Testicular CancerNCT07841041
Effects of Testicular Self-Examination Training Methods on Students' Behaviors and Health Beliefs
A study testing Educational Brochure and Audio Recording and Educational Brochure in people with Testicular Cancer and Testicular Self-Examination, run by Yeditepe University at 1 site in Turkey (Türkiye).
Trial summary
The goal of this cluster randomized controlled trial is to evaluate and compare the effects of different testicular self-examination (TSE) training methods on university students' health beliefs and self-examination behaviors regarding testicular cancer (TC) and TSE. Read more about this study
- Who is it for?
- Ages 18 years and older, men onlyHealthy volunteers can take part
- Conditions the study is for
- Testicular Cancer, Testicular Self-Examination, Health Behavior
- What is being tested?
- Educational Brochure and Audio Recording and Educational Brochure
- Type of treatment
- Lifestyle or therapy programme
- Could I receive a placebo?
- No, everyone receives an active treatment
- How many people
- 122 participants
- Where
- 1 siteTurkey (Türkiye)
- Study dates
- 6 Jan 2025to 5 Jan 2026
- Phase
- Interventional
- Are there results?
- None posted in the registry
Key requirements
Who can take part, as listed by the sponsor. Only the study team can confirm whether you are eligible, so take this list to your doctor.
- Ages 18 years and older
- Men only
- Healthy volunteers accepted
- Adult, Older adult
Who may be able to join
- Being biologically male
- Being an active university student enrolled at the university
- Being aged 18 years or older
- Having native or fluent Turkish literacy (reading and writing)
- Having access to a technological device (smartphone, computer, or tablet) with an active internet connection to access digital materials and surveys
- Voluntary agreement to participate in the study and providing informed consent
Who cannot join
- Previous clinical diagnosis of testicular cancer or any other testicular/scrotal malignancy
- Having undergone major scrotal or testicular surgery (e.g., orchiectomy)
- Prior formal or professional training on testicular self-examination (TSE) within the last 6 months
- Inability to complete the educational intervention or follow-up assessments due to sensory or cognitive impairments
Trial locations and contacts
1 site in 1 country.
About this study
Official title: Comparison of the Effects of Testicular Self-Examination Training Methods on Students' Behaviors and Health Beliefs Regarding Testicular Cancer and Testicular Self-Examination: A Randomized Controlled Trial
The goal of this cluster randomized controlled trial is to evaluate and compare the effects of different testicular self-examination (TSE) training methods on university students' health beliefs and self-examination behaviors regarding testicular cancer (TC) and TSE.
The main questions it aims to answer are:
Read more
- Does receiving brochure-based education or brochure plus audio recordings of TC patient experiences improve students' health beliefs (perceived susceptibility, seriousness, benefits, self-efficacy, and reduced barriers)?
- Which educational method is more effective in increasing the frequency and performance of testicular self-examination behaviors compared to a control group?
Researchers will compare three groups:
- Intervention Group 1: Receives an educational brochure on TC and TSE.
- Intervention Group 2: Receives an educational brochure combined with audio recordings of testicular cancer survivor/patient experiences.
- Control Group: Receives no specific educational intervention during the study period.
Participants will:
- Complete baseline questionnaires regarding demographic information, TC/TSE knowledge, health beliefs, and baseline examination practices.
- Receive the assigned educational material/session according to their randomized cluster.
- Complete follow-up evaluations at 3 months post-intervention to assess changes in health beliefs, knowledge, and TSE behaviors.
- Conditions
- Testicular Cancer, Testicular Self-Examination, Health Behavior, Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice
- Being tested
- Educational Brochure and Audio Recording, Educational Brochure, Control Group
- Medical subject headings
- Testicular Neoplasms, Health Behavior, Behavior
What participants receive
What participants receive. In a randomised study each person is assigned to one group by chance.
Educational Brochure and Audio RecordingBehavioural
Following face-to-face recruitment, obtaining informed consent, and collecting phone numbers from eligible university students, pre-tests-including the Introductory and Testicular Self-Examination (TSE) Characteristics Form along with Champion's Health Belief Model Scale-were administered online via Google Forms via WhatsApp (approximate completion time: 15 minutes). At the end of the sixth week following the pre-test, the brochure and audio-recorded experience-sharing intervention group received their respective protocol, followed by post-tests comprising the TSE Behavior Determination Form and the TSE Behavior and Educational Tool Satisfaction Form.
Educational BrochureBehavioural
Following face-to-face recruitment, obtaining informed consent, and collecting phone numbers from eligible university students, pre-tests-including the Introductory and Testicular Self-Examination (TSE) Characteristics Form along with Champion's Health Belief Model Scale-were administered online via Google Forms via WhatsApp (approximate completion time: 15 minutes). At the end of the sixth week following the pre-test, the educational brochure intervention group received their respective protocol, followed by post-tests comprising the TSE Behavior Determination Form and the TSE Behavior and Educational Tool Satisfaction Form.
Control GroupOther
Following face-to-face recruitment, obtaining informed consent, and collecting phone numbers from eligible university students, pre-tests-including the Introductory and Testicular Self-Examination (TSE) Characteristics Form along with Champion's Health Belief Model Scale-were administered online via Google Forms via WhatsApp (approximate completion time: 15 minutes). For the control group, no active educational intervention was administered following the pre-test, and only the TSE Behavior Determination Form was applied as a post-test at the end of the sixth week.
| Study group | Role | What they receive |
|---|---|---|
| Intervention 2 (Educational Brochure Group) | Experimental | Following face-to-face recruitment, obtaining informed consent, and collecting phone numbers from eligible university students between, pre-tests-including the Introductory and Testicular Self-Examination (TSE) Characteristics Form along with Champion's Health Belief Model Scale-were administered online via Google Forms via WhatsApp (approximate completion time: 15 minutes). At the end of the sixth week following the pre-test, the educational brochure group received their respective protocol, followed by post-tests comprising the TSE Behavior Determination Form and the TSE Behavior and Educational Tool Satisfaction Form. Receives: Behavioral: Educational Brochure |
| Control Group (No Intervention) | Other | Following face-to-face recruitment, obtaining informed consent, and collecting phone numbers from eligible university students, pre-tests-including the Introductory and Testicular Self-Examination (TSE) Characteristics Form along with Champion's Health Belief Model Scale-were administered online via Google Forms via WhatsApp (approximate completion time: 15 minutes). For the control group, no active educational intervention was administered following the pre-test, and only the TSE Behavior Determination Form was applied as a post-test at the end of the sixth week. Receives: Other: Control Group |
| Intervention 1 (Educational Brochure and Experience-Sharing Recordings Group) | Experimental | Following face-to-face recruitment, obtaining informed consent, and collecting phone numbers from eligible university students, pre-tests-including the Introductory and Testicular Self-Examination (TSE) Characteristics Form along with Champion's Health Belief Model Scale-were administered online via Google Forms via WhatsApp (approximate completion time: 15 minutes). At the end of the sixth week following the pre-test, the educational brochure and audio-recorded experience-sharing intervention group received their respective protocol, followed by post-tests comprising the TSE Behavior Determination Form and the TSE Behavior and Educational Tool Satisfaction Form. Receives: Behavioral: Educational Brochure and Audio Recording |
What is being measured
The primary outcome is the main question the study is designed to answer.
Change in Testicular Self-Examination (TSE) Behavior
Measured using the TSE Behavior Determination Form to evaluate whether the students perform regular testicular self-examination.
Measured: At baseline and at 6 weeks post-intervention
Secondary outcomes (1)
Change in Champion's Health Belief Model Scale Scores
Evaluated using Champion's Health Belief Model Scale to assess changes in students' health beliefs regarding testicular self-examination between the intervention groups and the control group. Champion's Health Belief Model Scale (CHBMS), consisting of 26 items across five subscales (Perceived Susceptibility, Perceived Severity, Perceived Benefits, Perceived Barriers, and Perceived Self-Efficacy) scored on a 5-point Likert scale (1 to 5). The scale does not yield a total score; each subscale is evaluated separately with varying score ranges depending on the number of items, where higher scores indicate a higher level of each specific health belief.
Measured: At baseline and at 6 weeks post-intervention
Timeline
From the start of the study to its completion; the mark is today. Estimated dates are the sponsor’s plan.
- First posted25 Sep 2026
- Study start6 Jan 2025
- Primary completion30 Sep 2025
- Study completion5 Jan 2026
Resources
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govThe registry entry this page is built from, with its full change history.
- Other trials for Testicular CancerStudies of the same condition, open and under way.
- What the trial phases meanHow a treatment moves from first tests in people to approval.
More details
For doctors and researchers: how the study is designed, who runs it, and its registry IDs.
Study design
- Study type
- Interventional
- Phase
- Phase N/A
- Primary purpose
- Prevention
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Masking
- Double blind
- Who is masked
- Participant, Outcomes assessor
- Enrolment
- 122 participants (actual)
Sponsor and investigators
- Lead sponsor
- Yeditepe University
- Sponsor type
- University, hospital or other
- Responsible party
- Principal investigator, Ayşe Kılıç Uçar, Yeditepe University
IDs, dates and publications
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT07841041
- Sponsor's protocol ID
- 2024/12- 362602
- Status last verified
- Aug 2026
- First submitted
- 20 Sep 2026
- Last updated
- 6 Oct 2026
- Results posted
- No
- Data monitoring committee
- No
- FDA-regulated drug
- No
- FDA-regulated device
- No
- Individual data sharing
- Yes: De-identified individual participant data collected during the study will be available upon reasonable request directed to the corresponding author.
Study at a glance
From the registry record, last updated by the sponsor on 6 Oct 2026. Recruitment status is as the sponsor reported it: confirm with the study team.
- Official title
- Comparison of the Effects of Testicular Self-Examination Training Methods on Students' Behaviors and Health Beliefs Regarding Testicular Cancer and Testicular Self-Examination: A Randomized Controlled Trial
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT07841041
- Acronym / sponsor ID
- 2024/12- 362602
- Conditions
- Testicular Cancer, Testicular Self-Examination, Health Behavior, Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice
- Study type
- Interventional
- Recruitment status
- Completed
- Enrolment
- 122 participants (actual)
- Lead sponsor
- Yeditepe UniversityUniversity, hospital or other
- Study start
- 6 Jan 2025 (actual)
- Primary completion
- 30 Sep 2025 (actual)
- Study completion
- 5 Jan 2026 (actual)
- First posted
- 25 Sep 2026 (actual)
- Results
- Not posted in the source record
Clinical summary
The research question as the sponsor registered it. This describes what the study plans to test, not what it found.
The goal of this cluster randomized controlled trial is to evaluate and compare the effects of different testicular self-examination (TSE) training methods on university students' health beliefs and self-examination behaviors regarding testicular cancer (TC) and TSE.
The main questions it aims to answer are:
- Does receiving brochure-based education or brochure plus audio recordings of TC patient experiences improve students' health beliefs (perceived susceptibility, seriousness, benefits, self-efficacy, and reduced barriers)?
- Which educational method is more effective in increasing the frequency and performance of testicular self-examination behaviors compared to a control group?
Researchers will compare three groups:
- Intervention Group 1: Receives an educational brochure on TC and TSE.
- Intervention Group 2: Receives an educational brochure combined with audio recordings of testicular cancer survivor/patient experiences.
- Control Group: Receives no specific educational intervention during the study period.
Participants will:
- Complete baseline questionnaires regarding demographic information, TC/TSE knowledge, health beliefs, and baseline examination practices.
- Receive the assigned educational material/session according to their randomized cluster.
- Complete follow-up evaluations at 3 months post-intervention to assess changes in health beliefs, knowledge, and TSE behaviors.
Study design
- Primary purpose
- Prevention
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Masking
- Double blind (participant, outcomes assessor)
- Number of arms
- 3
| Arm | Type | Receives |
|---|---|---|
| Intervention 2 (Educational Brochure Group) | Experimental | Behavioral: Educational BrochureFollowing face-to-face recruitment, obtaining informed consent, and collecting phone numbers from eligible university students between, pre-tests-including the Introductory and Testicular Self-Examination (TSE) Characteristics Form along with Champion's Health Belief Model Scale-were administered online via Google Forms via WhatsApp (approximate completion time: 15 minutes). At the end of the sixth week following the pre-test, the educational brochure group received their respective protocol, followed by post-tests comprising the TSE Behavior Determination Form and the TSE Behavior and Educational Tool Satisfaction Form. |
| Control Group (No Intervention) | Other | Other: Control GroupFollowing face-to-face recruitment, obtaining informed consent, and collecting phone numbers from eligible university students, pre-tests-including the Introductory and Testicular Self-Examination (TSE) Characteristics Form along with Champion's Health Belief Model Scale-were administered online via Google Forms via WhatsApp (approximate completion time: 15 minutes). For the control group, no active educational intervention was administered following the pre-test, and only the TSE Behavior Determination Form was applied as a post-test at the end of the sixth week. |
| Intervention 1 (Educational Brochure and Experience-Sharing Recordings Group) | Experimental | Behavioral: Educational Brochure and Audio RecordingFollowing face-to-face recruitment, obtaining informed consent, and collecting phone numbers from eligible university students, pre-tests-including the Introductory and Testicular Self-Examination (TSE) Characteristics Form along with Champion's Health Belief Model Scale-were administered online via Google Forms via WhatsApp (approximate completion time: 15 minutes). At the end of the sixth week following the pre-test, the educational brochure and audio-recorded experience-sharing intervention group received their respective protocol, followed by post-tests comprising the TSE Behavior Determination Form and the TSE Behavior and Educational Tool Satisfaction Form. |
Who may qualify
- Ages
- 18 years and older
- Sex
- Male only
- Healthy volunteers
- Accepted
- Age groups
- Adult, Older adult
Key inclusion criteria (6 listed)
- Being biologically male
- Being an active university student enrolled at the university
- Being aged 18 years or older
- Having native or fluent Turkish literacy (reading and writing)
- Having access to a technological device (smartphone, computer, or tablet) with an active internet connection to access digital materials and surveys
Key exclusion criteria (4 listed)
- Previous clinical diagnosis of testicular cancer or any other testicular/scrotal malignancy
- Having undergone major scrotal or testicular surgery (e.g., orchiectomy)
- Prior formal or professional training on testicular self-examination (TSE) within the last 6 months
- Inability to complete the educational intervention or follow-up assessments due to sensory or cognitive impairments
Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening; this overview does not establish that a patient qualifies. Full inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Interventions
| Intervention | Type | Arms |
|---|---|---|
| Educational Brochure and Audio RecordingFollowing face-to-face recruitment, obtaining informed consent, and collecting phone numbers from eligible university students, pre-tests-including the Introductory and Testicular Self-Examination (TSE) Characteristics Form along with Champion's Health Belief Model Scale-were administered online via Google Forms via WhatsApp (approximate completion time: 15 minutes). At the end of the sixth week following the pre-test, the brochure and audio-recorded experience-sharing intervention group received their respective protocol, followed by post-tests comprising the TSE Behavior Determination Form and the TSE Behavior and Educational Tool Satisfaction Form. | Behavioural | Intervention 1 (Educational Brochure and Experience-Sharing Recordings Group) |
| Educational BrochureFollowing face-to-face recruitment, obtaining informed consent, and collecting phone numbers from eligible university students, pre-tests-including the Introductory and Testicular Self-Examination (TSE) Characteristics Form along with Champion's Health Belief Model Scale-were administered online via Google Forms via WhatsApp (approximate completion time: 15 minutes). At the end of the sixth week following the pre-test, the educational brochure intervention group received their respective protocol, followed by post-tests comprising the TSE Behavior Determination Form and the TSE Behavior and Educational Tool Satisfaction Form. | Behavioural | Intervention 2 (Educational Brochure Group) |
| Control GroupFollowing face-to-face recruitment, obtaining informed consent, and collecting phone numbers from eligible university students, pre-tests-including the Introductory and Testicular Self-Examination (TSE) Characteristics Form along with Champion's Health Belief Model Scale-were administered online via Google Forms via WhatsApp (approximate completion time: 15 minutes). For the control group, no active educational intervention was administered following the pre-test, and only the TSE Behavior Determination Form was applied as a post-test at the end of the sixth week. | Other | Control Group (No Intervention) |
Primary outcome
Change in Testicular Self-Examination (TSE) Behavior
Time frame: At baseline and at 6 weeks post-intervention
Measured using the TSE Behavior Determination Form to evaluate whether the students perform regular testicular self-examination.
1 secondary outcome
Change in Champion's Health Belief Model Scale Scores
Time frame: At baseline and at 6 weeks post-intervention
Results and safety
The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.
Research links
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govLast updated by the sponsor 6 Oct 2026.
- Individual participant dataSharing planned: Yes. De-identified individual participant data collected during the study will be available upon reasonable request directed to the corresponding author.
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Referral and contact
AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals. Contact the study team or a site listed below; they decide who can take part. This study is not recruiting at the moment.
The record lists no contact. Use the official record to reach the sponsor.
1 site in 1 country: see every site and its status.
Questions about this trial
What is this clinical trial studying?
A study testing Educational Brochure and Audio Recording and Educational Brochure in people with Testicular Cancer and Testicular Self-Examination, run by Yeditepe University at 1 site in Turkey (Türkiye).
The full registered description is in the About this study section and the official record.
Who may be eligible to take part?
The sponsor lists 6 inclusion and 4 exclusion criteria. Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening, so read the full criteria and contact a listed site.
Is this clinical trial currently recruiting?
The record says: finished, as of the sponsor's last update on 6 Oct 2026. Status can change between updates, so confirm with the study contact before making plans.
Where is the study taking place?
The record lists 1 site in Turkey (Türkiye). Whether a site is taking part right now should be confirmed with that site. See every site.
What are the possible benefits and risks?
They depend on the study and the treatment, and no study can promise a benefit. The study team explains the known risks during informed consent, before anyone joins; the record itself does not list them.
Are results available for this study?
The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.
How can a doctor refer a patient or contact the research team?
The record lists no contact. The official record names the sponsor, who can be asked directly. AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals.
What does the primary outcome measure?
Change in Testicular Self-Examination (TSE) Behavior (time frame: At baseline and at 6 weeks post-intervention). It is what the study was designed to measure, not a finding.
Where can I read the original study information?
Does a listing mean the treatment is approved or proven to work?
No. A listing means the study is registered. It does not show that the treatment is safe, works, or is approved by a regulator.
How often is this information updated?
AzTrials copies changed records from ClinicalTrials.gov every night and reloads the whole registry every week. The sponsor last updated this record on 6 Oct 2026.