Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy Vs. the Health Enhancement Program for Chronic Pain and Early Cognitive Decline; The Feeling of Being Pilot RCT

The Numerical Rating Scale (NRS) for pain intensity is an 11-point scale from 0 (no pain) to 10 (worst imaginable pain), assessing average pain over the past week. Higher scores indicate greater pain intensity (worse outcome), lower scores less pain (better); single-item total score.

The PROMIS Short Form V2.0 - Physical Function 8B (PROMIS PF 8B v2.0) is an 8-item patient-reported outcome measure assessing self-reported capability in physical activities, including upper extremity function (e.g., hand/arm tasks), lower extremity function (e.g., walking), central body function, and daily activities. It uses a 5-point Likert response scale per item: Without any difficulty (5), With little difficulty (4), With some difficulty (3), With much difficulty (2), or Unable to do/Cannot do (1). Raw total scores range from 8 (severe difficulty, worst outcome) to 40 (no difficulty, best outcome); these convert via scoring tables to T-scores (mean=50, SD=10 in U.S. population), where higher T-scores indicate better physical function. No subscales are computed; the total score reflects overall physical function. The T-score range for the PROMIS SF V1.2 is 10-65.

From enrollment to 3 months from the end of treatment at 8 weeks

The PROMIS Short Form V2.0 - Emotional Support 8a (PROMIS Emotional Support SF 8a v2.0) is an 8-item patient-reported outcome measure assessing perceived availability of supportive interpersonal relationships over the past 7 days, including listening, confiding, appreciation, understanding, and trust. It uses a 5-point Likert response scale per item: Never (1), Rarely (2), Sometimes (3), Often (4), or Always (5). Raw total scores range from 8 (minimal support, worst outcome) to 40 (strong support, best outcome); these convert via scoring tables to T-scores (mean=50, SD=10 in U.S. population), where higher T-scores indicate greater emotional support. No subscales are computed; the total score reflects overall perceived support. T-score range: 25-75 for the 8a short form.

The Measure of Current Status Part A (MOCS-A) is a self-report questionnaire that measures ability to manage stress. The Measure of Current Status Part A (MOCS-A) comprises 13 items rated 0 (cannot do at all) to 4 (extremely well), summed for total score 0-52, with four subscales: relaxation, tension awareness, assertiveness, coping confidence (higher total/subscale scores indicate better stress management ability, better outcome). Each item is rated on a 5-point Likert scale where 0 = "I cannot do this at all" and 4 = "I can do this extremely well," with higher scores reflecting greater confidence in coping skills.

The Cognitive and Affective Mindfulness Scale-Revised (CAMS-R) is a 12-item scale rated 1 (rarely/not at all) to 4 (almost always), total score summed 12-48 (higher scores indicate greater mindfulness ability, better outcome); unidimensional total score. Scoring: Items 2, 6, and 7 are reverse-scored. After appropriate reversals, sum values for items 1-12. Higher values reflect greater mindful qualities.

The Chronic Pain Acceptance Questionnaire (CPAQ) sums 20 items rated 0 (never true) to 6 (always true) for total raw score 0-120, with two subscales: Activity Engagement (0-66) and Pain Willingness (0-54), both/totals higher indicating greater pain acceptance (better outcome).

The Pain Self-Efficacy Questionnaire (PSEQ) consists of 10 items rated 0 (not at all confident) to 6 (completely confident), summed for total 0-60. Higher scores indicate greater self-efficacy despite pain (better outcome); single total score.

The Pain Catastrophizing Scale (PCS) sums 13 items rated 0 (not at all) to 4 (all the time) for total 0-52, with subscales: Rumination (0-16), Magnification (0-12), Helplessness (0-24); higher scores indicate greater catastrophizing (worse outcome).

The Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia (TSK-11) sums 11 items rated 1 (strongly disagree) to 4 (strongly agree), with no reverse-coded items. Total score range: 11-44 (higher scores greater kinesiophobia/fear of movement, worse outcome).

The PROMIS Short Form V1.0 - Emotional Distress Depression 8b (PROMIS Depression SF 8b v1.0) is an 8-item patient-reported outcome measure assessing self-reported depressive symptoms over the past 7 days, including feelings of worthlessness, helplessness, sadness, failure, depression, unhappiness, and hopelessness. It uses a 5-point Likert response scale per item: Never (1), Rarely (2), Sometimes (3), Often (4), or Always (5). Raw total scores range from 8 (minimal depression, best outcome) to 40 (severe depression, worst outcome); these convert via scoring tables to T-scores (mean=50, SD=10 in U.S. population), where higher T-scores indicate greater depression severity. No subscales are computed; the total score reflects overall depressive distress. T-score range: 42-84.

The Telephone Interview for Cognitive Status (41-point version) sums 11 items (e.g., orientation, memory, attention) for total score 0-41, with higher scores indicating better global cognitive function (better outcome).

The Everyday Cognition Scale (ECog-12) is a 12-item informant-rated questionnaire assessing self-reported changes in everyday cognitive and functional abilities, sensitive to early decline in domains like memory, executive function, and organization. Each item uses a 4-point ordinal scale: 1 = No change (better or same), 2 = Occasionally worse, 3 = Consistently worse, 4 = Much worse. Higher ratings indicate greater perceived decline; "don't know" responses are typically prorated or handled per study protocol. The total score is the mean (average) of the 12 item scores, accounting for any missing data by dividing the sum by completed items. Scores range from 1.0 (no decline) to 4.0 (maximum impairment), with means around 1.5-2.0 in cognitively unimpaired participants.