Post-Operative Adjuvant Concurrent Chemoradiotherapy For High Risk Oral Cavity Squamous Cell Carcinoma Patients

Potentially resectable Stage III or IV squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck (HNSCC) are treated by operation and adjuvant radiotherapy. The 5-year survival rate is approximating 30%. Recurrence typically occurs within 3 years, 60-80% in locoregional sites, and 20-30% systemically. Patients who are found to have tumors at the margins of surgical specimens far particularly poorly.

Chemotherapy has been added in the hope to improve this situation. Induction and adjuvant chemotherapy has resulted in a decrease in the appearance of systemic metastases in most trials, but has not improved locoregional control and survival.

For cases with unresectable head and neck cancers, concurrent chemoradiotherapy appears to have improved locoregional control, disease-free survival, and possibly overall survival, as compared to radiotherapy alone. Bachaud et al. reported a randomized trial of postoperative cisplatin and radiotherapy vs. radiotherapy alone for patients with Stage III or IV head and neck cancer. Cisplatin was administered 50 mg weekly during radiotherapy. There was a significant improvement in locoregional control (70% vs. 55%) as well as overall survival (median 36m vs. 20m) in patients who received concurrent chemoradiotherapy. Al-Sarraf et al. also reported a phase II concurrent chemoradiotherapy trial, using cisplatin 100 mg/m2 every three weeks. Based on comparison with similar patients treated in a prior RTOG trial, they conclude that postoperative radiotherapy with concurrent cisplatin may improve locoregional control rates10. The superiority of adjuvant concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CCRT) to RT alone or sequential adjuvant RT and chemotherapy has been further confirmed in an analysis of data of RTOG 85-03 and RTOG 88-24. Comparing high-risk patients of RTOG 85-03 with prognostically similar patients from RTOG 88-24, the data suggest that sequential surgery, RT, and chemotherapy produced better locoregional control than surgery plus RT, but that surgery followed by CCRT produced even higher locoregional control. Independent of the differences in the amount of RT delivered, the Cox proportional hazards model suggests that the addition of CCRT resulted in a 50% decrease in locoregional relapse rates compared with surgery plus postoperative RT with no chemotherapy. The reduction in mortality was 18%.

Although CCRT may be better than RT alone or sequential treatment, the 3 year survival in both adjuvant CCRT studies were only around 50%. Is more aggressive treatment warranted? Tolerance to CCRT is a major concern. In the French study, severe acute toxicity occurred in 18% of RT only patients and 41% of patients received CCRT. In the RTOG 88-24 trial, severe and life-threatening toxicities occurred in 20% and 12% of patients, respectively; the most common drug-related toxicities were leukopenia, anemia, nausea, and vomiting . Theoretically, to optimize CCRT, continuous presence of chemotherapeutic drug or drug effect is necessary to maximize the effect of radiosensitization. For radiosensitization purpose, daily chemotherapy may be better than weekly and weekly may be better than tri-weekly. French study used weekly cisplatin with a dose of 30 mg/m2. RTOG 88-24 used different treatment dose and schedule 100 mg/m2 of cisplatin on radiotherapy days 1, 23 and 43. We choose weekly for convenience and hope this can increase the recruitment of patients. In the pilot study, we observed a remarkable toxicity with this treatment schedule. Considering the remarkable toxicity reported and our preliminary experience, more drugs, higher dosage, or extended schedule may not be justified.