may be able to join
- Enrolled as a third- or fourth-year undergraduate nursing student during the study period
- Aged 18 years or older
Who cannot join
- Health condition contraindicating virtual reality use
- On academic leave during the study period
- Unable to attend the scheduled study sessions
Trial locations and contacts
1 site in 1 country.
Vietnam1 site
University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City
Ho Chi Minh City, 700000
About this study
Official title: Virtual Reality-based Training for Safe Medication Administration Among Nursing Students: a Randomized Wait-list Crossover Trial
This study evaluated a virtual reality-based training programme designed to support safe medication administration among undergraduate nursing students. Medication administration is a core nursing competency, but students often have limited opportunities to practise medication safety scenarios repeatedly before entering clinical settings. Virtual reality provides an immersive and repeatable simulated environment for practising routine, high-alert, and semi-emergency medication administration scenarios without risk to patients.
Third- and fourth-year undergraduate nursing students at a healthcare university in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, were randomly allocated to two groups. Group A received the VR training first, while Group B served as a wait-list comparison group and received the same training later, after crossover. The intervention consisted of three 90-minute sessions, each including pre-briefing, immersive VR simulation, and PEARLS-informed debriefing. Outcomes included confidence in medication administration, self-reported safe medication practice, system usability, and cybersickness symptoms.
- Conditions
- Patient Safety, Medication Errors, Education, Nursing
- Being tested
- VR-based medication administration training (AcroXeR NursingVR)
- Keywords
- Virtual reality, Simulation training, Medication administration, Nursing students, Confidence, Usability, Cybersickness
What participants receive
What participants receive. In a randomised study each person is assigned to one group by chance.
VR-based medication administration training (AcroXeR NursingVR)Behavioural
The intervention consisted of three 90-minute VR-based medication administration training sessions covering routine, high-alert, and semi-emergency medication administration scenarios. Each session included pre-briefing, immersive VR simulation, and PEARLS-informed debriefing.
| Study group | Role | What they receive |
|---|---|---|
| Group A (VR training first) | Experimental | Participants received the VR-based medication administration training first. They completed three 90-minute sessions before Group B received training. Outcomes were assessed at baseline (before any training), approximately one week after this group completed training, and again approximately one week after Group B completed training (short-term follow-up). Receives: Behavioral: VR-based medication administration training (AcroXeR NursingVR) |
| Group B (delayed VR training, wait-list) | Other | Participants served as a wait-list control and received no VR training during the initial period, while Group A was trained. After crossover, they received the same VR-based medication administration training (three 90-minute sessions). Outcomes were assessed at baseline (before any training), approximately one week after Group A completed training (while this group was still on the wait-list), and approximately one week after this group completed training. Receives: Behavioral: VR-based medication administration training (AcroXeR NursingVR) |
What is being measured
The primary outcome is the main question the study is designed to answer.
Confidence in medication administration
Confidence in medication administration was measured using a 6-item self-report scale. Each item was rated from 1 (not at all confident) to 5 (extremely confident). Total scores range from 6 to 30, with higher scores indicating greater confidence.
Measured: Baseline (before any training); approximately 5 weeks after baseline (about 1 week after Group A completed VR training, while Group B remained on the wait-list); approximately 3 months after baseline (about 1 week after Group B completed VR training).
Secondary outcomes (3)
Self-reported safe medication practice
Self-reported safe medication practice was assessed using the 28-item Patient Safety Assessment in Medication Administration. Each item was rated from 1 (never) to 5 (always). Total scores range from 28 to 140, with higher scores indicating more frequent adherence to safe medication administration practices.
Measured: Baseline (before any training); approximately 5 weeks after baseline (about 1 week after Group A completed VR training, while Group B remained on the wait-list); approximately 3 months after baseline (about 1 week after Group B completed VR training).
System usability
Usability of the VR system was assessed using the 10-item System Usability Scale. Scores were converted to a 0 to 100 scale, with higher scores indicating better perceived usability.
Measured: Approximately 1 week after each group completed VR training (approximately 5 weeks after baseline for Group A and approximately 3 months after baseline for Group B).
Cybersickness symptoms
Cybersickness was assessed using the 16-item Simulator Sickness Questionnaire. Items were rated from 0 (none) to 3 (severe), and nausea, oculomotor, disorientation, and total scores were calculated using the standard scoring method.
Measured: Approximately 1 week after each group completed VR training (approximately 5 weeks after baseline for Group A and approximately 3 months after baseline for Group B).
Timeline
From the start of the study to its completion; the mark is today. Estimated dates are the sponsor’s plan.
- First posted17 Jul 2026
- Study start25 Nov 2024
- Primary completion8 Mar 2025
- Study completion8 Mar 2025
Resources
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govThe registry entry this page is built from, with its full change history.
- Other trials for Patient SafetyStudies of the same condition, open and under way.
- What the trial phases meanHow a treatment moves from first tests in people to approval.
More details
For doctors and researchers: how the study is designed, who runs it, and its registry IDs.
Study design
- Study type
- Interventional
- Phase
- Phase N/A
- Primary purpose
- Health services research
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Crossover
- Model description
- This was a two-arm randomized wait-list crossover trial. Group A received the VR-based medication administration training first, while Group B served as a wait-list comparison group and received no training during that initial period, then received the same VR training after crossover. Outcomes were assessed for both groups at three points: at baseline before any training; approximately one week after Group A completed training (while Group B was still on the wait-list); and approximately one week after Group B completed training.
- Masking
- None (open label)
- Enrolment
- 60 participants (actual)
Sponsor and investigators
- Lead sponsor
- University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City
- Sponsor type
- University, hospital or other
- Collaborators
- Korea International Cooperation Agency
- Responsible party
- Principal investigator, Thi Phuong Lan Nguyen, University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City
- Investigators
- Linh Thuy Khanh Tran, PhD, Principal investigator, University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City
IDs, dates and publications
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT07711873
- Sponsor's protocol ID
- 3413-DHYD-HDDD
- Other IDs
- 2021-00020-3
- Status last verified
- Jul 2026
- First submitted
- 8 Jul 2026
- Last updated
- 17 Jul 2026
- Results posted
- No
- Data monitoring committee
- No
- FDA-regulated drug
- No
- FDA-regulated device
- No
- Individual data sharing
- Yes: De-identified individual participant data supporting the findings of this study may be made available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request and with permission of the participating institution. Data will not be made publicly available because the study involved undergraduate students and individual student privacy could be compromised.
Study at a glance
From the registry record, last updated by the sponsor on 17 Jul 2026. Recruitment status is as the sponsor reported it: confirm with the study team.
- Official title
- Virtual Reality-based Training for Safe Medication Administration Among Nursing Students: a Randomized Wait-list Crossover Trial
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT07711873
- Acronym / sponsor ID
- 3413-DHYD-HDDD
- Conditions
- Patient Safety, Medication Errors, Education, Nursing
- Keywords
- Virtual reality, Simulation training, Medication administration, Nursing students, Confidence, Usability, Cybersickness
- Study type
- Interventional
- Recruitment status
- Completed
- Enrolment
- 60 participants (actual)
- Lead sponsor
- University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh CityUniversity, hospital or other
- Collaborators
- Korea International Cooperation Agency
- Study start
- 25 Nov 2024 (actual)
- Primary completion
- 8 Mar 2025 (actual)
- Study completion
- 8 Mar 2025 (actual)
- First posted
- 17 Jul 2026 (actual)
- Results
- Not posted in the source record
Clinical summary
The research question as the sponsor registered it. This describes what the study plans to test, not what it found.
This study evaluated a virtual reality-based training programme designed to support safe medication administration among undergraduate nursing students. Medication administration is a core nursing competency, but students often have limited opportunities to practise medication safety scenarios repeatedly before entering clinical settings. Virtual reality provides an immersive and repeatable simulated environment for practising routine, high-alert, and semi-emergency medication administration scenarios without risk to patients.
Third- and fourth-year undergraduate nursing students at a healthcare university in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, were randomly allocated to two groups. Group A received the VR training first, while Group B served as a wait-list comparison group and received the same training later, after crossover. The intervention consisted of three 90-minute sessions, each including pre-briefing, immersive VR simulation, and PEARLS-informed debriefing. Outcomes included confidence in medication administration, self-reported safe medication practice, system usability, and cybersickness symptoms.
Study design
- Primary purpose
- Health services research
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Crossover
- Masking
- None (open label)
- Number of arms
- 2
- Model description
- This was a two-arm randomized wait-list crossover trial. Group A received the VR-based medication administration training first, while Group B served as a wait-list comparison group and received no training during that initial period, then received the same VR training after crossover. Outcomes were assessed for both groups at three points: at baseline before any training; approximately one week after Group A completed training (while Group B was still on the wait-list); and approximately one week after Group B completed training.
| Arm | Type | Receives |
|---|---|---|
| Group A (VR training first) | Experimental | Behavioral: VR-based medication administration training (AcroXeR NursingVR)Participants received the VR-based medication administration training first. They completed three 90-minute sessions before Group B received training. Outcomes were assessed at baseline (before any training), approximately one week after this group completed training, and again approximately one week after Group B completed training (short-term follow-up). |
| Group B (delayed VR training, wait-list) | Other | Behavioral: VR-based medication administration training (AcroXeR NursingVR)Participants served as a wait-list control and received no VR training during the initial period, while Group A was trained. After crossover, they received the same VR-based medication administration training (three 90-minute sessions). Outcomes were assessed at baseline (before any training), approximately one week after Group A completed training (while this group was still on the wait-list), and approximately one week after this group completed training. |
Who may qualify
- Ages
- 18 years and older
- Sex
- All
- Healthy volunteers
- Accepted
- Age groups
- Adult, Older adult
Key inclusion criteria (2 listed)
- Enrolled as a third- or fourth-year undergraduate nursing student during the study period
- Aged 18 years or older
Key exclusion criteria (3 listed)
- Health condition contraindicating virtual reality use
- On academic leave during the study period
- Unable to attend the scheduled study sessions
Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening; this overview does not establish that a patient qualifies. Full inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Interventions
| Intervention | Type | Arms |
|---|---|---|
| VR-based medication administration training (AcroXeR NursingVR)The intervention consisted of three 90-minute VR-based medication administration training sessions covering routine, high-alert, and semi-emergency medication administration scenarios. Each session included pre-briefing, immersive VR simulation, and PEARLS-informed debriefing. | Behavioural | Group A (VR training first), Group B (delayed VR training, wait-list) |
Primary outcome
Confidence in medication administration
Time frame: Baseline (before any training); approximately 5 weeks after baseline (about 1 week after Group A completed VR training, while Group B remained on the wait-list); approximately 3 months after baseline (about 1 week after Group B completed VR training).
Confidence in medication administration was measured using a 6-item self-report scale. Each item was rated from 1 (not at all confident) to 5 (extremely confident). Total scores range from 6 to 30, with higher scores indicating greater confidence.
3 secondary outcomes
Self-reported safe medication practice
Time frame: Baseline (before any training); approximately 5 weeks after baseline (about 1 week after Group A completed VR training, while Group B remained on the wait-list); approximately 3 months after baseline (about 1 week after Group B completed VR training).
System usability
Time frame: Approximately 1 week after each group completed VR training (approximately 5 weeks after baseline for Group A and approximately 3 months after baseline for Group B).
Cybersickness symptoms
Time frame: Approximately 1 week after each group completed VR training (approximately 5 weeks after baseline for Group A and approximately 3 months after baseline for Group B).
Results and safety
The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.
Research links
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govLast updated by the sponsor 17 Jul 2026.
- Individual participant dataSharing planned: Yes. De-identified individual participant data supporting the findings of this study may be made available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request and with permission of the participating institution. Data will not be made publicly available because the study involved undergraduate students and individual student privacy could be compromised.
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Referral and contact
AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals. Contact the study team or a site listed below; they decide who can take part. This study is not recruiting at the moment.
Linh Thuy Khanh Tran, PhD principal investigator
University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City
1 site in 1 country: see every site and its status.
Questions about this trial
What is this clinical trial studying?
A study testing VR-based medication administration training (AcroXeR NursingVR) in people with Patient Safety and Medication Errors, run by University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City at 1 site in Vietnam.
The full registered description is in the About this study section and the official record.
Who may be eligible to take part?
The sponsor lists 2 inclusion and 3 exclusion criteria. Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening, so read the full criteria and contact a listed site.
Is this clinical trial currently recruiting?
The record says: finished, as of the sponsor's last update on 17 Jul 2026. Status can change between updates, so confirm with the study contact before making plans.
Where is the study taking place?
The record lists 1 site in Vietnam. Whether a site is taking part right now should be confirmed with that site. See every site.
What are the possible benefits and risks?
They depend on the study and the treatment, and no study can promise a benefit. The study team explains the known risks during informed consent, before anyone joins; the record itself does not list them.
Are results available for this study?
The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.
How can a doctor refer a patient or contact the research team?
The record lists no contact. The official record names the sponsor, who can be asked directly. AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals.
What does the primary outcome measure?
Confidence in medication administration (time frame: Baseline (before any training); approximately 5 weeks after baseline (about 1 week after Group A completed VR training, while Group B remained on the wait-list); approximately 3 months after baseline (about 1 week after Group B completed VR training).). It is what the study was designed to measure, not a finding.
Where can I read the original study information?
Does a listing mean the treatment is approved or proven to work?
No. A listing means the study is registered. It does not show that the treatment is safe, works, or is approved by a regulator.
How often is this information updated?
AzTrials copies changed records from ClinicalTrials.gov every night and reloads the whole registry every week. The sponsor last updated this record on 17 Jul 2026.