Attention Training for Generalized Anxiety Disorder

Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) is characterized by excessive, uncontrollable worry (Barlow, et al., 1986) leading to medical over-utilization, poor perceived health, low ratings of quality of life, and impairment at work resulting in a significant economic and public health impact (Wittchen et al., 2002; Ballenger et al., 2001). Lifetime prevalence of GAD is high (5.7%, Kessler, et al, 2005), with even higher estimates in the primary care setting (8.5%, Roy-Byrne \& Wager, 2004). Researchers have established a relationship between GAD and attention bias to threatening information (Mogg \& Bradley 2005). This knowledge, however, has not been translated into more effective treatments for this disorder. This five-year, two site proposal aims to test a computerized treatment for GAD in a double-blind, placebo-controlled study bridging basic attention bias research and treatment outcome. We present the results from 7 studies demonstrating the efficacy of attention modification programs (AMP) in ameliorating symptoms of anxiety. Specifically, we report results from a pilot study of individuals with Generalized Anxiety Disorder (n=24, Dr Amir's lab), and high worries (n=24, Dr. Schmidt's lab) demonstrating the effectiveness of the procedures described in this proposal.

In brief, our intervention was effective in: a) changing biased attention, b) reducing symptoms of GAD, and c) maintaining its effects in up to one year follow-up. This technique for changing attention bias in GAD can provide a cost-effective and easy to administer treatment grounded in basic cognitive science that may help reduce suffering in individuals with anxiety. A larger study would allow us to test the treatment and examine the generalizability of the intervention to patients with GAD along with comorbid conditions. Moreover, we will examine the transportability of the intervention by examining the proposed intervention at two sites. There are currently 10 participants enrolled in the newest phase of pilot data collection (SDSU 6, FSU 4).

The goal of the current proposal is to extend these findings to a larger group of individuals with GAD and to examine the generalizability of the results to individuals with comorbid GAD. In the current proposal we will test two hypotheses:

1. Individuals with GAD completing the AMP will show a larger reduction in their attention bias to threat compared to the clinical monitoring group
2. Individuals with GAD completing AMP will show a larger reduction in anxiety symptoms compared to the clinical monitoring group.
3. Individuals with GAD completing AR will show a larger reduction in anxiety symptoms compared to the clinical monitoring group.

Specifically, in the current proposal directly responds to the NIMH priorities for evaluating user-friendly interventions and non-traditional delivery methods to increase access to evidence-based interventions. We will evaluate the efficacy of a 12-week computer-delivered home-based treatment program for GAD. Treatment will comprise a combination of two interventions shown to be efficacious in the treatment of GAD. The Attention Modification Program (AMP) is a computerized program designed to facilitate attention disengagement from threatening stimuli (Amir et al., 2009). Applied Relaxation (AR) is a behavioral, skills-based intervention where individuals learn ways to reduce the physiological cues associated with anxiety and worry (Öst, 1987; Siev \& Chambless, 2007). Following the recommended guidelines of the NIMH Workgroup on Psychosocial Intervention Development (Hollon et al., 2002), we review evidence suggesting that both treatments are ideal candidates for the efficient, economical, and widespread transportation of evidence-based treatments for GAD. This proposal has the potential for a significant public health impact by evaluating a new method for delivering evidence-based interventions for hard-to-reach populations through the use of innovative technologies.