Smoking ( Cigarette)spark ForgoNCT07852845
Ecological Momentary Assessment of Smoking Triggers, Needs, and Cigarette Forgoing
A study testing Non-Adaptive Motivational EMI and Adaptive Motivational EMI in people with Smoking ( Cigarette), run by University of South Carolina.
Trial summary
This study will evaluate a smartphone-based program designed to support adults who smoke cigarettes. Participants will use the spark app to complete brief surveys during the day and a daily evening survey about their smoking urges, smoking, decisions not to smoke, and everyday experiences. Read more about this study
- Who is it for?
- Ages 18 years and older
- Conditions the study is for
- Smoking ( Cigarette)
- What is being tested?
- Non-Adaptive Motivational EMI and Adaptive Motivational EMI
- Type of treatment
- Lifestyle or therapy programme
- Could I receive a placebo?
- No, everyone receives an active treatment
- How many people
- 45 participants
- Where
- No sites listed yet
- Study dates
- 20 Sep 2026to Sep 2027
- Phase
- Interventional
- Are there results?
- Not yet: the study is under way
Key requirements
Who can take part, as listed by the sponsor. Only the study team can confirm whether you are eligible, so take this list to your doctor.
- Ages 18 years and older
- All sexes
- No healthy volunteers
- Adult, Older adult
Who may be able to join
- Age 21 years or older.
- Has smoked at least 100 cigarettes in their lifetime.
- Currently smokes cigarettes every day.
- Smokes 10 or fewer cigarettes per day.
- Owns a compatible smartphone with reliable internet access and is willing to install and use the *spark* study application.
- Able to read and understand English.
- Willing and able to complete smartphone-based assessments, self-initiated cigarette-event logs, and daily evening surveys for the study duration.
- Able and willing to provide informed consent.
Who cannot join
- Current use of electronic cigarettes or vaping products.
- Unable to provide informed consent.
- Does not have a compatible smartphone or reliable internet access.
- Unable to complete study procedures because of a cognitive, visual, motor, or other impairment not accommodated by the study procedures.
- Currently enrolled in another smoking-cessation intervention study that would conflict with study participation.
Trial locations and contacts
No sites are listed yet. Contact the study team or a site near you to ask about taking part.
About this study
This study will evaluate a smartphone-based program designed to support adults who smoke cigarettes. Participants will use the spark app to complete brief surveys during the day and a daily evening survey about their smoking urges, smoking, decisions not to smoke, and everyday experiences. Participants will also log cigarettes when they smoke. After some cigarette logs, participants will answer a few additional questions about their situation and feelings; after others, they will only log the cigarette.
The study has three phases. In the first phase, participants will complete surveys and cigarette logs without receiving intervention messages. In the second phase, they will receive motivational messages at random times. In the third phase, message timing and content will be tailored using information collected during the earlier phases. The study will examine whether personalized motivational messages can help participants forgo smoking in daily life.
Read the detailed description
This study uses a within-person, phased ecological momentary assessment (EMA) and ecological momentary intervention (EMI) design to characterize momentary factors associated with cigarette smoking and smoking forgoing and to evaluate non-adaptive and adaptive motivational messaging delivered via the *spark* smartphone platform.
During all study phases, participants will complete four randomly timed EMA assessments per day during predefined waking hours and a daily evening survey. EMA assessments will assess momentary contextual factors, including current activity or routine, physical environment, social context, affective and cognitive states, smoking urges or craving, cigarette use since the previous assessment, and instances in which a smoking urge occurred without smoking (i.e., smoking forgoing). Evening surveys will assess daily smoking-related attitudes, cognitions, and behaviors.
Participants may also initiate an event-contingent entry whenever they smoke a cigarette. Each self-initiated entry will record the smoking event. Following each cigarette log, the app will randomly assign, with equal probability, whether the participant completes additional questions about the smoking context and feeling states or only logs the cigarette. To minimize assessment burden, randomly timed EMA prompts will not be delivered until at least one hour after completion of a self-initiated cigarette survey.
The study includes three phases. During the EMA Observation Phase, participants will complete EMA assessments, evening surveys, and event-contingent cigarette logs; no intervention messages will be delivered. During the Non-Adaptive EMI Phase, participants will continue these assessments and receive motivational messages delivered at randomly selected times, without tailoring to participant behavior or context. During the Adaptive EMI Phase, participants will continue all assessments and receive motivational messages at times determined by predictive models developed using data from the first two phases. Message content will be adapted based on the estimated likelihood of successful smoking forgoing in response to momentary contexts and internal states.
Where technically feasible and permitted by participant consent, passive smartphone-based data may be collected, including geolocation-derived patterns, time-stamped device-activity indicators, and environmental-context variables such as local weather conditions. These data will be used to enhance characterization of contextual factors associated with smoking urges, smoking behavior, smoking forgoing, and responsiveness to motivational intervention delivery.
- Conditions
- Smoking ( Cigarette)
- Being tested
- Non-Adaptive Motivational EMI, Adaptive Motivational EMI
- Keywords
- Ecological momentary assessment, Ecological momentary intervention, just-in-time adaptive intervention, smartphone intervention, smoking cessation, cigarette smoking, smoking urge, craving, smoking forgoing, adaptive intervention, mobile health, motivational messages
- Medical subject headings
- Cigarette Smoking, Smoking Cessation
What participants receive
What participants receive. In a randomised study each person is assigned to one group by chance.
Non-Adaptive Motivational EMIBehavioural
Smartphone-delivered motivational messages provided at randomly selected times during the Non-Adaptive EMI Phase. Message timing and content are not tailored using participant behavior, context, or assessment data.
Adaptive Motivational EMIBehavioural
Smartphone-delivered motivational messages provided during the Adaptive EMI Phase. Message timing is determined using predictive models developed from earlier study-phase data, and message content is adapted to the participant's estimated likelihood of successfully forgoing smoking in their current context.
| Study group | Role | What they receive |
|---|---|---|
| Single Group (EMA/EMI sequence) | Experimental | All participants complete three phases in sequence: an EMA Observation Phase with no intervention messages; a Non-Adaptive EMI Phase with randomly timed motivational messages; and an Adaptive EMI Phase with motivational messages timed and tailored using predictive models. Participants complete EMA and evening surveys throughout and may self-initiate cigarette-event logs. Receives: Behavioral: Non-Adaptive Motivational EMI; Behavioral: Adaptive Motivational EMI |
What is being measured
The primary outcome is the main question the study is designed to answer.
Percentage of weekly smoking urge episodes in which smoking is forgone
Smoking forgoing will be assessed using study-specific ecological momentary assessment (EMA) item: "Since the last prompt (check-in or smoking report), have you *chosen* to skip any cigarettes that you normally would have smoked?" (yes/no). The outcome is the percentage of participant-reported smoking urge episodes per week. Higher percentages indicate more smoking forgoing.
Measured: During the 21-day study period
Number of cigarettes smoked per day
Cigarette smoking will be assessed using count of the participant-initiated cigarette-event logs. The outcome is the mean number of cigarettes smoked per participant per week during the study period.
Measured: During the 21-day study period
Secondary outcomes (4)
Mean weekly momentary smoking urge/craving intensity score
Current smoking urge or craving will be assessed using a study-specific EMA item: "How much do you crave (have an urging for) a cigarette right now? ". Participants will rate urge/craving on a 1-7 point scale, where 1 = 'not at all' and 7 = 'very much'. Higher scores indicate greater urge/craving.
Measured: During the 21-day study period
Weekly EMA adherence
Proportion of scheduled EMA prompts completed by participants per week
Measured: Throughout the study (week 1, 2, and 3).
Smoking forgoing following motivational-message delivery
Smoking-forgoing will be assessed using study-specific EMA urge reports and participant-initiated cigarette-event logs. The outcome is the percentage of participant-reported smoking-urge episodes in which the participant does not smoke a cigarette, calculated separately following delivery versus non-delivery of a motivational message at eligible decision points. Higher percentages indicate greater smoking forgoing.
Measured: During the two bouts of 7-day Non-Adaptive EMI and Adaptive EMI phases of the 21-day study period.
Cigarette smoking following motivational-message delivery
Cigarette smoking will be assessed using count of participant-initiated cigarette-event logs. The outcome is the mean number of cigarettes smoked per participant per week, calculated separately following delivery versus non-delivery of a motivational message at eligible decision points.
Measured: During the two bouts of 7-day Non-Adaptive EMI and Adaptive EMI phases of the 21-day study period.
Timeline
From the start of the study to its completion; the mark is today. Estimated dates are the sponsor’s plan.
- First posted1 Oct 2026
- Study start20 Sep 2026 (estimated)
- Primary completionJan 2027 (estimated)
- Study completionSep 2027 (estimated)
Resources
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govThe registry entry this page is built from, with its full change history.
- Other trials for Smoking ( Cigarette)Studies of the same condition, open and under way.
- More trials run by University of South CarolinaThe sponsor's other registered studies.
- What the trial phases meanHow a treatment moves from first tests in people to approval.
More details
For doctors and researchers: how the study is designed, who runs it, and its registry IDs.
Study design
- Study type
- Interventional
- Phase
- Phase N/A
- Primary purpose
- Treatment
- Allocation
- Not applicable
- Intervention model
- Single group
- Model description
- Participants complete the EMA Observation, Non-Adaptive EMI, and Adaptive EMI phases in sequence.
- Masking
- None (open label)
- Enrolment
- 45 participants (estimated)
Sponsor and investigators
- Lead sponsor
- University of South Carolina
- Sponsor type
- University, hospital or other
- Responsible party
- Principal investigator, Amanda L. Rebar, University of South Carolina
IDs, dates and publications
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT07852845
- Sponsor's protocol ID
- IRB00002615
- Acronym
- spark Forgo
- Status last verified
- Sep 2026
- First submitted
- 15 Sep 2026
- Last updated
- 1 Oct 2026
- Results posted
- No
- Data monitoring committee
- No
- FDA-regulated drug
- No
- FDA-regulated device
- No
- Individual data sharing
- No: Individual participant data will not be shared because the intensive, time-stamped ecological momentary assessment data and potential passive smartphone data may create a risk of participant re-identification. Data will be retained and managed in accordance with the approved protocol, informed-consent materials, institutional policies, and applicable regulations.
Study at a glance
From the registry record, last updated by the sponsor on 1 Oct 2026. Recruitment status is as the sponsor reported it: confirm with the study team.
- Official title
- Ecological Momentary Assessment of Smoking Triggers, Needs, and Cigarette Forgoing
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT07852845
- Acronym / sponsor ID
- spark Forgo / IRB00002615
- Conditions
- Smoking ( Cigarette)
- Keywords
- Ecological momentary assessment, Ecological momentary intervention, just-in-time adaptive intervention, smartphone intervention, smoking cessation, cigarette smoking, smoking urge, craving
- Study type
- Interventional
- Recruitment status
- Not yet recruiting
- Enrolment
- 45 participants (estimated)
- Lead sponsor
- University of South CarolinaUniversity, hospital or other
- Study start
- 20 Sep 2026 (estimated)
- Primary completion
- Jan 2027 (estimated)
- Study completion
- Sep 2027 (estimated)
- First posted
- 1 Oct 2026 (actual)
- Results
- Not posted in the source record
Clinical summary
The research question as the sponsor registered it. This describes what the study plans to test, not what it found.
This study will evaluate a smartphone-based program designed to support adults who smoke cigarettes. Participants will use the spark app to complete brief surveys during the day and a daily evening survey about their smoking urges, smoking, decisions not to smoke, and everyday experiences. Participants will also log cigarettes when they smoke. After some cigarette logs, participants will answer a few additional questions about their situation and feelings; after others, they will only log the cigarette.
The study has three phases. In the first phase, participants will complete surveys and cigarette logs without receiving intervention messages. In the second phase, they will receive motivational messages at random times. In the third phase, message timing and content will be tailored using information collected during the earlier phases. The study will examine whether personalized motivational messages can help participants forgo smoking in daily life.
Detailed description
This study uses a within-person, phased ecological momentary assessment (EMA) and ecological momentary intervention (EMI) design to characterize momentary factors associated with cigarette smoking and smoking forgoing and to evaluate non-adaptive and adaptive motivational messaging delivered via the *spark* smartphone platform.
During all study phases, participants will complete four randomly timed EMA assessments per day during predefined waking hours and a daily evening survey. EMA assessments will assess momentary contextual factors, including current activity or routine, physical environment, social context, affective and cognitive states, smoking urges or craving, cigarette use since the previous assessment, and instances in which a smoking urge occurred without smoking (i.e., smoking forgoing). Evening surveys will assess daily smoking-related attitudes, cognitions, and behaviors.
Participants may also initiate an event-contingent entry whenever they smoke a cigarette. Each self-initiated entry will record the smoking event. Following each cigarette log, the app will randomly assign, with equal probability, whether the participant completes additional questions about the smoking context and feeling states or only logs the cigarette. To minimize assessment burden, randomly timed EMA prompts will not be delivered until at least one hour after completion of a self-initiated cigarette survey.
The study includes three phases. During the EMA Observation Phase, participants will complete EMA assessments, evening surveys, and event-contingent cigarette logs; no intervention messages will be delivered. During the Non-Adaptive EMI Phase, participants will continue these assessments and receive motivational messages delivered at randomly selected times, without tailoring to participant behavior or context. During the Adaptive EMI Phase, participants will continue all assessments and receive motivational messages at times determined by predictive models developed using data from the first two phases. Message content will be adapted based on the estimated likelihood of successful smoking forgoing in response to momentary contexts and internal states.
Where technically feasible and permitted by participant consent, passive smartphone-based data may be collected, including geolocation-derived patterns, time-stamped device-activity indicators, and environmental-context variables such as local weather conditions. These data will be used to enhance characterization of contextual factors associated with smoking urges, smoking behavior, smoking forgoing, and responsiveness to motivational intervention delivery.
Study design
- Primary purpose
- Treatment
- Allocation
- Not applicable
- Intervention model
- Single group
- Masking
- None (open label)
- Number of arms
- 1
- Model description
- Participants complete the EMA Observation, Non-Adaptive EMI, and Adaptive EMI phases in sequence.
| Arm | Type | Receives |
|---|---|---|
| Single Group (EMA/EMI sequence) | Experimental | Behavioral: Non-Adaptive Motivational EMI, Behavioral: Adaptive Motivational EMIAll participants complete three phases in sequence: an EMA Observation Phase with no intervention messages; a Non-Adaptive EMI Phase with randomly timed motivational messages; and an Adaptive EMI Phase with motivational messages timed and tailored using predictive models. Participants complete EMA and evening surveys throughout and may self-initiate cigarette-event logs. |
Who may qualify
- Ages
- 18 years and older
- Sex
- All
- Healthy volunteers
- Not accepted
- Age groups
- Adult, Older adult
Key inclusion criteria (8 listed)
- Age 21 years or older.
- Has smoked at least 100 cigarettes in their lifetime.
- Currently smokes cigarettes every day.
- Smokes 10 or fewer cigarettes per day.
- Owns a compatible smartphone with reliable internet access and is willing to install and use the *spark* study application.
Key exclusion criteria (5 listed)
- Current use of electronic cigarettes or vaping products.
- Unable to provide informed consent.
- Does not have a compatible smartphone or reliable internet access.
- Unable to complete study procedures because of a cognitive, visual, motor, or other impairment not accommodated by the study procedures.
- Currently enrolled in another smoking-cessation intervention study that would conflict with study participation.
Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening; this overview does not establish that a patient qualifies. Full inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Interventions
| Intervention | Type | Arms |
|---|---|---|
| Non-Adaptive Motivational EMISmartphone-delivered motivational messages provided at randomly selected times during the Non-Adaptive EMI Phase. Message timing and content are not tailored using participant behavior, context, or assessment data. | Behavioural | Single Group (EMA/EMI sequence) |
| Adaptive Motivational EMISmartphone-delivered motivational messages provided during the Adaptive EMI Phase. Message timing is determined using predictive models developed from earlier study-phase data, and message content is adapted to the participant's estimated likelihood of successfully forgoing smoking in their current context. | Behavioural | Single Group (EMA/EMI sequence) |
Primary outcome
Percentage of weekly smoking urge episodes in which smoking is forgone
Time frame: During the 21-day study period
Smoking forgoing will be assessed using study-specific ecological momentary assessment (EMA) item: "Since the last prompt (check-in or smoking report), have you *chosen* to skip any cigarettes that you normally would have smoked?" (yes/no). The outcome is the percentage of participant-reported smoking urge episodes per week. Higher percentages indicate more smoking forgoing.
Number of cigarettes smoked per day
Time frame: During the 21-day study period
Cigarette smoking will be assessed using count of the participant-initiated cigarette-event logs. The outcome is the mean number of cigarettes smoked per participant per week during the study period.
4 secondary outcomes
Mean weekly momentary smoking urge/craving intensity score
Time frame: During the 21-day study period
Weekly EMA adherence
Time frame: Throughout the study (week 1, 2, and 3).
Smoking forgoing following motivational-message delivery
Time frame: During the two bouts of 7-day Non-Adaptive EMI and Adaptive EMI phases of the 21-day study period.
Cigarette smoking following motivational-message delivery
Time frame: During the two bouts of 7-day Non-Adaptive EMI and Adaptive EMI phases of the 21-day study period.
Results and safety
This study is still under way. Results are not available in the source record yet.
Research links
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govLast updated by the sponsor 1 Oct 2026.
- Individual participant dataSharing planned: No. Individual participant data will not be shared because the intensive, time-stamped ecological momentary assessment data and potential passive smartphone data may create a risk of participant re-identification. Data will be retained and managed in accordance with the approved protocol, informed-consent materials, institutional policies, and applicable regulations.
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Referral and contact
AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals. Contact the study team or a site listed below; they decide who can take part.
Questions about this trial
What is this clinical trial studying?
A study testing Non-Adaptive Motivational EMI and Adaptive Motivational EMI in people with Smoking ( Cigarette), run by University of South Carolina.
The full registered description is in the About this study section and the official record.
Who may be eligible to take part?
The sponsor lists 8 inclusion and 5 exclusion criteria. Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening, so read the full criteria and contact a listed site.
Is this clinical trial currently recruiting?
The record says: opening soon, as of the sponsor's last update on 1 Oct 2026. Status can change between updates, so confirm with the study contact before making plans.
What are the possible benefits and risks?
They depend on the study and the treatment, and no study can promise a benefit. The study team explains the known risks during informed consent, before anyone joins; the record itself does not list them.
Are results available for this study?
This study is still under way. Results are not available in the source record yet.
How can a doctor refer a patient or contact the research team?
Contact Amanda L Rebar, PhD (5822030147, arebar@mailbox.sc.edu), or a site near the patient. AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals.
What does the primary outcome measure?
Percentage of weekly smoking urge episodes in which smoking is forgone (time frame: During the 21-day study period). The study lists 2 primary outcomes in all. It is what the study was designed to measure, not a finding.
Where can I read the original study information?
Does a listing mean the treatment is approved or proven to work?
No. A listing means the study is registered. It does not show that the treatment is safe, works, or is approved by a regulator.
How often is this information updated?
AzTrials copies changed records from ClinicalTrials.gov every night and reloads the whole registry every week. The sponsor last updated this record on 1 Oct 2026.