Athletic PerformanceNCT07727850
Change-of-Direction Repeated Sprints in Adolescent Female Basketball Players
A study testing Linear Repeated-Sprint Protocol, One-COD Repeated-Sprint Protocol and Two-COD Repeated-Sprint Protocol in people with Athletic Performance, run by Pamukkale University at 1 site in Turkey (Türkiye).
Trial summary
The purpose of this randomized crossover study was to compare the acute effects of repeated-sprint protocols incorporating different numbers of 180-degree changes of direction in adolescent female basketball players. Read more about this study
- Who is it for?
- Ages 16 to 18 years, women onlyHealthy volunteers can take part
- Conditions the study is for
- Athletic Performance
- What is being tested?
- Linear Repeated-Sprint Protocol, One-COD Repeated-Sprint Protocol and Two-COD Repeated-Sprint Protocol
- Type of treatment
- Lifestyle or therapy programme
- Could I receive a placebo?
- No, everyone receives an active treatment
- How many people
- 20 participants
- Where
- 1 siteTurkey (Türkiye)
- Study dates
- 2 May 2026to 21 May 2026
- Phase
- Interventional
- Are there results?
- None posted in the registry
Key requirements
Who can take part, as listed by the sponsor. Only the study team can confirm whether you are eligible, so take this list to your doctor.
- Ages 16 to 18 years
- Women only
- Healthy volunteers accepted
- Child, Adult
Who may be able to join
- Female basketball players aged 16-18 years.
- Currently competing in the U16 or U18 basketball leagues in Denizli, Türkiye.
- At least two years of structured basketball training experience.
- Regular participation in at least three training sessions and one official match per week.
- No injury or illness that could prevent maximal sprint performance.
Who cannot join
- Reporting an injury before testing that could prevent maximal sprint performance.
- Failure to attend all testing sessions or complete all three experimental conditions.
Trial locations and contacts
1 site in 1 country.
Turkey (Türkiye)1 site
Pamukkale University Sports Sciences and Technology Research and Application Center
Denizli, Pamukkale, 20000
About this study
Official title: Effects of Changes of Direction on Repeated-Sprint Performance, Perceived Exertion, and Acute Cardiovascular Responses in Adolescent Female Basketball Players: A Randomized Crossover Study
The purpose of this randomized crossover study was to compare the acute effects of repeated-sprint protocols incorporating different numbers of 180-degree changes of direction in adolescent female basketball players. Twenty participants completed three exercise conditions in a randomized, counterbalanced order: 10 × 15-m linear sprints, 10 × 15-m sprints incorporating one 180-degree change of direction, and 10 × 15-m sprints incorporating two 180-degree changes of direction. Each sprint was followed by 30 seconds of passive recovery. Sprint performance, perceived exertion, heart rate, peripheral oxygen saturation, and systolic and diastolic blood pressure were assessed. The study examined whether increasing the number of changes of direction affected repeated-sprint performance and acute perceptual and cardiovascular responses.
Read the detailed description
This was an acute, randomized, counterbalanced, three-condition crossover study in which each participant completed all experimental conditions and served as her own control.
Following a standardized warm-up, participants completed one of three repeated-sprint protocols during each experimental condition: 10 × 15-m linear sprints without a change of direction, 10 × 15-m sprints incorporating one 180-degree change of direction, or 10 × 15-m sprints incorporating two 180-degree changes of direction. A 30-second passive recovery period was provided between repetitions. Total sprint distance, number of repetitions, and recovery duration were standardized across the three conditions; only the number of changes of direction differed.
Sprint times were recorded using electronic timing gates. Best, average, and worst sprint times were determined, and sprint decrement and the change from best to worst performance were calculated. Rating of perceived exertion was recorded after each protocol. Heart rate, peripheral oxygen saturation, and systolic and diastolic blood pressure were assessed immediately before and after each condition.
The experimental conditions were compared to determine whether increasing the number of 180-degree changes of direction altered absolute repeated-sprint performance, performance maintenance, perceived exertion, or immediate cardiovascular responses.
- Conditions
- Athletic Performance
- Being tested
- Linear Repeated-Sprint Protocol, One-COD Repeated-Sprint Protocol, Two-COD Repeated-Sprint Protocol
- Keywords
- Repeated-Sprint Ability, Change of Direction, Female Basketball Players, Adolescent Athletes, Perceived Exertion, Cardiovascular Responses, Crossover Study
What participants receive
What participants receive. In a randomised study each person is assigned to one group by chance.
Linear Repeated-Sprint ProtocolBehavioural
Following a standardized 20-minute dynamic warm-up, participants performed 10 maximal 15-m linear sprints without a change of direction. Each sprint began from a standing position 0.5 m behind the starting line and was recorded using electronic timing gates. A 30-second passive recovery period was provided between repetitions, during which participants remained standing.
One-COD Repeated-Sprint ProtocolBehavioural
Following a standardized 20-minute dynamic warm-up, participants performed 10 maximal 15-m repeated sprints. Each repetition consisted of 7.5 m of forward sprinting followed by one 180-degree change of direction and a 7.5-m return sprint. Each sprint began from a standing position 0.5 m behind the starting line and was recorded using electronic timing gates. A 30-second passive recovery period was provided between repetitions, during which participants remained standing.
Two-COD Repeated-Sprint ProtocolBehavioural
Following a standardized 20-minute dynamic warm-up, participants performed 10 maximal 15-m repeated sprints. Each repetition consisted of three consecutive 5-m sections and incorporated two 180-degree changes of direction. Each sprint began from a standing position 0.5 m behind the starting line and was recorded using electronic timing gates. A 30-second passive recovery period was provided between repetitions, during which participants remained standing.
| Study group | Role | What they receive |
|---|---|---|
| Sequence 1: Linear-One-COD-Two-COD | Experimental | Participants assigned to Sequence 1 completed the linear repeated-sprint condition during the first experimental session, the one-COD condition during the second session, and the two-COD condition during the third session. Consecutive sessions were separated by at least 48 hours. Receives: Behavioral: Linear Repeated-Sprint Protocol; Behavioral: One-COD Repeated-Sprint Protocol; Behavioral: Two-COD Repeated-Sprint Protocol |
| Sequence 2: One-COD-Two-COD-Linear | Experimental | Participants assigned to Sequence 2 completed the one-COD repeated-sprint condition during the first experimental session, the two-COD condition during the second session, and the linear condition during the third session. Consecutive sessions were separated by at least 48 hours. Receives: Behavioral: Linear Repeated-Sprint Protocol; Behavioral: One-COD Repeated-Sprint Protocol; Behavioral: Two-COD Repeated-Sprint Protocol |
| Sequence 3: Two-COD-Linear-One-COD | Experimental | Participants assigned to Sequence 3 completed the two-COD repeated-sprint condition during the first experimental session, the linear condition during the second session, and the one-COD condition during the third session. Consecutive sessions were separated by at least 48 hours. Receives: Behavioral: Linear Repeated-Sprint Protocol; Behavioral: One-COD Repeated-Sprint Protocol; Behavioral: Two-COD Repeated-Sprint Protocol |
What is being measured
The primary outcome is the main question the study is designed to answer.
Average Sprint Time
The mean completion time of the 10 maximal 15-m sprint repetitions, recorded using Witty electronic timing gates and expressed in seconds. The outcome was calculated separately for the linear, one-COD, and two-COD repeated-sprint conditions.
Measured: During the repeated-sprint protocol in Sessions 1, 2, and 3 on Study Days 1, 3, and 5, respectively.
Best Sprint Time
The fastest completion time (lowest value) among the 10 maximal 15-m sprint repetitions, recorded using Witty electronic timing gates and expressed in seconds. The outcome was determined separately for the linear, one-COD, and two-COD repeated-sprint conditions.
Measured: During the repeated-sprint protocol in Sessions 1, 2, and 3 on Study Days 1, 3, and 5, respectively.
Worst Sprint Time
The slowest completion time (highest value) among the 10 maximal 15-m sprint repetitions, recorded using Witty electronic timing gates and expressed in seconds. The outcome was determined separately for the linear, one-COD, and two-COD repeated-sprint conditions.
Measured: During the repeated-sprint protocol in Sessions 1, 2, and 3 on Study Days 1, 3, and 5, respectively.
Secondary outcomes (7)
Sprint Decrement
The percentage reduction in performance across the 10 maximal sprint repetitions. Sprint decrement was calculated separately for each experimental condition using the following formula: Sdec (%) = ([sum of the 10 sprint times / (best sprint time × 10)] - 1) × 100. Higher values indicate a greater decline in repeated-sprint performance.
Measured: Calculated from the repeated-sprint protocol in Sessions 1, 2, and 3 on Study Days 1, 3, and 5, respectively.
Worst-to-Best Decrement
The percentage difference between the fastest and slowest sprint repetitions, calculated separately for each experimental condition using the following formula: [(worst sprint time - best sprint time) / best sprint time] × 100. Higher values indicate a greater decline from the best to the worst performance.
Measured: Calculated from the repeated-sprint protocol in Sessions 1, 2, and 3 on Study Days 1, 3, and 5, respectively.
Rating of Perceived Exertion
Perceived exertion was assessed using the Borg category-ratio scale ranging from 0 to 10, where 0 represents rest and 10 represents maximal exertion. Participants rated the overall difficulty of each completed repeated-sprint condition.
Measured: Immediately after completion of the repeated-sprint protocol in Sessions 1, 2, and 3 on Study Days 1, 3, and 5, respectively.
Heart Rate
Heart rate was measured using a Soulfix fingertip pulse oximeter placed on the index finger of the left hand. Values were recorded in beats per minute before and immediately after each repeated-sprint condition.
Measured: Immediately before and immediately after the repeated-sprint protocol in Sessions 1, 2, and 3 on Study Days 1, 3, and 5, respectively.
Peripheral Oxygen Saturation
Peripheral oxygen saturation (SpO2) was measured using a Soulfix fingertip pulse oximeter placed on the index finger of the left hand. Values were recorded as a percentage before and immediately after each repeated-sprint condition.
Measured: Immediately before and immediately after the repeated-sprint protocol in Sessions 1, 2, and 3 on Study Days 1, 3, and 5, respectively.
Systolic Blood Pressure
Systolic blood pressure was measured on the left upper arm using an Omron M2 Essential automated digital blood-pressure monitor. Values were recorded in millimeters of mercury (mmHg) before and immediately after each repeated-sprint condition.
Measured: Immediately before and immediately after the repeated-sprint protocol in Sessions 1, 2, and 3 on Study Days 1, 3, and 5, respectively.
Diastolic Blood Pressure
Diastolic blood pressure was measured on the left upper arm using an Omron M2 Essential automated digital blood-pressure monitor. Values were recorded in millimeters of mercury (mmHg) before and immediately after each repeated-sprint condition.
Measured: Immediately before and immediately after the repeated-sprint protocol in Sessions 1, 2, and 3 on Study Days 1, 3, and 5, respectively.
Timeline
From the start of the study to its completion; the mark is today. Estimated dates are the sponsor’s plan.
- First posted27 Jul 2026
- Study start2 May 2026
- Primary completion21 May 2026
- Study completion21 May 2026
Resources
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govThe registry entry this page is built from, with its full change history.
- Other trials for Athletic PerformanceStudies of the same condition, open and under way.
- More trials run by Pamukkale UniversityThe sponsor's other registered studies.
- What the trial phases meanHow a treatment moves from first tests in people to approval.
More details
For doctors and researchers: how the study is designed, who runs it, and its registry IDs.
Study design
- Study type
- Interventional
- Phase
- Phase N/A
- Primary purpose
- Other
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Crossover
- Model description
- Participants were randomized to one of three counterbalanced testing sequences. Each participant completed the linear, one-COD, and two-COD repeated-sprint conditions, with at least 48 hours between consecutive sessions. The sequences were linear-one-COD-two-COD, one-COD-two-COD-linear, and two-COD-linear-one-COD.
- Masking
- None (open label)
- Enrolment
- 20 participants (actual)
Sponsor and investigators
- Lead sponsor
- Pamukkale University
- Sponsor type
- University, hospital or other
- Responsible party
- Principal investigator, Engin Güneş Atabaş, Pamukkale University
- Investigators
- Engin Güneş Atabaş, PhD, Principal investigator, Pamukkale Üniversitesi
IDs, dates and publications
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT07727850
- Sponsor's protocol ID
- PAU-COD-RSA-2026-01
- Status last verified
- Jul 2026
- First submitted
- 22 Jul 2026
- Last updated
- 30 Jul 2026
- Results posted
- No
- Data monitoring committee
- No
- FDA-regulated drug
- No
- FDA-regulated device
- No
- Individual data sharing
- No: Individual participant data will not be publicly shared because participant consent did not include public data sharing and the dataset contains information from adolescent participants. De-identified aggregate data may be made available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request and subject to institutional and ethical approval.
Study at a glance
From the registry record, last updated by the sponsor on 30 Jul 2026. Recruitment status is as the sponsor reported it: confirm with the study team.
- Official title
- Effects of Changes of Direction on Repeated-Sprint Performance, Perceived Exertion, and Acute Cardiovascular Responses in Adolescent Female Basketball Players: A Randomized Crossover Study
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT07727850
- Acronym / sponsor ID
- PAU-COD-RSA-2026-01
- Conditions
- Athletic Performance
- Keywords
- Repeated-Sprint Ability, Change of Direction, Female Basketball Players, Adolescent Athletes, Perceived Exertion, Cardiovascular Responses, Crossover Study
- Study type
- Interventional
- Recruitment status
- Completed
- Enrolment
- 20 participants (actual)
- Lead sponsor
- Pamukkale UniversityUniversity, hospital or other
- Study start
- 2 May 2026 (actual)
- Primary completion
- 21 May 2026 (actual)
- Study completion
- 21 May 2026 (actual)
- First posted
- 27 Jul 2026 (actual)
- Results
- Not posted in the source record
Clinical summary
The research question as the sponsor registered it. This describes what the study plans to test, not what it found.
The purpose of this randomized crossover study was to compare the acute effects of repeated-sprint protocols incorporating different numbers of 180-degree changes of direction in adolescent female basketball players. Twenty participants completed three exercise conditions in a randomized, counterbalanced order: 10 × 15-m linear sprints, 10 × 15-m sprints incorporating one 180-degree change of direction, and 10 × 15-m sprints incorporating two 180-degree changes of direction. Each sprint was followed by 30 seconds of passive recovery. Sprint performance, perceived exertion, heart rate, peripheral oxygen saturation, and systolic and diastolic blood pressure were assessed. The study examined whether increasing the number of changes of direction affected repeated-sprint performance and acute perceptual and cardiovascular responses.
Detailed description
This was an acute, randomized, counterbalanced, three-condition crossover study in which each participant completed all experimental conditions and served as her own control.
Following a standardized warm-up, participants completed one of three repeated-sprint protocols during each experimental condition: 10 × 15-m linear sprints without a change of direction, 10 × 15-m sprints incorporating one 180-degree change of direction, or 10 × 15-m sprints incorporating two 180-degree changes of direction. A 30-second passive recovery period was provided between repetitions. Total sprint distance, number of repetitions, and recovery duration were standardized across the three conditions; only the number of changes of direction differed.
Sprint times were recorded using electronic timing gates. Best, average, and worst sprint times were determined, and sprint decrement and the change from best to worst performance were calculated. Rating of perceived exertion was recorded after each protocol. Heart rate, peripheral oxygen saturation, and systolic and diastolic blood pressure were assessed immediately before and after each condition.
The experimental conditions were compared to determine whether increasing the number of 180-degree changes of direction altered absolute repeated-sprint performance, performance maintenance, perceived exertion, or immediate cardiovascular responses.
Study design
- Primary purpose
- Other
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Crossover
- Masking
- None (open label)
- Number of arms
- 3
- Model description
- Participants were randomized to one of three counterbalanced testing sequences. Each participant completed the linear, one-COD, and two-COD repeated-sprint conditions, with at least 48 hours between consecutive sessions. The sequences were linear-one-COD-two-COD, one-COD-two-COD-linear, and two-COD-linear-one-COD.
| Arm | Type | Receives |
|---|---|---|
| Sequence 1: Linear-One-COD-Two-COD | Experimental | Behavioral: Linear Repeated-Sprint Protocol, Behavioral: One-COD Repeated-Sprint Protocol, Behavioral: Two-COD Repeated-Sprint ProtocolParticipants assigned to Sequence 1 completed the linear repeated-sprint condition during the first experimental session, the one-COD condition during the second session, and the two-COD condition during the third session. Consecutive sessions were separated by at least 48 hours. |
| Sequence 2: One-COD-Two-COD-Linear | Experimental | Behavioral: Linear Repeated-Sprint Protocol, Behavioral: One-COD Repeated-Sprint Protocol, Behavioral: Two-COD Repeated-Sprint ProtocolParticipants assigned to Sequence 2 completed the one-COD repeated-sprint condition during the first experimental session, the two-COD condition during the second session, and the linear condition during the third session. Consecutive sessions were separated by at least 48 hours. |
| Sequence 3: Two-COD-Linear-One-COD | Experimental | Behavioral: Linear Repeated-Sprint Protocol, Behavioral: One-COD Repeated-Sprint Protocol, Behavioral: Two-COD Repeated-Sprint ProtocolParticipants assigned to Sequence 3 completed the two-COD repeated-sprint condition during the first experimental session, the linear condition during the second session, and the one-COD condition during the third session. Consecutive sessions were separated by at least 48 hours. |
Who may qualify
- Ages
- 16 to 18 years
- Sex
- Female only
- Healthy volunteers
- Accepted
- Age groups
- Child, Adult
Key inclusion criteria (5 listed)
- Female basketball players aged 16-18 years.
- Currently competing in the U16 or U18 basketball leagues in Denizli, Türkiye.
- At least two years of structured basketball training experience.
- Regular participation in at least three training sessions and one official match per week.
- No injury or illness that could prevent maximal sprint performance.
Key exclusion criteria (2 listed)
- Reporting an injury before testing that could prevent maximal sprint performance.
- Failure to attend all testing sessions or complete all three experimental conditions.
Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening; this overview does not establish that a patient qualifies. Full inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Interventions
| Intervention | Type | Arms |
|---|---|---|
| Linear Repeated-Sprint ProtocolFollowing a standardized 20-minute dynamic warm-up, participants performed 10 maximal 15-m linear sprints without a change of direction. Each sprint began from a standing position 0.5 m behind the starting line and was recorded using electronic timing gates. A 30-second passive recovery period was provided between repetitions, during which participants remained standing. | Behavioural | Sequence 1: Linear-One-COD-Two-COD, Sequence 2: One-COD-Two-COD-Linear, Sequence 3: Two-COD-Linear-One-COD |
| One-COD Repeated-Sprint ProtocolFollowing a standardized 20-minute dynamic warm-up, participants performed 10 maximal 15-m repeated sprints. Each repetition consisted of 7.5 m of forward sprinting followed by one 180-degree change of direction and a 7.5-m return sprint. Each sprint began from a standing position 0.5 m behind the starting line and was recorded using electronic timing gates. A 30-second passive recovery period was provided between repetitions, during which participants remained standing. | Behavioural | Sequence 1: Linear-One-COD-Two-COD, Sequence 2: One-COD-Two-COD-Linear, Sequence 3: Two-COD-Linear-One-COD |
| Two-COD Repeated-Sprint ProtocolFollowing a standardized 20-minute dynamic warm-up, participants performed 10 maximal 15-m repeated sprints. Each repetition consisted of three consecutive 5-m sections and incorporated two 180-degree changes of direction. Each sprint began from a standing position 0.5 m behind the starting line and was recorded using electronic timing gates. A 30-second passive recovery period was provided between repetitions, during which participants remained standing. | Behavioural | Sequence 1: Linear-One-COD-Two-COD, Sequence 2: One-COD-Two-COD-Linear, Sequence 3: Two-COD-Linear-One-COD |
Primary outcome
Average Sprint Time
Time frame: During the repeated-sprint protocol in Sessions 1, 2, and 3 on Study Days 1, 3, and 5, respectively.
The mean completion time of the 10 maximal 15-m sprint repetitions, recorded using Witty electronic timing gates and expressed in seconds. The outcome was calculated separately for the linear, one-COD, and two-COD repeated-sprint conditions.
Best Sprint Time
Time frame: During the repeated-sprint protocol in Sessions 1, 2, and 3 on Study Days 1, 3, and 5, respectively.
The fastest completion time (lowest value) among the 10 maximal 15-m sprint repetitions, recorded using Witty electronic timing gates and expressed in seconds. The outcome was determined separately for the linear, one-COD, and two-COD repeated-sprint conditions.
Worst Sprint Time
Time frame: During the repeated-sprint protocol in Sessions 1, 2, and 3 on Study Days 1, 3, and 5, respectively.
The slowest completion time (highest value) among the 10 maximal 15-m sprint repetitions, recorded using Witty electronic timing gates and expressed in seconds. The outcome was determined separately for the linear, one-COD, and two-COD repeated-sprint conditions.
7 secondary outcomes
Sprint Decrement
Time frame: Calculated from the repeated-sprint protocol in Sessions 1, 2, and 3 on Study Days 1, 3, and 5, respectively.
Worst-to-Best Decrement
Time frame: Calculated from the repeated-sprint protocol in Sessions 1, 2, and 3 on Study Days 1, 3, and 5, respectively.
Rating of Perceived Exertion
Time frame: Immediately after completion of the repeated-sprint protocol in Sessions 1, 2, and 3 on Study Days 1, 3, and 5, respectively.
Heart Rate
Time frame: Immediately before and immediately after the repeated-sprint protocol in Sessions 1, 2, and 3 on Study Days 1, 3, and 5, respectively.
Peripheral Oxygen Saturation
Time frame: Immediately before and immediately after the repeated-sprint protocol in Sessions 1, 2, and 3 on Study Days 1, 3, and 5, respectively.
Systolic Blood Pressure
Time frame: Immediately before and immediately after the repeated-sprint protocol in Sessions 1, 2, and 3 on Study Days 1, 3, and 5, respectively.
Diastolic Blood Pressure
Time frame: Immediately before and immediately after the repeated-sprint protocol in Sessions 1, 2, and 3 on Study Days 1, 3, and 5, respectively.
Results and safety
The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.
Research links
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govLast updated by the sponsor 30 Jul 2026.
- Individual participant dataSharing planned: No. Individual participant data will not be publicly shared because participant consent did not include public data sharing and the dataset contains information from adolescent participants. De-identified aggregate data may be made available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request and subject to institutional and ethical approval.
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Referral and contact
AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals. Contact the study team or a site listed below; they decide who can take part. This study is not recruiting at the moment.
Engin Güneş Atabaş, PhD principal investigator
Pamukkale Üniversitesi
1 site in 1 country: see every site and its status.
Questions about this trial
What is this clinical trial studying?
A study testing Linear Repeated-Sprint Protocol, One-COD Repeated-Sprint Protocol and Two-COD Repeated-Sprint Protocol in people with Athletic Performance, run by Pamukkale University at 1 site in Turkey (Türkiye).
The full registered description is in the About this study section and the official record.
Who may be eligible to take part?
The sponsor lists 5 inclusion and 2 exclusion criteria. Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening, so read the full criteria and contact a listed site.
Is this clinical trial currently recruiting?
The record says: finished, as of the sponsor's last update on 30 Jul 2026. Status can change between updates, so confirm with the study contact before making plans.
Where is the study taking place?
The record lists 1 site in Turkey (Türkiye). Whether a site is taking part right now should be confirmed with that site. See every site.
What are the possible benefits and risks?
They depend on the study and the treatment, and no study can promise a benefit. The study team explains the known risks during informed consent, before anyone joins; the record itself does not list them.
Are results available for this study?
The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.
How can a doctor refer a patient or contact the research team?
The record lists no contact. The official record names the sponsor, who can be asked directly. AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals.
What does the primary outcome measure?
Average Sprint Time (time frame: During the repeated-sprint protocol in Sessions 1, 2, and 3 on Study Days 1, 3, and 5, respectively.). The study lists 3 primary outcomes in all. It is what the study was designed to measure, not a finding.
Where can I read the original study information?
Does a listing mean the treatment is approved or proven to work?
No. A listing means the study is registered. It does not show that the treatment is safe, works, or is approved by a regulator.
How often is this information updated?
AzTrials copies changed records from ClinicalTrials.gov every night and reloads the whole registry every week. The sponsor last updated this record on 30 Jul 2026.