Mechanical Low Back PainCORE-BACKNCT07727525
Core Strengthening Effects in Low Back Pain in Overweight Adults
A study testing Core Strengthening Exercise Program + Conventional Physical Therapy and Conventional Physical Therapy in people with Mechanical Low Back Pain and Chronic Low Back Pain, run by Ibadat International University, Islamabad at 1 site in Pakistan.
Trial summary
Mechanical low back pain is one of the most common musculoskeletal disorders among overweight adults and can lead to pain, disability, and reduced quality of life. Weakness of the core muscles may contribute to poor spinal stability and persistence of symptoms. Read more about this study
- Who is it for?
- Ages 25 to 45 years
- Conditions the study is for
- Mechanical Low Back Pain, Chronic Low Back Pain
- What is being tested?
- Core Strengthening Exercise Program + Conventional Physical Therapy and Conventional Physical Therapy
- Type of treatment
- Surgery or procedure
- Could I receive a placebo?
- No, everyone receives an active treatment
- How many people
- 60 participants
- Where
- 1 sitePakistan
- Study dates
- 15 Jan 2023to 30 Jun 2023
- Phase
- Interventional
- Are there results?
- None posted in the registry
Key requirements
Who can take part, as listed by the sponsor. Only the study team can confirm whether you are eligible, so take this list to your doctor.
- Ages 25 to 45 years
- All sexes
- No healthy volunteers
- Adult
Who may be able to join
- Male and female participants. Age between 25 and 45 years. Diagnosed with chronic mechanical low back pain lasting more than 3 months. Body Mass Index (BMI) ≥ 25 kg/m² (overweight or obese). Body fat percentage > 25%. Numeric Pain Rating Scale (NPRS) score < 7 at baseline. Able and willing to provide written informed consent. Willing to participate in the complete 6-week intervention program.
Who cannot join
- Non-mechanical low back pain. Acute low back pain. Previous lumbar spine surgery (e.g., laminectomy or discectomy). Spondylolisthesis. Osteoporosis or spinal fractures. Cauda equina syndrome. Current history of spinal trauma or surgery. Lumbar spine myelopathy. Diagnosed metabolic diseases. Neurological disorders affecting the spine or lower limbs. Any medical condition that would contraindicate participation in the exercise program.
Trial locations and contacts
1 site in 1 country.
About this study
Official title: Effects of Core Strengthening on Mechanical Low Back Pain in Overweight Adults.
Mechanical low back pain is one of the most common musculoskeletal disorders among overweight adults and can lead to pain, disability, and reduced quality of life. Weakness of the core muscles may contribute to poor spinal stability and persistence of symptoms. Core strengthening exercises have been proposed as an effective treatment; however, evidence regarding their additional benefit over conventional physical therapy remains limited.
This randomized controlled trial aimed to determine the effects of adding core strengthening exercises to conventional physical therapy in overweight adults with mechanical low back pain. Sixty participants aged 25-45 years with a body mass index (BMI) of 25 kg/m² or greater and chronic mechanical low back pain lasting more than three months were randomly assigned to either an experimental group or a control group.
Read more
The experimental group received core strengthening exercises (planks, side planks, and superman exercises) in addition to conventional physical therapy, while the control group received conventional physical therapy alone. Both groups also received therapeutic hot packs and transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS). Participants attended three treatment sessions per week for six weeks.
Primary outcomes included pain intensity measured by the Numeric Pain Rating Scale (NPRS), functional disability measured by the Oswestry Disability Index (ODI), and body fat percentage measured using the Jackson-Pollock skinfold method. Outcomes were assessed before and after the six-week intervention.
The study evaluated whether adding core strengthening exercises to conventional physical therapy provides greater improvements in pain, disability, and body fat percentage in overweight adults with mechanical low back pain.
Read the detailed description
Mechanical low back pain (MLBP) is a common musculoskeletal condition and one of the leading causes of disability worldwide. Overweight and obesity increase the mechanical load on the lumbar spine, alter spinal biomechanics, and contribute to reduced physical function and persistent pain. Excess body weight, decreased physical activity, and weakness of the trunk musculature may further compromise spinal stability, increasing the likelihood of chronic low back pain.
Core muscles, including the transversus abdominis, multifidus, erector spinae, diaphragm, pelvic floor muscles, rectus abdominis, and internal and external oblique muscles, play an essential role in maintaining spinal stability and functional movement. Strengthening these muscles may improve trunk stability, reduce mechanical stress on the lumbar spine, decrease pain, and enhance functional ability. Although several studies have investigated core stabilization exercises, evidence regarding their effectiveness in overweight adults with mechanical low back pain remains inconclusive.
This study was designed as a single-blinded randomized controlled trial to compare the effects of conventional physical therapy alone with conventional physical therapy combined with core strengthening exercises in overweight adults with chronic mechanical low back pain.
A total of 60 participants aged 25-45 years with chronic mechanical low back pain of more than three months' duration, BMI ≥25 kg/m², body fat percentage greater than 25%, and Numeric Pain Rating Scale scores below 7 were enrolled. Participants with non-mechanical low back pain, previous lumbar spine surgery, spinal fractures, spondylolisthesis, osteoporosis, neurological disorders, metabolic diseases, spinal trauma, or other serious spinal pathology were excluded.
Eligible participants were randomly allocated into two equal groups.
Experimental Group
Core strengthening exercises:
Plank Side plank Superman exercise
Conventional exercises:
Bridging Knee-to-chest exercise Back extension Pelvic rotation
Baseline physical therapy:
Therapeutic hot pack Continuous Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS) for 10 minutes
Control Group
Conventional exercises:
Bridging Knee-to-chest exercise Back extension Pelvic rotation
Baseline physical therapy:
Therapeutic hot pack Continuous TENS for 10 minutes
Participants attended three supervised treatment sessions per week for six consecutive weeks (18 treatment sessions). Each exercise was performed for 10 repetitions with a 10-second hold and standardized rest intervals. Participants were advised to avoid heavy physical activities throughout the intervention period.
Outcome measures were assessed at baseline and after completion of the intervention. Pain intensity was evaluated using the Numeric Pain Rating Scale (NPRS). Functional disability was assessed using the Oswestry Disability Index (ODI). Body fat percentage was measured using the Jackson-Pollock three-site skinfold method.
Data analysis was performed using SPSS version 21. Normality of data distribution was assessed using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Because several variables were not normally distributed, non-parametric statistical tests were used. Between-group comparisons were analyzed using the Mann-Whitney U test, while within-group pre- and post-treatment comparisons were analyzed using the Wilcoxon Signed-Rank test. Statistical significance was established at a p-value less than 0.05.
The study investigated whether the addition of core strengthening exercises to conventional physical therapy would provide greater reductions in pain intensity, disability, and body fat percentage than conventional therapy alone in overweight adults with chronic mechanical low back pain. The findings are expected to contribute to evidence-based rehabilitation strategies for managing mechanical low back pain in overweight individuals and assist clinicians in selecting effective exercise interventions for this patient population.
- Conditions
- Mechanical Low Back Pain, Chronic Low Back Pain
- Being tested
- Core Strengthening Exercise Program + Conventional Physical Therapy, Conventional Physical Therapy
- Keywords
- Mechanical Low Back Pain, Core Strengthening, Overweight Adults, Superman Exercise, Conventional Physical Therapy
- Medical subject headings
- Low Back Pain
What participants receive
What participants receive. In a randomised study each person is assigned to one group by chance.
Core Strengthening Exercise Program + Conventional Physical TherapyProcedure or surgery
Participants received a supervised exercise program consisting of core strengthening exercises (plank, side plank, and superman exercises) in addition to conventional physical therapy exercises (bridging, knee-to-chest, back extension, and pelvic rotation). Each exercise was performed for 10 repetitions with a 10-second hold. Participants also received a therapeutic hot pack and continuous transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) for 10 minutes before exercise. Treatment was provided three sessions per week for six weeks (18 sessions).
Conventional Physical TherapyProcedure or surgery
Participants received conventional physical therapy consisting of bridging, knee-to-chest, back extension, and pelvic rotation exercises. Each exercise was performed for 10 repetitions with a 10-second hold. Participants also received a therapeutic hot pack and continuous transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) for 10 minutes before exercise. Treatment was provided three sessions per week for six weeks (18 sessions).
| Study group | Role | What they receive |
|---|---|---|
| Experimental Group (Core Strengthening + Conventional Physical Therapy) | Experimental | Participants assigned to the experimental arm received a combination of core strengthening exercises (plank, side plank, and superman exercises) together with conventional physical therapy exercises (bridging, knee-to-chest, back extension, and pelvic rotation). All participants also received a therapeutic hot pack and continuous transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) for 10 minutes. Treatment was provided three times per week for six weeks (18 sessions). Receives: Procedure: Core Strengthening Exercise Program + Conventional Physical Therapy; Procedure: Conventional Physical Therapy |
| Control Group (Conventional Physical Therapy) | Active comparator | Participants assigned to the control arm received conventional physical therapy consisting of bridging, knee-to-chest, back extension, and pelvic rotation exercises. All participants also received a therapeutic hot pack and continuous transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) for 10 minutes. Treatment was provided three times per week for six weeks (18 sessions). Receives: Procedure: Core Strengthening Exercise Program + Conventional Physical Therapy; Procedure: Conventional Physical Therapy |
What is being measured
The primary outcome is the main question the study is designed to answer.
Pain Intensity
Pain intensity will be assessed using the Numeric Pain Rating Scale (NPRS), an 11-point scale ranging from 0 (no pain) to 10 (worst imaginable pain). Lower scores indicate reduced pain intensity.
Measured: Baseline and after 6 weeks of intervention
Functional Disability
Functional disability will be measured using the Oswestry Disability Index (ODI). The ODI is a validated questionnaire that evaluates disability associated with low back pain. Lower scores indicate better functional status.
Measured: Baseline and after 6 weeks of intervention
Body Fat Percentage
Body fat percentage will be measured using the Jackson-Pollock three-site skinfold method with skinfold calipers. Changes in body fat percentage will be compared before and after the intervention.
Measured: Baseline and after 6 weeks of intervention
Timeline
From the start of the study to its completion; the mark is today. Estimated dates are the sponsor’s plan.
- First posted27 Jul 2026
- Study start15 Jan 2023
- Primary completion11 May 2023
- Study completion30 Jun 2023
Resources
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govThe registry entry this page is built from, with its full change history.
- Other trials for Mechanical Low Back PainStudies of the same condition, open and under way.
- What the trial phases meanHow a treatment moves from first tests in people to approval.
More details
For doctors and researchers: how the study is designed, who runs it, and its registry IDs.
Study design
- Study type
- Interventional
- Phase
- Phase N/A
- Primary purpose
- Treatment
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Masking
- Single blind
- Who is masked
- Participant
- Enrolment
- 60 participants (actual)
Sponsor and investigators
- Lead sponsor
- Ibadat International University, Islamabad
- Sponsor type
- University, hospital or other
- Responsible party
- Sponsor
- Investigators
- Dr Jawad Naveed, MS, Study chair, Riphah College of Rehabilitation & Allied Health Sciences, Riphah International University, Islamabad
IDs, dates and publications
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT07727525
- Sponsor's protocol ID
- RIPHAH/RCRS/REC/Letter- 01410
- Acronym
- CORE-BACK
- Status last verified
- Jul 2026
- First submitted
- 10 Jul 2026
- Last updated
- 27 Jul 2026
- Results posted
- No
- Data monitoring committee
- Yes
- FDA-regulated drug
- No
- FDA-regulated device
- No
- Individual data sharing
- No: Individual participant data (IPD) collected during this study will not be shared. The informed consent obtained from participants did not include permission for public sharing of individual-level data, and no data-sharing plan was established at the time of study initiation. De-identified aggregate study results are reported in the thesis and may be made available upon reasonable request to the corresponding investigator, subject to institutional policies and ethical considerations.
Study at a glance
From the registry record, last updated by the sponsor on 27 Jul 2026. Recruitment status is as the sponsor reported it: confirm with the study team.
- Official title
- Effects of Core Strengthening on Mechanical Low Back Pain in Overweight Adults.
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT07727525
- Acronym / sponsor ID
- CORE-BACK / RIPHAH/RCRS/REC/Letter- 01410
- Conditions
- Mechanical Low Back Pain, Chronic Low Back Pain
- Keywords
- Mechanical Low Back Pain, Core Strengthening, Overweight Adults, Superman Exercise, Conventional Physical Therapy
- Study type
- Interventional
- Recruitment status
- Completed
- Enrolment
- 60 participants (actual)
- Lead sponsor
- Ibadat International University, IslamabadUniversity, hospital or other
- Study start
- 15 Jan 2023 (actual)
- Primary completion
- 11 May 2023 (actual)
- Study completion
- 30 Jun 2023 (actual)
- First posted
- 27 Jul 2026 (actual)
- Results
- Not posted in the source record
Clinical summary
The research question as the sponsor registered it. This describes what the study plans to test, not what it found.
Mechanical low back pain is one of the most common musculoskeletal disorders among overweight adults and can lead to pain, disability, and reduced quality of life. Weakness of the core muscles may contribute to poor spinal stability and persistence of symptoms. Core strengthening exercises have been proposed as an effective treatment; however, evidence regarding their additional benefit over conventional physical therapy remains limited.
This randomized controlled trial aimed to determine the effects of adding core strengthening exercises to conventional physical therapy in overweight adults with mechanical low back pain. Sixty participants aged 25-45 years with a body mass index (BMI) of 25 kg/m² or greater and chronic mechanical low back pain lasting more than three months were randomly assigned to either an experimental group or a control group.
The experimental group received core strengthening exercises (planks, side planks, and superman exercises) in addition to conventional physical therapy, while the control group received conventional physical therapy alone. Both groups also received therapeutic hot packs and transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS). Participants attended three treatment sessions per week for six weeks.
Primary outcomes included pain intensity measured by the Numeric Pain Rating Scale (NPRS), functional disability measured by the Oswestry Disability Index (ODI), and body fat percentage measured using the Jackson-Pollock skinfold method. Outcomes were assessed before and after the six-week intervention.
The study evaluated whether adding core strengthening exercises to conventional physical therapy provides greater improvements in pain, disability, and body fat percentage in overweight adults with mechanical low back pain.
Detailed description
Mechanical low back pain (MLBP) is a common musculoskeletal condition and one of the leading causes of disability worldwide. Overweight and obesity increase the mechanical load on the lumbar spine, alter spinal biomechanics, and contribute to reduced physical function and persistent pain. Excess body weight, decreased physical activity, and weakness of the trunk musculature may further compromise spinal stability, increasing the likelihood of chronic low back pain.
Core muscles, including the transversus abdominis, multifidus, erector spinae, diaphragm, pelvic floor muscles, rectus abdominis, and internal and external oblique muscles, play an essential role in maintaining spinal stability and functional movement. Strengthening these muscles may improve trunk stability, reduce mechanical stress on the lumbar spine, decrease pain, and enhance functional ability. Although several studies have investigated core stabilization exercises, evidence regarding their effectiveness in overweight adults with mechanical low back pain remains inconclusive.
This study was designed as a single-blinded randomized controlled trial to compare the effects of conventional physical therapy alone with conventional physical therapy combined with core strengthening exercises in overweight adults with chronic mechanical low back pain.
A total of 60 participants aged 25-45 years with chronic mechanical low back pain of more than three months' duration, BMI ≥25 kg/m², body fat percentage greater than 25%, and Numeric Pain Rating Scale scores below 7 were enrolled. Participants with non-mechanical low back pain, previous lumbar spine surgery, spinal fractures, spondylolisthesis, osteoporosis, neurological disorders, metabolic diseases, spinal trauma, or other serious spinal pathology were excluded.
Eligible participants were randomly allocated into two equal groups.
Experimental Group
Core strengthening exercises:
Plank Side plank Superman exercise
Conventional exercises:
Bridging Knee-to-chest exercise Back extension Pelvic rotation
Baseline physical therapy:
Therapeutic hot pack Continuous Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS) for 10 minutes
Control Group
Conventional exercises:
Bridging Knee-to-chest exercise Back extension Pelvic rotation
Baseline physical therapy:
Therapeutic hot pack Continuous TENS for 10 minutes
Participants attended three supervised treatment sessions per week for six consecutive weeks (18 treatment sessions). Each exercise was performed for 10 repetitions with a 10-second hold and standardized rest intervals. Participants were advised to avoid heavy physical activities throughout the intervention period.
Outcome measures were assessed at baseline and after completion of the intervention. Pain intensity was evaluated using the Numeric Pain Rating Scale (NPRS). Functional disability was assessed using the Oswestry Disability Index (ODI). Body fat percentage was measured using the Jackson-Pollock three-site skinfold method.
Data analysis was performed using SPSS version 21. Normality of data distribution was assessed using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Because several variables were not normally distributed, non-parametric statistical tests were used. Between-group comparisons were analyzed using the Mann-Whitney U test, while within-group pre- and post-treatment comparisons were analyzed using the Wilcoxon Signed-Rank test. Statistical significance was established at a p-value less than 0.05.
The study investigated whether the addition of core strengthening exercises to conventional physical therapy would provide greater reductions in pain intensity, disability, and body fat percentage than conventional therapy alone in overweight adults with chronic mechanical low back pain. The findings are expected to contribute to evidence-based rehabilitation strategies for managing mechanical low back pain in overweight individuals and assist clinicians in selecting effective exercise interventions for this patient population.
Study design
- Primary purpose
- Treatment
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Masking
- Single blind (participant)
- Number of arms
- 2
| Arm | Type | Receives |
|---|---|---|
| Experimental Group (Core Strengthening + Conventional Physical Therapy) | Experimental | Procedure: Core Strengthening Exercise Program + Conventional Physical Therapy, Procedure: Conventional Physical TherapyParticipants assigned to the experimental arm received a combination of core strengthening exercises (plank, side plank, and superman exercises) together with conventional physical therapy exercises (bridging, knee-to-chest, back extension, and pelvic rotation). All participants also received a therapeutic hot pack and continuous transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) for 10 minutes. Treatment was provided three times per week for six weeks (18 sessions). |
| Control Group (Conventional Physical Therapy) | Active comparator | Procedure: Core Strengthening Exercise Program + Conventional Physical Therapy, Procedure: Conventional Physical TherapyParticipants assigned to the control arm received conventional physical therapy consisting of bridging, knee-to-chest, back extension, and pelvic rotation exercises. All participants also received a therapeutic hot pack and continuous transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) for 10 minutes. Treatment was provided three times per week for six weeks (18 sessions). |
Who may qualify
- Ages
- 25 to 45 years
- Sex
- All
- Healthy volunteers
- Not accepted
- Age groups
- Adult
Key inclusion criteria (1 listed)
- Male and female participants. Age between 25 and 45 years. Diagnosed with chronic mechanical low back pain lasting more than 3 months. Body Mass Index (BMI) ≥ 25 kg/m² (overweight or obese). Body fat percentage > 25%. Numeric Pain Rating Scale (NPRS) score < 7 at baseline. Able and willing to provide written informed consent. Willing to participate in the complete 6-week intervention program.
Key exclusion criteria (1 listed)
- Non-mechanical low back pain. Acute low back pain. Previous lumbar spine surgery (e.g., laminectomy or discectomy). Spondylolisthesis. Osteoporosis or spinal fractures. Cauda equina syndrome. Current history of spinal trauma or surgery. Lumbar spine myelopathy. Diagnosed metabolic diseases. Neurological disorders affecting the spine or lower limbs. Any medical condition that would contraindicate participation in the exercise program.
Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening; this overview does not establish that a patient qualifies. Full inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Interventions
| Intervention | Type | Arms |
|---|---|---|
| Core Strengthening Exercise Program + Conventional Physical TherapyParticipants received a supervised exercise program consisting of core strengthening exercises (plank, side plank, and superman exercises) in addition to conventional physical therapy exercises (bridging, knee-to-chest, back extension, and pelvic rotation). Each exercise was performed for 10 repetitions with a 10-second hold. Participants also received a therapeutic hot pack and continuous transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) for 10 minutes before exercise. Treatment was provided three sessions per week for six weeks (18 sessions). | Procedure or surgery | Control Group (Conventional Physical Therapy), Experimental Group (Core Strengthening + Conventional Physical Therapy) |
| Conventional Physical TherapyParticipants received conventional physical therapy consisting of bridging, knee-to-chest, back extension, and pelvic rotation exercises. Each exercise was performed for 10 repetitions with a 10-second hold. Participants also received a therapeutic hot pack and continuous transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) for 10 minutes before exercise. Treatment was provided three sessions per week for six weeks (18 sessions). | Procedure or surgery | Control Group (Conventional Physical Therapy), Experimental Group (Core Strengthening + Conventional Physical Therapy) |
Primary outcome
Pain Intensity
Time frame: Baseline and after 6 weeks of intervention
Pain intensity will be assessed using the Numeric Pain Rating Scale (NPRS), an 11-point scale ranging from 0 (no pain) to 10 (worst imaginable pain). Lower scores indicate reduced pain intensity.
Functional Disability
Time frame: Baseline and after 6 weeks of intervention
Functional disability will be measured using the Oswestry Disability Index (ODI). The ODI is a validated questionnaire that evaluates disability associated with low back pain. Lower scores indicate better functional status.
Body Fat Percentage
Time frame: Baseline and after 6 weeks of intervention
Body fat percentage will be measured using the Jackson-Pollock three-site skinfold method with skinfold calipers. Changes in body fat percentage will be compared before and after the intervention.
Results and safety
The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.
Research links
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govLast updated by the sponsor 27 Jul 2026.
- Individual participant dataSharing planned: No. Individual participant data (IPD) collected during this study will not be shared. The informed consent obtained from participants did not include permission for public sharing of individual-level data, and no data-sharing plan was established at the time of study initiation. De-identified aggregate study results are reported in the thesis and may be made available upon reasonable request to the corresponding investigator, subject to institutional policies and ethical considerations.
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Referral and contact
AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals. Contact the study team or a site listed below; they decide who can take part. This study is not recruiting at the moment.
Dr Jawad Naveed, MS study chair
Riphah College of Rehabilitation & Allied Health Sciences, Riphah International University, Islamabad
1 site in 1 country: see every site and its status.
Questions about this trial
What is this clinical trial studying?
A study testing Core Strengthening Exercise Program + Conventional Physical Therapy and Conventional Physical Therapy in people with Mechanical Low Back Pain and Chronic Low Back Pain, run by Ibadat International University, Islamabad at 1 site in Pakistan.
The full registered description is in the About this study section and the official record.
Who may be eligible to take part?
The sponsor lists 1 inclusion and 1 exclusion criteria. Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening, so read the full criteria and contact a listed site.
Is this clinical trial currently recruiting?
The record says: finished, as of the sponsor's last update on 27 Jul 2026. Status can change between updates, so confirm with the study contact before making plans.
Where is the study taking place?
The record lists 1 site in Pakistan. Whether a site is taking part right now should be confirmed with that site. See every site.
What are the possible benefits and risks?
They depend on the study and the treatment, and no study can promise a benefit. The study team explains the known risks during informed consent, before anyone joins; the record itself does not list them.
Are results available for this study?
The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.
How can a doctor refer a patient or contact the research team?
The record lists no contact. The official record names the sponsor, who can be asked directly. AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals.
What does the primary outcome measure?
Pain Intensity (time frame: Baseline and after 6 weeks of intervention). The study lists 3 primary outcomes in all. It is what the study was designed to measure, not a finding.
Where can I read the original study information?
Does a listing mean the treatment is approved or proven to work?
No. A listing means the study is registered. It does not show that the treatment is safe, works, or is approved by a regulator.
How often is this information updated?
AzTrials copies changed records from ClinicalTrials.gov every night and reloads the whole registry every week. The sponsor last updated this record on 27 Jul 2026.