Université de Liège - GIGA Institute (Coma Science Group)
Liège, Wallonia, 4020
Olivia Gosseries, PhD, +32 4 323 36 14, ogosseries@uliege.be
Anaïs Gillet, Master, +32 4 323 36 14, agillet@uliege.be
Recruiting

Other trials in Belgium

About this study

Official title: Tracking Inner Experiences: Neuronal and Behavioral Perspectives in Conscious Neurotypical Participants.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the brain activity associated with two common inner experiences: visual mental imagery (mentally seeing objects or actions) and inner speech (experiencing language without speaking out loud). Researchers aim to identify the most effective tasks to generate robust and detectable brain signals (EEG biomarkers) for these experiences in healthy adults. Participants will complete questionnaires and perform specific mental tasks, such as silently repeating words or imagining movements and faces, while their brain activity is recorded using high-density electroencephalography (hdEEG). These tasks will be compared to resting and passive listening conditions to better understand the relationship between inner experiences, self-awareness, and neurophysiology.

Read the detailed description

Background and scientific rationale :

The most frequently reported subjective experiences in the general population are visual mental imagery (VMI) and inner speech (IS). VMI refers to the ability to mentally "see" objects or actions in their physical absence, while IS is defined as the subjective experience of language without overt articulation. IS presents several phenomenological aspects, such as condensation, evaluative aspects, dialogic properties, and the involvement of others. It has been associated with high-level consciousness, self-reflection, and metacognition. Previous studies have identified EEG biomarkers reflecting the induction of both IS (e.g., N400, theta, beta, and gamma bands) and VMI (e.g., alpha band desynchronization, anterior negativity). The primary objective of this study is to determine which neurophysiological biomarkers resulting from the induction of these inner experience tasks are the most robust.

Study hypotheses :

The research is driven by three main hypotheses:

Mentally reciting a word will provide robust EEG biomarkers of IS (stable modulations in the beta and gamma bands), particularly in comparison with the passive listening of that same word.
A lower reflective consciousness will be associated with an overall reduction in the use of IS.
The condensation dimension of IS will be negatively correlated with reflective consciousness, whereas the dialogic dimension will be positively associated with levels of reflective consciousness.

General experimental plan :

The study will enroll neurotypical conscious adult participants. The experimental session involves both behavioral and neurophysiological assessments. First, participants will complete validated questionnaires evaluating self-consciousness and inner experiences, including the Short French Meta-Cognitions Questionnaire (MCQ-30), the Rumination-Reflection Questionnaire (RRQ), the Varieties of Inner Speech Questionnaire-Revised (VISQ-R), and the Vividness of Visual Imagery Questionnaire (VVIQ).

Following a training phase, participants will undergo high-density electroencephalography (hdEEG) recording during resting state and experimental tasks. The paradigms consist of four mental imagery conditions:

IS (auditory presentation): Mentally repeating a word heard orally.
IS (visual presentation): Mentally repeating a written word presented on a screen.
VMI (hand movement): Mentally visualizing opening and closing the right hand.
VMI (face imagery): Mentally visualizing a face. These tasks are designed to isolate specific cognitive constraints, with strictly controlled trials composed of a stimulus presentation followed by an action phase. A 5 minute passive listening period of an audio story comprising the target words will serve as a control condition to capture baseline electrophysiological activity during passive semantic processing.

After each main task block, participants will retrospectively evaluate their subjective experiences using visual analog scales (VAS) to assess task success, modality used, generated content, perceived difficulty, and modality mixing.

Data analyses will investigate behavioral measures and neurophysiological signatures (such as beta and gamma bands for IS, and alpha band for VMI) using standard statistical approaches. In an exploratory approach, a deep learning model based on a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) will also be tested to classify EEG signals reflecting IS or VMI.

Clinical perspectives :

The investigation of these inner experiences and their biomarkers opens long-term clinical applications. For patients with aphasia, these tools could help determine if IS is preserved despite the loss of overt speech, and explore its potential impact on anosognosia. Additionally, for patients with disorders of consciousness, these neurophysiological tools could offer the opportunity to investigate "hidden cognition", ultimately contributing to reducing clinical diagnostic errors.

Conditions: Healthy Volunteer
Being tested: Inner Experience Induction Tasks and hdEEG
Keywords: Inner Speech, Visual Mental Imagery, Electroencephalography, Metacognition, Inner Experiences

What participants receive

What participants receive. In a randomised study each person is assigned to one group by chance.

Inner Experience Induction Tasks and hdEEGBehavioural
The intervention consists of performing specific mental tasks to induce inner speech (mentally repeating heard or read words) and visual mental imagery (mentally visualizing a hand movement or a loved one's face). These tasks are performed while high-density EEG (hdEEG) is recorded. The protocol also includes a resting state period, a passive listening control condition, and the completion of psychological questionnaires (MCQ-30, RRQ, VISQ-R, VVIQ).

Study groups in NCT07885020
Study group	Role	What they receive
Healthy Volunteers	Experimental	Participants undergo a single experimental session. They first complete behavioral questionnaires evaluating self-consciousness and inner experiences (MCQ-30, RRQ, VISQ-R, VVIQ). Following a training phase, their brain activity is recorded using high-density electroencephalography (hdEEG). During the EEG recording, they perform cognitive tasks designed to induce inner speech (auditory and visual presentation of words) and visual mental imagery (imagining hand movements and familiar faces). Resting state and passive listening conditions are also recorded as baselines. Finally, they evaluate their subjective experience using visual analog scales. Receives: Behavioral: Inner Experience Induction Tasks and hdEEG

What is being measured

The primary outcome is the main question the study is designed to answer.

Modulation of EEG spectral power (Alpha, Beta, and Gamma bands)
The primary evaluation relies on the analysis of high-density EEG signals in response to the induction of inner experiences. Specifically, the analysis will focus on identifying the most robust paradigms by examining specific EEG characteristics: modulation in the beta and gamma frequency bands for Inner Speech (IS), and alpha band desynchronization for Visual Mental Imagery (VMI). The goal is to identify the most appropriate and effective tasks to generate these detectable biomarkers.
Measured: Day 1

Secondary outcomes (2)

Difference in EEG biomarkers between passive listening and active mental repetition
Investigating the neurophysiological correlates of the passive listening of words in comparison with their silent repetition (Inner Speech). This involves a comparative analysis of EEG biomarkers between these different tasks to determine the specific electrophysiological signatures of active mental generation versus passive semantic processing.
Measured: Day 1
Correlation between self-consciousness scores and phenomenological dimensions of inner speech
To better understand the links between self-consciousness and the phenomenological components of inner speech. Self-consciousness will be evaluated using the Short French Meta-Cognitions Questionnaire (MCQ-30) and the Rumination-Reflection Questionnaire (RRQ). These scores will be correlated with the detailed profile of inner experiences obtained through the Varieties of Inner Speech Questionnaire-Revised (VISQ-R) and the Vividness of Visual Imagery Questionnaire (VVIQ). A specific aim is to evaluate whether increased reflective consciousness is positively correlated with the dialogic and evaluative/critical dimensions of inner speech.
Measured: Day 1

Timeline

From the start of the study to its completion; the mark is today. Estimated dates are the sponsor’s plan.

5 Oct 202631 Oct 2027

First posted21 Oct 2026
Study start5 Oct 2026 (estimated)
Primary completion31 Oct 2027 (estimated)
Study completion31 Oct 2027 (estimated)

Resources

Official record on ClinicalTrials.govThe registry entry this page is built from, with its full change history.
Publications (26)Papers the sponsor has linked to this study.
Other trials for Healthy VolunteerStudies of the same condition, open and under way.
What the trial phases meanHow a treatment moves from first tests in people to approval.

More details

For doctors and researchers: how the study is designed, who runs it, and its registry IDs.

Study design

Study type: Interventional
Phase: Phase N/A
Primary purpose: Basic science
Allocation: Not applicable
Intervention model: Single group
Masking: None (open label)
Enrolment: 35 participants (estimated)

IDs, dates and publications

ClinicalTrials.gov ID: NCT07885020
Sponsor's protocol ID: 2026-429
Other IDs: B7072026000097, CE2026-429
Acronym: NEURO-IS
Status last verified: Oct 2026
First submitted: 13 Oct 2026
Last updated: 26 Oct 2026
Results posted: No
Data monitoring committee: No
FDA-regulated drug: No
FDA-regulated device: No
Individual data sharing: Undecided: In accordance with the study protocol and the informed consent form approved by the local Ethics Committee, access to the data is strictly restricted to the authorized researchers of the GIGA-Consciousness research unit directly involved in this study. To ensure strict participant confidentiality and full compliance with the European General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), individual participant data (IPD) might not be shared with external researchers or third parties.

Publications

Whitford TJ, Spencer KM, Godwin M, Hirano Y, Chung LK, Vodovozov W, Griffiths O, Harris AWF, Le Pelley ME, Jack BN. Gamma and Theta/Alpha-Band Oscillations in the Electroencephalogram Distinguish the Content of Inner Speech. eNeuro. 2025 Feb 10;12(2):ENEURO.0297-24.2025. doi: 10.1523/ENEURO.0297-24.2025. Print 2025 Feb.
PubMed 39843220
Stephan F, Saalbach H, Rossi S. The Brain Differentially Prepares Inner and Overt Speech Production: Electrophysiological and Vascular Evidence. Brain Sci. 2020 Mar 4;10(3):148. doi: 10.3390/brainsci10030148.
PubMed 32143405
Fama ME, Turkeltaub PE. Inner Speech in Aphasia: Current Evidence, Clinical Implications, and Future Directions. Am J Speech Lang Pathol. 2020 Feb 21;29(1S):560-573. doi: 10.1044/2019_AJSLP-CAC48-18-0212. Epub 2019 Sep 13.
PubMed 31518502
Schendan HE, Ganis G. Electrophysiological potentials reveal cortical mechanisms for mental imagery, mental simulation, and grounded (embodied) cognition. Front Psychol. 2012 Sep 14;3:329. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00329. eCollection 2012.
PubMed 23049515
Villena-Gonzalez M, Palacios-Garcia I, Rodriguez E, Lopez V. Beta Oscillations Distinguish Between Two Forms of Mental Imagery While Gamma and Theta Activity Reflects Auditory Attention. Front Hum Neurosci. 2018 Sep 25;12:389. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2018.00389. eCollection 2018.
PubMed 30337865
van der Stelt CM, Fama ME, Mccall JD, Snider SF, Turkeltaub PE. Intellectual awareness of naming abilities in people with chronic post-stroke aphasia. Neuropsychologia. 2021 Sep 17;160:107961. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2021.107961. Epub 2021 Jul 16.
PubMed 34274379
Trapnell PD, Campbell JD. Private self-consciousness and the five-factor model of personality: distinguishing rumination from reflection. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1999 Feb;76(2):284-304. doi: 10.1037//0022-3514.76.2.284.
PubMed 10074710
Thut G, Nietzel A, Brandt SA, Pascual-Leone A. Alpha-band electroencephalographic activity over occipital cortex indexes visuospatial attention bias and predicts visual target detection. J Neurosci. 2006 Sep 13;26(37):9494-502. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0875-06.2006.
PubMed 16971533
Skipper JI. A voice without a mouth no more: The neurobiology of language and consciousness. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2022 Sep;140:104772. doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104772. Epub 2022 Jul 11.
PubMed 35835286
Raij TT, Riekki TJJ. Dorsomedial prefontal cortex supports spontaneous thinking per se. Hum Brain Mapp. 2017 Jun;38(6):3277-3288. doi: 10.1002/hbm.23589. Epub 2017 Mar 31.
PubMed 28370735
Proverbio AM, Tacchini M, Jiang K. What do you have in mind? ERP markers of visual and auditory imagery. Brain Cogn. 2023 Mar;166:105954. doi: 10.1016/j.bandc.2023.105954. Epub 2023 Jan 17.
PubMed 36657242
Pratts J, Pobric G, Yao B. Bridging phenomenology and neural mechanisms of inner speech: ALE meta-analysis on egocentricity and spontaneity in a dual-mechanistic framework. Neuroimage. 2023 Nov 15;282:120399. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2023.120399. Epub 2023 Oct 11.
PubMed 37827205
Papathanassiou D, Etard O, Mellet E, Zago L, Mazoyer B, Tzourio-Mazoyer N. A common language network for comprehension and production: a contribution to the definition of language epicenters with PET. Neuroimage. 2000 Apr;11(4):347-57. doi: 10.1006/nimg.2000.0546.
PubMed 10725191
Morin A. Levels of consciousness and self-awareness: A comparison and integration of various neurocognitive views. Conscious Cogn. 2006 Jun;15(2):358-71. doi: 10.1016/j.concog.2005.09.006. Epub 2005 Nov 2.
PubMed 16260154
Lee SH, Lee M, Lee SW. Neural Decoding of Imagined Speech and Visual Imagery as Intuitive Paradigms for BCI Communication. IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng. 2020 Dec;28(12):2647-2659. doi: 10.1109/TNSRE.2020.3040289. Epub 2021 Jan 28.
PubMed 33232243

Interested in taking part?

Olivia Gosseries, PhD

+32 4 323 36 14

ogosseries@uliege.be

Talk to your doctor first and take this page with you. Only the study team can confirm whether you can join.

Questions to ask the study team

What is the study trying to find out?
What would I need to do, and how often would I visit?
Could I receive a placebo instead of the treatment?
What are the possible risks and benefits for me?
Will it cost me anything? Are travel or time paid for?
Can I keep seeing my own doctor during the study?
What happens when the study ends?

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Study at a glance

From the registry record, last updated by the sponsor on 26 Oct 2026. Recruitment status is as the sponsor reported it: confirm with the study team.

Official title: Tracking Inner Experiences: Neuronal and Behavioral Perspectives in Conscious Neurotypical Participants.
ClinicalTrials.gov ID: NCT07885020
Acronym / sponsor ID: NEURO-IS / 2026-429
Conditions: Healthy Volunteer
Keywords: Inner Speech, Visual Mental Imagery, Electroencephalography, Metacognition, Inner Experiences
Study type: Interventional
Recruitment status: Recruiting
Enrolment: 35 participants (estimated)
Lead sponsor: University of LiegeUniversity, hospital or other
Study start: 5 Oct 2026 (estimated)
Primary completion: 31 Oct 2027 (estimated)
Study completion: 31 Oct 2027 (estimated)
First posted: 21 Oct 2026 (actual)
Results: Not posted in the source record

Clinical summary

The research question as the sponsor registered it. This describes what the study plans to test, not what it found.

Detailed description

Background and scientific rationale :

Study hypotheses :

The research is driven by three main hypotheses:

Mentally reciting a word will provide robust EEG biomarkers of IS (stable modulations in the beta and gamma bands), particularly in comparison with the passive listening of that same word.
A lower reflective consciousness will be associated with an overall reduction in the use of IS.
The condensation dimension of IS will be negatively correlated with reflective consciousness, whereas the dialogic dimension will be positively associated with levels of reflective consciousness.

General experimental plan :

IS (auditory presentation): Mentally repeating a word heard orally.
IS (visual presentation): Mentally repeating a written word presented on a screen.
VMI (hand movement): Mentally visualizing opening and closing the right hand.
VMI (face imagery): Mentally visualizing a face. These tasks are designed to isolate specific cognitive constraints, with strictly controlled trials composed of a stimulus presentation followed by an action phase. A 5 minute passive listening period of an audio story comprising the target words will serve as a control condition to capture baseline electrophysiological activity during passive semantic processing.

Clinical perspectives :

Study design

Primary purpose: Basic science
Allocation: Not applicable
Intervention model: Single group
Masking: None (open label)
Number of arms: 1

Arm	Type	Receives
Healthy Volunteers	Experimental	Behavioral: Inner Experience Induction Tasks and hdEEGParticipants undergo a single experimental session. They first complete behavioral questionnaires evaluating self-consciousness and inner experiences (MCQ-30, RRQ, VISQ-R, VVIQ). Following a training phase, their brain activity is recorded using high-density electroencephalography (hdEEG). During the EEG recording, they perform cognitive tasks designed to induce inner speech (auditory and visual presentation of words) and visual mental imagery (imagining hand movements and familiar faces). Resting state and passive listening conditions are also recorded as baselines. Finally, they evaluate their subjective experience using visual analog scales.

Who may qualify

Ages: 18 to 70 years
Sex: All
Healthy volunteers: Accepted
Age groups: Adult, Older adult

Key inclusion criteria (2 listed)

Be aged 18 to 70.
Have French as a native language.

Key exclusion criteria (3 listed)

Presence of a neurological or psychiatric disorder.
Presence of an uncorrected sensory deficit.
Use of medications acting on the central nervous system.

Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening; this overview does not establish that a patient qualifies. Full inclusion and exclusion criteria.

Interventions

Intervention	Type	Arms
Inner Experience Induction Tasks and hdEEGThe intervention consists of performing specific mental tasks to induce inner speech (mentally repeating heard or read words) and visual mental imagery (mentally visualizing a hand movement or a loved one's face). These tasks are performed while high-density EEG (hdEEG) is recorded. The protocol also includes a resting state period, a passive listening control condition, and the completion of psychological questionnaires (MCQ-30, RRQ, VISQ-R, VVIQ).	Behavioural	Healthy Volunteers

Primary outcome

Modulation of EEG spectral power (Alpha, Beta, and Gamma bands)
Time frame: Day 1
The primary evaluation relies on the analysis of high-density EEG signals in response to the induction of inner experiences. Specifically, the analysis will focus on identifying the most robust paradigms by examining specific EEG characteristics: modulation in the beta and gamma frequency bands for Inner Speech (IS), and alpha band desynchronization for Visual Mental Imagery (VMI). The goal is to identify the most appropriate and effective tasks to generate these detectable biomarkers.

2 secondary outcomes

Difference in EEG biomarkers between passive listening and active mental repetition
Time frame: Day 1
Correlation between self-consciousness scores and phenomenological dimensions of inner speech
Time frame: Day 1

Results and safety

This study is still under way. Results are not available in the source record yet.

Research links

Official record on ClinicalTrials.govLast updated by the sponsor 26 Oct 2026.
Background: PubMed 39843220Whitford TJ, Spencer KM, Godwin M, Hirano Y, Chung LK, Vodovozov W, Griffiths O, Harris AWF, Le Pelley ME, Jack BN. Gamma and Theta/Alpha-Band Oscillations in the Electroencephalogram Distinguish the Content of Inner Speech. eNeuro. 2025 Feb 10;12(2):ENEURO.0297-24.2025. doi: 10.1523/ENEURO.0297-24.2025. Print 2025 Feb.
Background: PubMed 32143405Stephan F, Saalbach H, Rossi S. The Brain Differentially Prepares Inner and Overt Speech Production: Electrophysiological and Vascular Evidence. Brain Sci. 2020 Mar 4;10(3):148. doi: 10.3390/brainsci10030148.
Background: PubMed 31518502Fama ME, Turkeltaub PE. Inner Speech in Aphasia: Current Evidence, Clinical Implications, and Future Directions. Am J Speech Lang Pathol. 2020 Feb 21;29(1S):560-573. doi: 10.1044/2019_AJSLP-CAC48-18-0212. Epub 2019 Sep 13.
Background: PubMed 23049515Schendan HE, Ganis G. Electrophysiological potentials reveal cortical mechanisms for mental imagery, mental simulation, and grounded (embodied) cognition. Front Psychol. 2012 Sep 14;3:329. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00329. eCollection 2012.
Background: PubMed 30337865Villena-Gonzalez M, Palacios-Garcia I, Rodriguez E, Lopez V. Beta Oscillations Distinguish Between Two Forms of Mental Imagery While Gamma and Theta Activity Reflects Auditory Attention. Front Hum Neurosci. 2018 Sep 25;12:389. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2018.00389. eCollection 2018.
Background: PubMed 34274379van der Stelt CM, Fama ME, Mccall JD, Snider SF, Turkeltaub PE. Intellectual awareness of naming abilities in people with chronic post-stroke aphasia. Neuropsychologia. 2021 Sep 17;160:107961. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2021.107961. Epub 2021 Jul 16.
Background: PubMed 10074710Trapnell PD, Campbell JD. Private self-consciousness and the five-factor model of personality: distinguishing rumination from reflection. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1999 Feb;76(2):284-304. doi: 10.1037//0022-3514.76.2.284.
Background: PubMed 16971533Thut G, Nietzel A, Brandt SA, Pascual-Leone A. Alpha-band electroencephalographic activity over occipital cortex indexes visuospatial attention bias and predicts visual target detection. J Neurosci. 2006 Sep 13;26(37):9494-502. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0875-06.2006.
Background: PubMed 35835286Skipper JI. A voice without a mouth no more: The neurobiology of language and consciousness. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2022 Sep;140:104772. doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104772. Epub 2022 Jul 11.
Background: PubMed 28370735Raij TT, Riekki TJJ. Dorsomedial prefontal cortex supports spontaneous thinking per se. Hum Brain Mapp. 2017 Jun;38(6):3277-3288. doi: 10.1002/hbm.23589. Epub 2017 Mar 31.
Background: PubMed 36657242Proverbio AM, Tacchini M, Jiang K. What do you have in mind? ERP markers of visual and auditory imagery. Brain Cogn. 2023 Mar;166:105954. doi: 10.1016/j.bandc.2023.105954. Epub 2023 Jan 17.
Background: PubMed 37827205Pratts J, Pobric G, Yao B. Bridging phenomenology and neural mechanisms of inner speech: ALE meta-analysis on egocentricity and spontaneity in a dual-mechanistic framework. Neuroimage. 2023 Nov 15;282:120399. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2023.120399. Epub 2023 Oct 11.
Individual participant dataSharing planned: Undecided. In accordance with the study protocol and the informed consent form approved by the local Ethics Committee, access to the data is strictly restricted to the authorized researchers of the GIGA-Consciousness research unit directly involved in this study. To ensure strict participant confidentiality and full compliance with the European General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), individual participant data (IPD) might not be shared with external researchers or third parties.

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Referral and contact

AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals. Contact the study team or a site listed below; they decide who can take part.

Olivia Gosseries, PhD contact

+32 4 323 36 14

ogosseries@uliege.be

Anaïs Gillet, Master contact

+32 4 323 36 14

agillet@uliege.be

Olivia Gosseries, PhD principal investigator

University of Liege

1 site in 1 country: see every site and its status.

Questions about this trial

What is this clinical trial studying?

A study testing Inner Experience Induction Tasks and hdEEG in people with Healthy Volunteer, run by University of Liege at 1 site in Belgium.

The full registered description is in the About this study section and the official record.

Who may be eligible to take part?

The sponsor lists 2 inclusion and 3 exclusion criteria. Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening, so read the full criteria and contact a listed site.

Is this clinical trial currently recruiting?

The record says: looking for participants now, as of the sponsor's last update on 26 Oct 2026. Status can change between updates, so confirm with the study contact before making plans.

Where is the study taking place?

The record lists 1 site in Belgium. Whether a site is taking part right now should be confirmed with that site. See every site.

What are the possible benefits and risks?

They depend on the study and the treatment, and no study can promise a benefit. The study team explains the known risks during informed consent, before anyone joins; the record itself does not list them.

Are results available for this study?

This study is still under way. Results are not available in the source record yet.

How can a doctor refer a patient or contact the research team?

Contact Olivia Gosseries, PhD (+32 4 323 36 14, ogosseries@uliege.be), or a site near the patient. AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals.

What does the primary outcome measure?

Modulation of EEG spectral power (Alpha, Beta, and Gamma bands) (time frame: Day 1). It is what the study was designed to measure, not a finding.

Where can I read the original study information?

On the ClinicalTrials.gov record for NCT07885020, which also lists 26 linked publications.

Does a listing mean the treatment is approved or proven to work?

No. A listing means the study is registered. It does not show that the treatment is safe, works, or is approved by a regulator.

How often is this information updated?

AzTrials copies changed records from ClinicalTrials.gov every night and reloads the whole registry every week. The sponsor last updated this record on 26 Oct 2026.