Labor Pain and AnxietyNCT07777107
Warm and Cool Color Visual Focusing in Labor
A study testing Warm-color visual and Cool-color visual in people with Labor Pain and Anxiety, run by Balikesir University at 1 site in Turkey (Türkiye).
Trial summary
This randomized controlled trial was conducted to compare the effects of focusing on warm- and cool-color visuals during labor on labor pain, state anxiety, childbirth comfort, and labor duration. Nulliparous pregnant women were randomly assigned to warm- or cool-color visual focusing groups. Read more about this study
- Who is it for?
- Ages 18 years and older, women onlyHealthy volunteers can take part
- Conditions the study is for
- Labor Pain and Anxiety
- What is being tested?
- Warm-color visual and Cool-color visual
- Could I receive a placebo?
- No, everyone receives an active treatment
- How many people
- 64 participants
- Where
- 1 siteTurkey (Türkiye)
- Study dates
- 1 Mar 2025to 1 Mar 2027
- Phase
- Interventional
- Are there results?
- Not yet: the study is under way
Key requirements
Who can take part, as listed by the sponsor. Only the study team can confirm whether you are eligible, so take this list to your doctor.
- Ages 18 years and older
- Women only
- Healthy volunteers accepted
- Adult, Older adult
Who may be able to join
- Nulliparous pregnant women Singleton pregnancy Term pregnancy (37-42 weeks of gestation) Cephalic fetal presentation Spontaneous onset of labor Cervical dilatation of 1 cm at enrollment Ability to communicate in Turkish Voluntary participation in the study -
Who cannot join
- High-risk pregnancy or obstetric complications Presence of a condition requiring emergency obstetric intervention Use of pharmacological analgesia during labor Visual impairment that could interfere with focusing on the visual Development of maternal or fetal complications requiring discontinuation of the intervention
- -
Trial locations and contacts
1 site in 1 country.
About this study
Official title: EFFECTS OF FOCUSING ON WARM VERSUS COOL COLOR VISUALS DURING LABOR ON PAIN, ANXIETY, COMFORT, AND LABOR DURATION: A RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL
This randomized controlled trial was conducted to compare the effects of focusing on warm- and cool-color visuals during labor on labor pain, state anxiety, childbirth comfort, and labor duration. Nulliparous pregnant women were randomly assigned to warm- or cool-color visual focusing groups. Visual focusing was initiated during the early stage of labor and continued throughout labor. Labor pain, state anxiety, childbirth comfort, and labor duration were assessed at predefined stages of cervical dilatation.
- Conditions
- Labor Pain and Anxiety
- Being tested
- Warm-color visual, Cool-color visual
- Keywords
- Visual focusing; warm colors; cool colors; labor pain; midwifery; childbirth
- Medical subject headings
- Labor Pain, Anxiety Disorders
What participants receive
What participants receive. In a randomised study each person is assigned to one group by chance.
Warm-color visualOther
A visual dominated by warm colors was placed in the delivery room, and visual focusing was initiated at 1 cm of cervical dilatation. The midwife briefly introduced the artwork and the artist and asked the women to focus their attention on the visual throughout labor, particularly during painful periods.
Cool-color visualOther
A visual dominated by cool colors was placed in the delivery room, and visual focusing was initiated at 1 cm of cervical dilatation. The midwife briefly introduced the artwork and the artist and asked the women to focus their attention on the visual throughout labor, particularly during painful periods.
| Study group | Role | What they receive |
|---|---|---|
| Warm-color group | Experimental | A visual dominated by warm colors was placed in the delivery room, and visual focusing was initiated at 1 cm of cervical dilatation. The midwife briefly introduced the artwork and the artist and asked the women to focus their attention on the visual throughout labor, particularly during painful periods. Standard midwifery care was provided. Receives: Other: Warm-color visual |
| Cool-color group | Experimental | A visual dominated by cool colors was placed in the delivery room, and visual focusing was initiated at 1 cm of cervical dilatation. The midwife briefly introduced the artwork and the artist and asked the women to focus their attention on the visual throughout labor, particularly during painful periods. Standard midwifery care was provided. Receives: Other: Cool-color visual |
What is being measured
The primary outcome is the main question the study is designed to answer.
labor pain
Labor pain intensity was assessed using the Visual Analog Scale (VAS) at 4-5 cm, 6-7 cm, and 8-10 cm cervical dilatation. The VAS ranges from 0 to 10, with higher scores indicating greater pain intensity.
Measured: At 4-5 cm, 6-7 cm, and 8-10 cm cervical dilatation during labor.
Secondary outcomes (3)
State Anxiety
State anxiety was assessed using the State Anxiety Inventory (STAI-I) at 6-7 cm cervical dilatation. The scale consists of 20 items, with total scores ranging from 20 to 80. Higher scores indicate higher levels of state anxiety.
Measured: At 6-7 cm cervical dilatation during labor.
Childbirth Comfort
Childbirth comfort was assessed using the Childbirth Comfort Questionnaire (CCQ) at 4-5 cm and 8-10 cm cervical dilatation. Higher scores indicate higher levels of childbirth comfort.
Measured: At 4-5 cm and 8-10 cm cervical dilatation during labor.
Labor Duration
Labor duration was determined by recording the time elapsed from 4 cm cervical dilatation to full cervical dilatation (10 cm).
Measured: From 4 cm to 10 cm cervical dilatation during labor.
Timeline
From the start of the study to its completion; the mark is today. Estimated dates are the sponsor’s plan.
- First posted20 Aug 2026
- Study start1 Mar 2025
- Primary completion1 Mar 2026
- Study completion1 Mar 2027 (estimated)
Resources
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govThe registry entry this page is built from, with its full change history.
- Publications (2)Papers the sponsor has linked to this study.
- Other trials for Labor Pain and AnxietyStudies of the same condition, open and under way.
- What the trial phases meanHow a treatment moves from first tests in people to approval.
More details
For doctors and researchers: how the study is designed, who runs it, and its registry IDs.
Study design
- Study type
- Interventional
- Phase
- Phase N/A
- Primary purpose
- Supportive care
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Masking
- None (open label)
- Enrolment
- 64 participants (actual)
Sponsor and investigators
- Lead sponsor
- Balikesir University
- Sponsor type
- University, hospital or other
- Responsible party
- Principal investigator, Hülya TÜRKMEN, Balikesir University
IDs, dates and publications
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT07777107
- Sponsor's protocol ID
- Balikesirhulya
- Status last verified
- Aug 2026
- First submitted
- 18 Aug 2026
- Last updated
- 20 Aug 2026
- Results posted
- No
- Data monitoring committee
- No
- FDA-regulated drug
- No
- FDA-regulated device
- No
- Individual data sharing
- No
Publications
Turkmen H, Cetinkaya S, Kilic H, Tuna SD, Sirvanci M, Mutlu H. The Effect of Ice Massage Applied to the SP6 Point on Labor Pain, Labor Comfort, Labor Duration, and Anxiety: A Randomized Clinical Trial. J Midwifery Womens Health. 2024 Jul-Aug;69(4):491-498. doi: 10.1111/jmwh.13600. Epub 2024 Jan 15.
PubMed 38223923Turkmen H, Cetinkaya S, Kilic H, Apay E, Karamuftuoglu D, Yoruk S, Ozkirim E. Effect of Focusing on Maryam's Flower During the First Stage of the Labor on the Labor Pain, Labor Duration, and Levels of Comfort and Satisfaction. Clin Nurs Res. 2021 Jul;30(6):780-789. doi: 10.1177/1054773820984911. Epub 2020 Dec 29.
PubMed 33371726
Study at a glance
From the registry record, last updated by the sponsor on 20 Aug 2026. Recruitment status is as the sponsor reported it: confirm with the study team.
- Official title
- EFFECTS OF FOCUSING ON WARM VERSUS COOL COLOR VISUALS DURING LABOR ON PAIN, ANXIETY, COMFORT, AND LABOR DURATION: A RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT07777107
- Acronym / sponsor ID
- Balikesirhulya
- Conditions
- Labor Pain and Anxiety
- Keywords
- Visual focusing; warm colors; cool colors; labor pain; midwifery; childbirth
- Study type
- Interventional
- Recruitment status
- Active, not recruiting
- Enrolment
- 64 participants (actual)
- Lead sponsor
- Balikesir UniversityUniversity, hospital or other
- Study start
- 1 Mar 2025 (actual)
- Primary completion
- 1 Mar 2026 (actual)
- Study completion
- 1 Mar 2027 (estimated)
- First posted
- 20 Aug 2026 (actual)
- Results
- Not posted in the source record
Clinical summary
The research question as the sponsor registered it. This describes what the study plans to test, not what it found.
This randomized controlled trial was conducted to compare the effects of focusing on warm- and cool-color visuals during labor on labor pain, state anxiety, childbirth comfort, and labor duration. Nulliparous pregnant women were randomly assigned to warm- or cool-color visual focusing groups. Visual focusing was initiated during the early stage of labor and continued throughout labor. Labor pain, state anxiety, childbirth comfort, and labor duration were assessed at predefined stages of cervical dilatation.
Study design
- Primary purpose
- Supportive care
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Masking
- None (open label)
- Number of arms
- 2
| Arm | Type | Receives |
|---|---|---|
| Warm-color group | Experimental | Other: Warm-color visualA visual dominated by warm colors was placed in the delivery room, and visual focusing was initiated at 1 cm of cervical dilatation. The midwife briefly introduced the artwork and the artist and asked the women to focus their attention on the visual throughout labor, particularly during painful periods. Standard midwifery care was provided. |
| Cool-color group | Experimental | Other: Cool-color visualA visual dominated by cool colors was placed in the delivery room, and visual focusing was initiated at 1 cm of cervical dilatation. The midwife briefly introduced the artwork and the artist and asked the women to focus their attention on the visual throughout labor, particularly during painful periods. Standard midwifery care was provided. |
Who may qualify
- Ages
- 18 years and older
- Sex
- Female only
- Healthy volunteers
- Accepted
- Age groups
- Adult, Older adult
Key inclusion criteria (1 listed)
- Nulliparous pregnant women Singleton pregnancy Term pregnancy (37-42 weeks of gestation) Cephalic fetal presentation Spontaneous onset of labor Cervical dilatation of 1 cm at enrollment Ability to communicate in Turkish Voluntary participation in the study -
Key exclusion criteria (2 listed)
- High-risk pregnancy or obstetric complications Presence of a condition requiring emergency obstetric intervention Use of pharmacological analgesia during labor Visual impairment that could interfere with focusing on the visual Development of maternal or fetal complications requiring discontinuation of the intervention
- -
Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening; this overview does not establish that a patient qualifies. Full inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Interventions
| Intervention | Type | Arms |
|---|---|---|
| Warm-color visualA visual dominated by warm colors was placed in the delivery room, and visual focusing was initiated at 1 cm of cervical dilatation. The midwife briefly introduced the artwork and the artist and asked the women to focus their attention on the visual throughout labor, particularly during painful periods. | Other | Warm-color group |
| Cool-color visualA visual dominated by cool colors was placed in the delivery room, and visual focusing was initiated at 1 cm of cervical dilatation. The midwife briefly introduced the artwork and the artist and asked the women to focus their attention on the visual throughout labor, particularly during painful periods. | Other | Cool-color group |
Primary outcome
labor pain
Time frame: At 4-5 cm, 6-7 cm, and 8-10 cm cervical dilatation during labor.
Labor pain intensity was assessed using the Visual Analog Scale (VAS) at 4-5 cm, 6-7 cm, and 8-10 cm cervical dilatation. The VAS ranges from 0 to 10, with higher scores indicating greater pain intensity.
3 secondary outcomes
State Anxiety
Time frame: At 6-7 cm cervical dilatation during labor.
Childbirth Comfort
Time frame: At 4-5 cm and 8-10 cm cervical dilatation during labor.
Labor Duration
Time frame: From 4 cm to 10 cm cervical dilatation during labor.
Results and safety
This study is still under way. Results are not available in the source record yet.
Research links
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govLast updated by the sponsor 20 Aug 2026.
- Background: PubMed 38223923Turkmen H, Cetinkaya S, Kilic H, Tuna SD, Sirvanci M, Mutlu H. The Effect of Ice Massage Applied to the SP6 Point on Labor Pain, Labor Comfort, Labor Duration, and Anxiety: A Randomized Clinical Trial. J Midwifery Womens Health. 2024 Jul-Aug;69(4):491-498. doi: 10.1111/jmwh.13600. Epub 2024 Jan 15.
- Background: PubMed 33371726Turkmen H, Cetinkaya S, Kilic H, Apay E, Karamuftuoglu D, Yoruk S, Ozkirim E. Effect of Focusing on Maryam's Flower During the First Stage of the Labor on the Labor Pain, Labor Duration, and Levels of Comfort and Satisfaction. Clin Nurs Res. 2021 Jul;30(6):780-789. doi: 10.1177/1054773820984911. Epub 2020 Dec 29.
- Individual participant dataSharing planned: No
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Referral and contact
AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals. Contact the study team or a site listed below; they decide who can take part. This study is not recruiting at the moment.
The record lists no contact. Use the official record to reach the sponsor.
1 site in 1 country: see every site and its status.
Questions about this trial
What is this clinical trial studying?
A study testing Warm-color visual and Cool-color visual in people with Labor Pain and Anxiety, run by Balikesir University at 1 site in Turkey (Türkiye).
The full registered description is in the About this study section and the official record.
Who may be eligible to take part?
The sponsor lists 1 inclusion and 2 exclusion criteria. Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening, so read the full criteria and contact a listed site.
Is this clinical trial currently recruiting?
The record says: under way, not looking for participants, as of the sponsor's last update on 20 Aug 2026. Status can change between updates, so confirm with the study contact before making plans.
Where is the study taking place?
The record lists 1 site in Turkey (Türkiye). Whether a site is taking part right now should be confirmed with that site. See every site.
What are the possible benefits and risks?
They depend on the study and the treatment, and no study can promise a benefit. The study team explains the known risks during informed consent, before anyone joins; the record itself does not list them.
Are results available for this study?
This study is still under way. Results are not available in the source record yet.
How can a doctor refer a patient or contact the research team?
The record lists no contact. The official record names the sponsor, who can be asked directly. AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals.
What does the primary outcome measure?
labor pain (time frame: At 4-5 cm, 6-7 cm, and 8-10 cm cervical dilatation during labor.). It is what the study was designed to measure, not a finding.
Where can I read the original study information?
On the ClinicalTrials.gov record for NCT07777107, which also lists 2 linked publications.
Does a listing mean the treatment is approved or proven to work?
No. A listing means the study is registered. It does not show that the treatment is safe, works, or is approved by a regulator.
How often is this information updated?
AzTrials copies changed records from ClinicalTrials.gov every night and reloads the whole registry every week. The sponsor last updated this record on 20 Aug 2026.