Social Anxiety Disorder (SAD)SADNCT07753538
Interpretation Bias Modification Training for Social Anxiety Disorder
A study testing Interpretation Bias Modification Training and Stress Management Psychoeducation in people with Social Anxiety Disorder (SAD), run by University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee at 1 site in United States.
Trial summary
The overall goal of the current study is to develop and evaluate a computerized interpretation bias modification (IBM) training for treating social anxiety disorder (SAD). A key focus is placed on enhancing accessibility and efficacy of IBM for SAD by delivering it through a mobile platform, with three specific aims… Read more about this study
- Who is it for?
- Ages 18 to 60 years
- Conditions the study is for
- Social Anxiety Disorder (SAD)
- What is being tested?
- Interpretation Bias Modification Training and Stress Management Psychoeducation
- Type of treatment
- Lifestyle or therapy programme
- Could I receive a placebo?
- No, everyone receives an active treatment
- How many people
- 50 participants
- Where
- 1 siteUnited States
- Study dates
- 26 Sep 2024to 8 Dec 2025
- Phase
- Interventional
- Are there results?
- None posted in the registry
Key requirements
Who can take part, as listed by the sponsor. Only the study team can confirm whether you are eligible, so take this list to your doctor.
- Ages 18 to 60 years
- All sexes
- No healthy volunteers
- Adult
Who may be able to join
- Diagnosis of SAD based on the DIAMOND screening interview
- Moderate or severe symptoms of SAD as assessed by the Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale (LSAS score of >= 30)
- Ages 18-60
- English as a primary language
- Possession of a mobile device for access to training and text message for daily diary
Who cannot join
- Self-report visual impairment that cannot be adjusted and will prevent them from clearly recognizing words and pictures on mobile screen
- Self-reported history of a bipolar disorder or psychotic disorder as measured by Diagnostic History Scale
- Current psychotherapy for SAD
Trial locations and contacts
1 site in 1 country.
United States1 site
University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee
Milwaukee, Wisconsin, 53211
About this study
Official title: Computerized Interpretation Bias Modification Training for Social Anxiety Disorder
The overall goal of the current study is to develop and evaluate a computerized interpretation bias modification (IBM) training for treating social anxiety disorder (SAD). A key focus is placed on enhancing accessibility and efficacy of IBM for SAD by delivering it through a mobile platform, with three specific aims outlined.
First, the current study aims to examine the efficacy of the IBM training in reducing social anxiety symptoms by comparing the pre-, post-, and follow-up assessments of the IBM group with a control group.
Read more
Second, the current study aims to examine the effect of IBM on reducing participants' daily social anxiety symptoms using daily diary methodology.
Third, the investigators also aim to evaluate the feasibility and acceptability of the IBM training. The investigators expect that at least 70% of participants will complete 4 or more of the six training sessions.
- Conditions
- Social Anxiety Disorder (SAD)
- Being tested
- Interpretation Bias Modification Training, Stress Management Psychoeducation
- Keywords
- interpretation bias, cognitive training, computerized intervention, social anxiety disorder
- Medical subject headings
- Phobia, Social
What participants receive
What participants receive. In a randomised study each person is assigned to one group by chance.
Interpretation Bias Modification TrainingBehavioural
Interpretation Bias Modification Training aims to help participants interpret ambiguous social scenarios in a benign way, with the goal of reducing social anxiety symptoms. Individuals with social anxiety disorder tend to interpret ambiguous social situations negatively or catastrophize mildly negative events. This intervention targets this core cognitive characteristic by repeatedly training more adaptive interpretation. Cognitive training is delivered through mobile devices, increasing accessibility and cost-effectiveness while allowing participants to complete the intervention remotely.
Stress Management PsychoeducationBehavioural
Stress Management Psychoeducation (SMP) is used as a credible comparison condition to evaluate whether CBM-I has specific therapeutic effects on reducing social anxiety symptoms. The SMP condition follows the same training format as CBM-I, in which participants complete fragmented sentences by filling in missing letters. However, the training content focuses on stress management strategies rather than modifying maladaptive interpretations of ambiguous social situations.
| Study group | Role | What they receive |
|---|---|---|
| Cognitive Bias Modification for Interpretation Bias (CBM-I) | Experimental | CBM-I is designed to modify negative interpretation bias, a core cognitive characteristic of social anxiety disorder. During the training, participants will complete sentence fragments by filling in missing letters, guiding them to interpret ambiguous social scenarios in a benign way. Participants will complete the training three times per week for two weeks. Receives: Behavioral: Interpretation Bias Modification Training |
| Stress Management Psychoeducation (SMP) Group | Active comparator | The Stress Management Psychoeducation (SMP) group will also receive a cognitive training intervention involving the completion of sentence fragments by filling in missing letters. However, the training content will focus on stress management strategies, such as relaxation techniques and organizational skills, rather than interpretation bias modification. Participants in the SMP group will also complete the training three times per week for two weeks. Receives: Behavioral: Stress Management Psychoeducation |
What is being measured
The primary outcome is the main question the study is designed to answer.
Brief Fear of Negative Evaluation (BFNE)
The BFNE is a 12-item questionnaire, evaluating the level of apprehension and distress about expected negative evaluation. The BFNE was used to assess the cognitive symptoms of social anxiety disorder.
Measured: Pre-training (baseline); Post-training (approximately 1-2 days after completion of the 2-week intervention); 2-week follow-up (2 weeks after completion of the 2-week intervention)
Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale- Self-report Version (LSAS-SR)
The LSAS-SR is a 24-item scale that assesses the severity of social anxiety symptoms across two subscales: the level of anxiety (emotional reaction) and the level of avoidance (behavioral reaction). In the current study, the two subscales will be analyzed separately to evaluate the effects of the intervention on the emotional and behavioral symptoms of social anxiety.
Measured: Pre-training (baseline); Post-training (approximately 1-2 days after completion of the 2-week intervention); 2-week follow-up (2 weeks after completion of the 2-week intervention)
Diagnostic Interview for Anxiety, Mood, and OCD and Related Neuropsychiatric Disorders (DIAMOND)
DIAMOND is a semi-structured diagnostic interview to assess DSM-5 psychiatric disorders and has demonstrated good reliability and validity. For the current study, only the social anxiety disorder module was administered at pre-training and follow-up assessments.
Measured: Pre-training (baseline); 2-week follow-up (2 weeks after completion of the 2-week intervention)
Secondary outcomes (4)
Word Sentence Association Paradigm (WSAP)
The WSAP task was used to evaluate interpretation bias in response to ambiguous situations. During the task, participants indicate whether a presented word (either negative or benign) is related or unrelated to a subsequently presented ambiguous sentence. The scenarios included both social and general situations. The percentage of endorsement responses was calculated separately for each trial type: social-threat, social-benign, general-threat, and general benign.
Measured: Pre-training (baseline); Post-training (approximately 1-2 days after completion of the 2-week intervention); 2-week follow-up (2 weeks after completion of the 2-week intervention)
Daily Diary
Daily diary was used to evaluate participants' daily social interactions and changes in social anxiety symptoms. Participants in both groups received a text message to complete the daily diary survey each evening over the 2-week period of training. The survey first asked participants to report the social interactions they had experienced that day, followed by questions assessing anxiety, avoidance, negative self-perception, fear of negative judgment, and satisfaction related to the most stressful social interaction.
Measured: 2 weeks of training period
Credibility and Expectancy Questionnaire (CEQ)
The CEQ is a self-report measure that assesses participants' perceptions of the credibility of an intervention their expectations regarding its outcomes. This measure was used to evaluate the feasibility of the CBM-I intervention.
Measured: After the 1st training session
Treatment Acceptability Questionnaire (TAQ)
The TAQ is a 5-item self-report measures that evaluates participants' perceptions of an intervention's acceptability, ethicality, acceptability of side effects, pleasantness and comfort of the intervention.
Measured: 2-week follow-up (2 weeks after completion of the 2-week intervention)
Timeline
From the start of the study to its completion; the mark is today. Estimated dates are the sponsor’s plan.
- First posted7 Aug 2026
- Study start26 Sep 2024
- Primary completion8 Dec 2025
- Study completion8 Dec 2025
Resources
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govThe registry entry this page is built from, with its full change history.
- Publications (10)Papers the sponsor has linked to this study.
- Other trials for Social Anxiety Disorder (SAD)Studies of the same condition, open and under way.
- What the trial phases meanHow a treatment moves from first tests in people to approval.
More details
For doctors and researchers: how the study is designed, who runs it, and its registry IDs.
Study design
- Study type
- Interventional
- Phase
- Phase N/A
- Primary purpose
- Treatment
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Model description
- Participants will be randomly assigned to one of two groups: active training group (Interpretation Bias Modification Group; IBM) or placebo training group (stress management psychoeducation group; SMP). All participants will complete the cognitive training three times a week for two weeks.
- Masking
- Single blind
- Who is masked
- Participant
- Enrolment
- 50 participants (actual)
Sponsor and investigators
- Lead sponsor
- University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee
- Sponsor type
- University, hospital or other
- Responsible party
- Sponsor
IDs, dates and publications
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT07753538
- Sponsor's protocol ID
- UWM 25.022
- Acronym
- SAD
- Status last verified
- Jul 2026
- First submitted
- 17 Jul 2026
- Last updated
- 7 Aug 2026
- Results posted
- No
- FDA-regulated drug
- No
- FDA-regulated device
- No
- Individual data sharing
- Undecided
Publications
Mobini S, Mackintosh B, Illingworth J, Gega L, Langdon P, Hoppitt L. Effects of standard and explicit cognitive bias modification and computer-administered cognitive-behaviour therapy on cognitive biases and social anxiety. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry. 2014 Jun;45(2):272-9. doi: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2013.12.002. Epub 2013 Dec 31.
PubMed 24412966Beard C, Amir N. A multi-session interpretation modification program: changes in interpretation and social anxiety symptoms. Behav Res Ther. 2008 Oct;46(10):1135-41. doi: 10.1016/j.brat.2008.05.012. Epub 2008 Jun 27.
PubMed 18675400Beard C. Cognitive bias modification for anxiety: current evidence and future directions. Expert Rev Neurother. 2011 Feb;11(2):299-311. doi: 10.1586/ern.10.194.
PubMed 21306216Amir N, Prouvost C, Kuckertz JM. Lack of a benign interpretation bias in social anxiety disorder. Cogn Behav Ther. 2012;41(2):119-29. doi: 10.1080/16506073.2012.662655. Epub 2012 Apr 30.
PubMed 22545788Patel TA, Schubert FT, Hom MA, Cougle JR. Correlates of treatment seeking in individuals with social anxiety disorder: Findings from a nationally representative sample. J Anxiety Disord. 2022 Oct;91:102616. doi: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2022.102616. Epub 2022 Aug 6.
PubMed 36007388Liu H, Li X, Han B, Liu X. Effects of cognitive bias modification on social anxiety: A meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2017 Apr 6;12(4):e0175107. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0175107. eCollection 2017.
PubMed 28384301Heinrichs N, Hofmann SG. Information processing in social phobia: a critical review. Clin Psychol Rev. 2001 Jul;21(5):751-70. doi: 10.1016/s0272-7358(00)00067-2.
PubMed 11434229Cougle JR, Wilver NL, Day TN, Summers BJ, Okey SA, Carlton CN. Interpretation Bias Modification Versus Progressive Muscle Relaxation for Social Anxiety Disorder: A Web-Based Controlled Trial. Behav Ther. 2020 Jan;51(1):99-112. doi: 10.1016/j.beth.2019.05.009. Epub 2019 May 24.
PubMed 32005343Clark DM, McManus F. Information processing in social phobia. Biol Psychiatry. 2002 Jan 1;51(1):92-100. doi: 10.1016/s0006-3223(01)01296-3.
PubMed 11801234Amir N, Taylor CT. Interpretation training in individuals with generalized social anxiety disorder: a randomized controlled trial. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2012 Jun;80(3):497-511. doi: 10.1037/a0026928. Epub 2012 Jan 16.
PubMed 22250851
Study at a glance
From the registry record, last updated by the sponsor on 7 Aug 2026. Recruitment status is as the sponsor reported it: confirm with the study team.
- Official title
- Computerized Interpretation Bias Modification Training for Social Anxiety Disorder
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT07753538
- Acronym / sponsor ID
- SAD / UWM 25.022
- Conditions
- Social Anxiety Disorder (SAD)
- Keywords
- interpretation bias, cognitive training, computerized intervention, social anxiety disorder
- Study type
- Interventional
- Recruitment status
- Completed
- Enrolment
- 50 participants (actual)
- Lead sponsor
- University of Wisconsin, MilwaukeeUniversity, hospital or other
- Study start
- 26 Sep 2024 (actual)
- Primary completion
- 8 Dec 2025 (actual)
- Study completion
- 8 Dec 2025 (actual)
- First posted
- 7 Aug 2026 (actual)
- Results
- Not posted in the source record
Clinical summary
The research question as the sponsor registered it. This describes what the study plans to test, not what it found.
The overall goal of the current study is to develop and evaluate a computerized interpretation bias modification (IBM) training for treating social anxiety disorder (SAD). A key focus is placed on enhancing accessibility and efficacy of IBM for SAD by delivering it through a mobile platform, with three specific aims outlined.
First, the current study aims to examine the efficacy of the IBM training in reducing social anxiety symptoms by comparing the pre-, post-, and follow-up assessments of the IBM group with a control group.
Second, the current study aims to examine the effect of IBM on reducing participants' daily social anxiety symptoms using daily diary methodology.
Third, the investigators also aim to evaluate the feasibility and acceptability of the IBM training. The investigators expect that at least 70% of participants will complete 4 or more of the six training sessions.
Study design
- Primary purpose
- Treatment
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Masking
- Single blind (participant)
- Number of arms
- 2
- Model description
- Participants will be randomly assigned to one of two groups: active training group (Interpretation Bias Modification Group; IBM) or placebo training group (stress management psychoeducation group; SMP). All participants will complete the cognitive training three times a week for two weeks.
| Arm | Type | Receives |
|---|---|---|
| Cognitive Bias Modification for Interpretation Bias (CBM-I) | Experimental | Behavioral: Interpretation Bias Modification TrainingCBM-I is designed to modify negative interpretation bias, a core cognitive characteristic of social anxiety disorder. During the training, participants will complete sentence fragments by filling in missing letters, guiding them to interpret ambiguous social scenarios in a benign way. Participants will complete the training three times per week for two weeks. |
| Stress Management Psychoeducation (SMP) Group | Active comparator | Behavioral: Stress Management PsychoeducationThe Stress Management Psychoeducation (SMP) group will also receive a cognitive training intervention involving the completion of sentence fragments by filling in missing letters. However, the training content will focus on stress management strategies, such as relaxation techniques and organizational skills, rather than interpretation bias modification. Participants in the SMP group will also complete the training three times per week for two weeks. |
Who may qualify
- Ages
- 18 to 60 years
- Sex
- All
- Healthy volunteers
- Not accepted
- Age groups
- Adult
Key inclusion criteria (5 listed)
- Diagnosis of SAD based on the DIAMOND screening interview
- Moderate or severe symptoms of SAD as assessed by the Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale (LSAS score of >= 30)
- Ages 18-60
- English as a primary language
- Possession of a mobile device for access to training and text message for daily diary
Key exclusion criteria (3 listed)
- Self-report visual impairment that cannot be adjusted and will prevent them from clearly recognizing words and pictures on mobile screen
- Self-reported history of a bipolar disorder or psychotic disorder as measured by Diagnostic History Scale
- Current psychotherapy for SAD
Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening; this overview does not establish that a patient qualifies. Full inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Interventions
| Intervention | Type | Arms |
|---|---|---|
| Interpretation Bias Modification TrainingInterpretation Bias Modification Training aims to help participants interpret ambiguous social scenarios in a benign way, with the goal of reducing social anxiety symptoms. Individuals with social anxiety disorder tend to interpret ambiguous social situations negatively or catastrophize mildly negative events. This intervention targets this core cognitive characteristic by repeatedly training more adaptive interpretation. Cognitive training is delivered through mobile devices, increasing accessibility and cost-effectiveness while allowing participants to complete the intervention remotely. | Behavioural | Cognitive Bias Modification for Interpretation Bias (CBM-I) |
| Stress Management PsychoeducationStress Management Psychoeducation (SMP) is used as a credible comparison condition to evaluate whether CBM-I has specific therapeutic effects on reducing social anxiety symptoms. The SMP condition follows the same training format as CBM-I, in which participants complete fragmented sentences by filling in missing letters. However, the training content focuses on stress management strategies rather than modifying maladaptive interpretations of ambiguous social situations. | Behavioural | Stress Management Psychoeducation (SMP) Group |
Primary outcome
Brief Fear of Negative Evaluation (BFNE)
Time frame: Pre-training (baseline); Post-training (approximately 1-2 days after completion of the 2-week intervention); 2-week follow-up (2 weeks after completion of the 2-week intervention)
The BFNE is a 12-item questionnaire, evaluating the level of apprehension and distress about expected negative evaluation. The BFNE was used to assess the cognitive symptoms of social anxiety disorder.
Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale- Self-report Version (LSAS-SR)
Time frame: Pre-training (baseline); Post-training (approximately 1-2 days after completion of the 2-week intervention); 2-week follow-up (2 weeks after completion of the 2-week intervention)
The LSAS-SR is a 24-item scale that assesses the severity of social anxiety symptoms across two subscales: the level of anxiety (emotional reaction) and the level of avoidance (behavioral reaction). In the current study, the two subscales will be analyzed separately to evaluate the effects of the intervention on the emotional and behavioral symptoms of social anxiety.
Diagnostic Interview for Anxiety, Mood, and OCD and Related Neuropsychiatric Disorders (DIAMOND)
Time frame: Pre-training (baseline); 2-week follow-up (2 weeks after completion of the 2-week intervention)
DIAMOND is a semi-structured diagnostic interview to assess DSM-5 psychiatric disorders and has demonstrated good reliability and validity. For the current study, only the social anxiety disorder module was administered at pre-training and follow-up assessments.
4 secondary outcomes
Word Sentence Association Paradigm (WSAP)
Time frame: Pre-training (baseline); Post-training (approximately 1-2 days after completion of the 2-week intervention); 2-week follow-up (2 weeks after completion of the 2-week intervention)
Daily Diary
Time frame: 2 weeks of training period
Credibility and Expectancy Questionnaire (CEQ)
Time frame: After the 1st training session
Treatment Acceptability Questionnaire (TAQ)
Time frame: 2-week follow-up (2 weeks after completion of the 2-week intervention)
Results and safety
The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.
Research links
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govLast updated by the sponsor 7 Aug 2026.
- Background: PubMed 24412966Mobini S, Mackintosh B, Illingworth J, Gega L, Langdon P, Hoppitt L. Effects of standard and explicit cognitive bias modification and computer-administered cognitive-behaviour therapy on cognitive biases and social anxiety. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry. 2014 Jun;45(2):272-9. doi: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2013.12.002. Epub 2013 Dec 31.
- Background: PubMed 18675400Beard C, Amir N. A multi-session interpretation modification program: changes in interpretation and social anxiety symptoms. Behav Res Ther. 2008 Oct;46(10):1135-41. doi: 10.1016/j.brat.2008.05.012. Epub 2008 Jun 27.
- Background: PubMed 21306216Beard C. Cognitive bias modification for anxiety: current evidence and future directions. Expert Rev Neurother. 2011 Feb;11(2):299-311. doi: 10.1586/ern.10.194.
- Background: PubMed 22545788Amir N, Prouvost C, Kuckertz JM. Lack of a benign interpretation bias in social anxiety disorder. Cogn Behav Ther. 2012;41(2):119-29. doi: 10.1080/16506073.2012.662655. Epub 2012 Apr 30.
- Background: PubMed 36007388Patel TA, Schubert FT, Hom MA, Cougle JR. Correlates of treatment seeking in individuals with social anxiety disorder: Findings from a nationally representative sample. J Anxiety Disord. 2022 Oct;91:102616. doi: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2022.102616. Epub 2022 Aug 6.
- Background: PubMed 28384301Liu H, Li X, Han B, Liu X. Effects of cognitive bias modification on social anxiety: A meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2017 Apr 6;12(4):e0175107. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0175107. eCollection 2017.
- Background: PubMed 11434229Heinrichs N, Hofmann SG. Information processing in social phobia: a critical review. Clin Psychol Rev. 2001 Jul;21(5):751-70. doi: 10.1016/s0272-7358(00)00067-2.
- Background: PubMed 32005343Cougle JR, Wilver NL, Day TN, Summers BJ, Okey SA, Carlton CN. Interpretation Bias Modification Versus Progressive Muscle Relaxation for Social Anxiety Disorder: A Web-Based Controlled Trial. Behav Ther. 2020 Jan;51(1):99-112. doi: 10.1016/j.beth.2019.05.009. Epub 2019 May 24.
- Background: PubMed 11801234Clark DM, McManus F. Information processing in social phobia. Biol Psychiatry. 2002 Jan 1;51(1):92-100. doi: 10.1016/s0006-3223(01)01296-3.
- Background: PubMed 22250851Amir N, Taylor CT. Interpretation training in individuals with generalized social anxiety disorder: a randomized controlled trial. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2012 Jun;80(3):497-511. doi: 10.1037/a0026928. Epub 2012 Jan 16.
- Individual participant dataSharing planned: Undecided
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Referral and contact
AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals. Contact the study team or a site listed below; they decide who can take part. This study is not recruiting at the moment.
The record lists no contact. Use the official record to reach the sponsor.
1 site in 1 country: see every site and its status.
Questions about this trial
What is this clinical trial studying?
A study testing Interpretation Bias Modification Training and Stress Management Psychoeducation in people with Social Anxiety Disorder (SAD), run by University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee at 1 site in United States.
The full registered description is in the About this study section and the official record.
Who may be eligible to take part?
The sponsor lists 5 inclusion and 3 exclusion criteria. Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening, so read the full criteria and contact a listed site.
Is this clinical trial currently recruiting?
The record says: finished, as of the sponsor's last update on 7 Aug 2026. Status can change between updates, so confirm with the study contact before making plans.
Where is the study taking place?
The record lists 1 site in United States. Whether a site is taking part right now should be confirmed with that site. See every site.
What are the possible benefits and risks?
They depend on the study and the treatment, and no study can promise a benefit. The study team explains the known risks during informed consent, before anyone joins; the record itself does not list them.
Are results available for this study?
The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.
How can a doctor refer a patient or contact the research team?
The record lists no contact. The official record names the sponsor, who can be asked directly. AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals.
What does the primary outcome measure?
Brief Fear of Negative Evaluation (BFNE) (time frame: Pre-training (baseline); Post-training (approximately 1-2 days after completion of the 2-week intervention); 2-week follow-up (2 weeks after completion of the 2-week intervention)). The study lists 3 primary outcomes in all. It is what the study was designed to measure, not a finding.
Where can I read the original study information?
On the ClinicalTrials.gov record for NCT07753538, which also lists 10 linked publications.
Does a listing mean the treatment is approved or proven to work?
No. A listing means the study is registered. It does not show that the treatment is safe, works, or is approved by a regulator.
How often is this information updated?
AzTrials copies changed records from ClinicalTrials.gov every night and reloads the whole registry every week. The sponsor last updated this record on 7 Aug 2026.