Healthy Adult ParticipantsMOT-MINCT07794228
The Effects of Multiple Object Tracking And Mental Imagery On Tennis Performance
A study testing Multiple Object Tracking Training and Mental Imagery Training in people with Healthy Adult Participants, run by Halic University at 1 site in Turkey (Türkiye).
Trial summary
The goal of this clinical trial was to evaluate whether multiple object tracking and mental imagery training affect tennis performance, executive functions, anxiety, and psychophysiological variables in university students enrolled in an elective tennis course. Read more about this study
- Who is it for?
- Ages 18 to 25 years, men onlyHealthy volunteers can take part
- Conditions the study is for
- Healthy Adult Participants
- What is being tested?
- Multiple Object Tracking Training and Mental Imagery Training
- Could I receive a placebo?
- No, everyone receives an active treatment
- How many people
- 30 participants
- Where
- 1 siteTurkey (Türkiye)
- Study dates
- 9 Feb 2026to 27 Feb 2026
- Phase
- Interventional
- Are there results?
- None posted in the registry
Key requirements
Who can take part, as listed by the sponsor. Only the study team can confirm whether you are eligible, so take this list to your doctor.
- Ages 18 to 25 years
- Men only
- Healthy volunteers accepted
- Adult
Who may be able to join
- Aged 18-25 years
- Enrolled in the Faculty of Sport Sciences
- Actively participating in the elective tennis course
- Obtaining a valid score on the Dyer Wall Test pre-test administered after the course's first six weeks
- No prior regular training or competitive background in tennis
- Not a licensed or national-level tennis athlete
Show all 9Show fewer
- Not concurrently enrolled in any other mental training program
- Voluntary consent to participate
- No health condition precluding participation
Who cannot join
- Incomplete or improperly completed personal information forms
- A prior competitive tennis background, tennis license, or tournament participation identified after enrollment
- Voluntary withdrawal at any stage
- Failure to complete the full testing protocol
- Injury occurring during the study that prevents continued participation
Trial locations and contacts
1 site in 1 country.
About this study
Official title: The Effects of Multiple Object Tracking And Mental Imagery On Tennis Performance, Executive Functions, Anxiety, And Psychophysiological Variables
The goal of this clinical trial was to evaluate whether multiple object tracking and mental imagery training affect tennis performance, executive functions, anxiety, and psychophysiological variables in university students enrolled in an elective tennis course. The main questions it aimed to answer were:
Do multiple object tracking and mental imagery training improve tennis performance? Do multiple object tracking and mental imagery training affect executive functions, anxiety, and psychophysiological responses?
Read more
Researchers compared participants who received multiple object tracking training or mental imagery training with a control group that continued their regular tennis classes without additional training.
Participants:
Completed a pre-test assessment of tennis performance, imagery ability, executive functions, anxiety, and psychophysiological variables.
Were assigned to a multiple object tracking, mental imagery, or control group based on their tennis performance scores.
Completed multiple object tracking or mental imagery training for five consecutive days over one week in addition to their regular tennis classes.
Completed post-test assessments using tennis performance, cognitive, anxiety, and psychophysiological measures.
Read the detailed description
This study investigated the effects of short-term multiple object tracking and mental imagery training on tennis performance, executive functions, anxiety, and psychophysiological responses in university students participating in an elective tennis course. The study used a three-group, pre-test/post-test design. Following an initial assessment period, participants were allocated to one of three groups based on their baseline tennis performance: a multiple object tracking group, a mental imagery group, or a control group.
All participants participated in their regular tennis course. In addition, participants assigned to the multiple object tracking group received computerized multiple object tracking training, while participants in the mental imagery group completed a structured mental imagery training program. The control group continued their regular tennis course without receiving either additional training program.
The study included assessments of tennis performance, imagery ability, cognitive control, working memory, anxiety, heart rate variability, and electrodermal activity. Psychophysiological measures were collected both at rest and during executive function assessment. Pre-test assessments were conducted before the experimental training, and the same outcome assessments were repeated following completion of the training period.
The study was designed to examine whether brief cognitive training approaches, specifically multiple object tracking and mental imagery, could produce changes in tennis performance and related cognitive, psychological, and psychophysiological responses.
- Conditions
- Healthy Adult Participants
- Being tested
- Multiple Object Tracking Training, Mental Imagery Training
- Keywords
- tennis, tennis performance, multiple object tracking, mental imagery, executive functions, cognitive control, working memory, anxiety, heart rate variability, electrodermal activity
- Medical subject headings
- Anxiety Disorders
What participants receive
What participants receive. In a randomised study each person is assigned to one group by chance.
Multiple Object Tracking TrainingOther
Participants assigned to the Multiple Object Tracking (MOT) group completed a custom-developed, computer-based MOT training program in addition to their regular tennis training. The program was designed to train sustained attention, working memory, and visuospatial tracking. Participants viewed multiple moving spherical objects on a computer screen and were instructed to track a designated subset of target objects while ignoring distractors and identify the target objects at the end of each trial. The researcher could adjust the number of objects, object color, object size, movement speed, and tracking duration. The object movement speed was fixed at 300 pixels per second and the objects were displayed in green. Each session consisted of 140 trials organized into five sets of 28 trials. Each trial included 6 seconds of tracking followed by 6 seconds of rest, with a 2-minute rest period between sets. The active tracking time was approximately 14 minutes and the total session duration wa
Mental Imagery TrainingOther
Participants assigned to the Mental Imagery (MI) group completed five individual mental imagery training sessions, one session per day for five consecutive days. Each session lasted approximately 30 minutes and was conducted by an experienced clinical psychologist. The training protocol was structured according to the PETTLEP model and incorporated kinesthetic, sensory, and emotional components of motor imagery. Each session consisted of four phases: a 5-minute preparatory phase involving breathing exercises and a body scan; a 5-minute action-observation phase in which participants watched video footage of a professional tennis player performing forehand and backhand strokes, with specific technical aspects highlighted; a 15-minute imagery phase in which participants mentally rehearsed successful and accurate performance of the Dyer Wall Test using both internal and external perspectives; and a 5-minute evaluation phase in which participants rated the vividness and realism of their ima
| Study group | Role | What they receive |
|---|---|---|
| Multiple Object Tracking Group | Experimental | Participants in this arm received multiple object tracking (MOT) training in addition to their regular tennis classes during the intervention period. Receives: Other: Multiple Object Tracking Training |
| Mental Imagery Group | Experimental | Participants in this arm received structured mental imagery (MI) training in addition to their regular tennis classes during the intervention period. Receives: Other: Mental Imagery Training |
| Control Group | No intervention | Participants in this arm continued their regular tennis classes without receiving additional multiple object tracking or mental imagery training during the intervention period. |
What is being measured
The primary outcome is the main question the study is designed to answer.
Tennis Performance-Dyer Wall Test
Tennis performance was assessed using the Dyer Wall Test, a wall-based tennis performance test evaluating participants' ability to perform repeated forehand and backhand strokes against a wall. Performance was quantified based on the number of successful returns according to the standardized scoring procedure of the test.
Measured: Baseline (pre-test) to post-test, approximately 3 weeks
Secondary outcomes (6)
Cognitive Control-Flanker Task
Cognitive control was assessed using a computerized Flanker Task. Performance was evaluated based on reaction time and accuracy in responding to target stimuli while inhibiting responses to distracting stimuli.
Measured: Baseline (pre-test) to post-test, approximately 3 weeks
Working Memory-Corsi Block Test
Working memory was assessed using the Corsi Block Test, which measures visuospatial short-term and working memory capacity based on participants' ability to reproduce sequences of spatially presented stimuli.
Measured: Baseline (pre-test) to post-test, approximately 3 weeks
Anxiety-Revised Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2
Competitive state anxiety was assessed using the Revised Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2. The inventory consists of 14 items rated on a 4-point Likert scale. Total scores range from 14 to 56, with higher scores indicating higher levels of competitive state anxiety.
Measured: Baseline (pre-test) to post-test, approximately 3 weeks
Heart Rate Variability
Heart rate variability was assessed using the root mean square of successive differences (RMSSD) derived from beat-to-beat heart rate recordings obtained using a Polar H10 heart rate sensor. Measurements were obtained at rest and during the cognitive assessment tasks.
Measured: Baseline (pre-test) to post-test, approximately 3 weeks
Electrodermal Activity
Electrodermal activity was assessed using a Shimmer 3 GSR+ device. Skin conductance was recorded at rest and during the cognitive assessment tasks as an indicator of sympathetic nervous system activity.
Measured: Baseline (pre-test) to post-test, approximately 3 weeks
Imagery Ability - MIQ-3
Motor imagery ability was assessed using the Movement Imagery Questionnaire-3, which evaluates participants' ability to internal visual, external visual and kinesthetic imagery of the movement. The questionnaire consists of 12 movement items rated on a 7-point scale, with total scores ranging from 12 to 84. Higher scores indicate greater motor imagery ability.
Measured: Baseline (pre-test) to post-test, approximately 3 weeks
Timeline
From the start of the study to its completion; the mark is today. Estimated dates are the sponsor’s plan.
- First posted31 Aug 2026
- Study start9 Feb 2026
- Primary completion27 Feb 2026
- Study completion27 Feb 2026
Resources
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govThe registry entry this page is built from, with its full change history.
- Other trials for Healthy Adult ParticipantsStudies of the same condition, open and under way.
- What the trial phases meanHow a treatment moves from first tests in people to approval.
More details
For doctors and researchers: how the study is designed, who runs it, and its registry IDs.
Study design
- Study type
- Interventional
- Phase
- Phase N/A
- Primary purpose
- Other
- Allocation
- Non-randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Masking
- None (open label)
- Enrolment
- 30 participants (actual)
Sponsor and investigators
- Lead sponsor
- Halic University
- Sponsor type
- University, hospital or other
- Responsible party
- Sponsor
IDs, dates and publications
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT07794228
- Sponsor's protocol ID
- 2025/450
- Acronym
- MOT-MI
- Status last verified
- Sep 2026
- First submitted
- 26 Aug 2026
- Last updated
- 9 Sep 2026
- Results posted
- No
- FDA-regulated drug
- No
- FDA-regulated device
- No
- Individual data sharing
- No
Study at a glance
From the registry record, last updated by the sponsor on 9 Sep 2026. Recruitment status is as the sponsor reported it: confirm with the study team.
- Official title
- The Effects of Multiple Object Tracking And Mental Imagery On Tennis Performance, Executive Functions, Anxiety, And Psychophysiological Variables
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT07794228
- Acronym / sponsor ID
- MOT-MI / 2025/450
- Conditions
- Healthy Adult Participants
- Keywords
- tennis, tennis performance, multiple object tracking, mental imagery, executive functions, cognitive control, working memory, anxiety
- Study type
- Interventional
- Recruitment status
- Completed
- Enrolment
- 30 participants (actual)
- Lead sponsor
- Halic UniversityUniversity, hospital or other
- Study start
- 9 Feb 2026 (actual)
- Primary completion
- 27 Feb 2026 (actual)
- Study completion
- 27 Feb 2026 (actual)
- First posted
- 31 Aug 2026 (actual)
- Results
- Not posted in the source record
Clinical summary
The research question as the sponsor registered it. This describes what the study plans to test, not what it found.
The goal of this clinical trial was to evaluate whether multiple object tracking and mental imagery training affect tennis performance, executive functions, anxiety, and psychophysiological variables in university students enrolled in an elective tennis course. The main questions it aimed to answer were:
Do multiple object tracking and mental imagery training improve tennis performance? Do multiple object tracking and mental imagery training affect executive functions, anxiety, and psychophysiological responses?
Researchers compared participants who received multiple object tracking training or mental imagery training with a control group that continued their regular tennis classes without additional training.
Participants:
Completed a pre-test assessment of tennis performance, imagery ability, executive functions, anxiety, and psychophysiological variables.
Were assigned to a multiple object tracking, mental imagery, or control group based on their tennis performance scores.
Completed multiple object tracking or mental imagery training for five consecutive days over one week in addition to their regular tennis classes.
Completed post-test assessments using tennis performance, cognitive, anxiety, and psychophysiological measures.
Detailed description
This study investigated the effects of short-term multiple object tracking and mental imagery training on tennis performance, executive functions, anxiety, and psychophysiological responses in university students participating in an elective tennis course. The study used a three-group, pre-test/post-test design. Following an initial assessment period, participants were allocated to one of three groups based on their baseline tennis performance: a multiple object tracking group, a mental imagery group, or a control group.
All participants participated in their regular tennis course. In addition, participants assigned to the multiple object tracking group received computerized multiple object tracking training, while participants in the mental imagery group completed a structured mental imagery training program. The control group continued their regular tennis course without receiving either additional training program.
The study included assessments of tennis performance, imagery ability, cognitive control, working memory, anxiety, heart rate variability, and electrodermal activity. Psychophysiological measures were collected both at rest and during executive function assessment. Pre-test assessments were conducted before the experimental training, and the same outcome assessments were repeated following completion of the training period.
The study was designed to examine whether brief cognitive training approaches, specifically multiple object tracking and mental imagery, could produce changes in tennis performance and related cognitive, psychological, and psychophysiological responses.
Study design
- Primary purpose
- Other
- Allocation
- Non-randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Masking
- None (open label)
- Number of arms
- 3
| Arm | Type | Receives |
|---|---|---|
| Multiple Object Tracking Group | Experimental | Other: Multiple Object Tracking TrainingParticipants in this arm received multiple object tracking (MOT) training in addition to their regular tennis classes during the intervention period. |
| Mental Imagery Group | Experimental | Other: Mental Imagery TrainingParticipants in this arm received structured mental imagery (MI) training in addition to their regular tennis classes during the intervention period. |
| Control Group | No intervention | –Participants in this arm continued their regular tennis classes without receiving additional multiple object tracking or mental imagery training during the intervention period. |
Who may qualify
- Ages
- 18 to 25 years
- Sex
- Male only
- Healthy volunteers
- Accepted
- Age groups
- Adult
Key inclusion criteria (9 listed)
- Aged 18-25 years
- Enrolled in the Faculty of Sport Sciences
- Actively participating in the elective tennis course
- Obtaining a valid score on the Dyer Wall Test pre-test administered after the course's first six weeks
- No prior regular training or competitive background in tennis
Key exclusion criteria (5 listed)
- Incomplete or improperly completed personal information forms
- A prior competitive tennis background, tennis license, or tournament participation identified after enrollment
- Voluntary withdrawal at any stage
- Failure to complete the full testing protocol
- Injury occurring during the study that prevents continued participation
Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening; this overview does not establish that a patient qualifies. Full inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Interventions
| Intervention | Type | Arms |
|---|---|---|
| Multiple Object Tracking TrainingParticipants assigned to the Multiple Object Tracking (MOT) group completed a custom-developed, computer-based MOT training program in addition to their regular tennis training. The program was designed to train sustained attention, working memory, and visuospatial tracking. Participants viewed multiple moving spherical objects on a computer screen and were instructed to track a designated subset of target objects while ignoring distractors and identify the target objects at the end of each trial. The researcher could adjust the number of objects, object color, object size, movement speed, and tracking duration. The object movement speed was fixed at 300 pixels per second and the objects were displayed in green. Each session consisted of 140 trials organized into five sets of 28 trials. Each trial included 6 seconds of tracking followed by 6 seconds of rest, with a 2-minute rest period between sets. The active tracking time was approximately 14 minutes and the total session duration wa | Other | Multiple Object Tracking Group |
| Mental Imagery TrainingParticipants assigned to the Mental Imagery (MI) group completed five individual mental imagery training sessions, one session per day for five consecutive days. Each session lasted approximately 30 minutes and was conducted by an experienced clinical psychologist. The training protocol was structured according to the PETTLEP model and incorporated kinesthetic, sensory, and emotional components of motor imagery. Each session consisted of four phases: a 5-minute preparatory phase involving breathing exercises and a body scan; a 5-minute action-observation phase in which participants watched video footage of a professional tennis player performing forehand and backhand strokes, with specific technical aspects highlighted; a 15-minute imagery phase in which participants mentally rehearsed successful and accurate performance of the Dyer Wall Test using both internal and external perspectives; and a 5-minute evaluation phase in which participants rated the vividness and realism of their ima | Other | Mental Imagery Group |
Primary outcome
Tennis Performance-Dyer Wall Test
Time frame: Baseline (pre-test) to post-test, approximately 3 weeks
Tennis performance was assessed using the Dyer Wall Test, a wall-based tennis performance test evaluating participants' ability to perform repeated forehand and backhand strokes against a wall. Performance was quantified based on the number of successful returns according to the standardized scoring procedure of the test.
6 secondary outcomes
Cognitive Control-Flanker Task
Time frame: Baseline (pre-test) to post-test, approximately 3 weeks
Working Memory-Corsi Block Test
Time frame: Baseline (pre-test) to post-test, approximately 3 weeks
Anxiety-Revised Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2
Time frame: Baseline (pre-test) to post-test, approximately 3 weeks
Heart Rate Variability
Time frame: Baseline (pre-test) to post-test, approximately 3 weeks
Electrodermal Activity
Time frame: Baseline (pre-test) to post-test, approximately 3 weeks
Imagery Ability - MIQ-3
Time frame: Baseline (pre-test) to post-test, approximately 3 weeks
Results and safety
The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.
Research links
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govLast updated by the sponsor 9 Sep 2026.
- Individual participant dataSharing planned: No
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Referral and contact
AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals. Contact the study team or a site listed below; they decide who can take part. This study is not recruiting at the moment.
The record lists no contact. Use the official record to reach the sponsor.
1 site in 1 country: see every site and its status.
Questions about this trial
What is this clinical trial studying?
A study testing Multiple Object Tracking Training and Mental Imagery Training in people with Healthy Adult Participants, run by Halic University at 1 site in Turkey (Türkiye).
The full registered description is in the About this study section and the official record.
Who may be eligible to take part?
The sponsor lists 9 inclusion and 5 exclusion criteria. Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening, so read the full criteria and contact a listed site.
Is this clinical trial currently recruiting?
The record says: finished, as of the sponsor's last update on 9 Sep 2026. Status can change between updates, so confirm with the study contact before making plans.
Where is the study taking place?
The record lists 1 site in Turkey (Türkiye). Whether a site is taking part right now should be confirmed with that site. See every site.
What are the possible benefits and risks?
They depend on the study and the treatment, and no study can promise a benefit. The study team explains the known risks during informed consent, before anyone joins; the record itself does not list them.
Are results available for this study?
The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.
How can a doctor refer a patient or contact the research team?
The record lists no contact. The official record names the sponsor, who can be asked directly. AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals.
What does the primary outcome measure?
Tennis Performance-Dyer Wall Test (time frame: Baseline (pre-test) to post-test, approximately 3 weeks). It is what the study was designed to measure, not a finding.
Where can I read the original study information?
Does a listing mean the treatment is approved or proven to work?
No. A listing means the study is registered. It does not show that the treatment is safe, works, or is approved by a regulator.
How often is this information updated?
AzTrials copies changed records from ClinicalTrials.gov every night and reloads the whole registry every week. The sponsor last updated this record on 9 Sep 2026.