Biliary AtresiaPhase 2NCT01774487
Pentoxifylline Therapy in Biliary Atresia
A Phase 2 study testing Pentoxifylline in people with Biliary Atresia, run by Baylor College of Medicine at 1 site in United States.
Trial summary
The purpose of this study is to determine whether pentoxifylline reduces liver damage in infants with biliary atresia. Read more about this study
- Who is it for?
- Ages Up to 180 days
- Conditions the study is for
- Biliary Atresia
- What is being tested?
- Pentoxifylline
- Type of treatment
- Pill or oral medicine
- Could I receive a placebo?
- No, everyone receives an active treatment
- How many people
- 17 participants
- Where
- 1 siteUnited States
- Study dates
- 4 Feb 2013to 20 Feb 2023
- Phase
- Phase 2
- Are there results?
- Yes, posted in the registrySummary in the doctors' view
Key requirements
Who can take part, as listed by the sponsor. Only the study team can confirm whether you are eligible, so take this list to your doctor.
- Ages Up to 180 days
- All sexes
- No healthy volunteers
- Child
Who may be able to join
- 0-180 days old
- Diagnosed with biliary atresia through liver biopsy and/or intra-operative cholangiogram
- No previous Kasai portoenterostomy performed at another institution
- Able to take medications orally
- Legal guardian signs consent after understanding risks and investigational nature of study
Who cannot join
- Infants greater than 180 days old
- Infants receiving a Kasai portoenterostomy at another institution
- Infants unable to take medications orally
Trial locations and contacts
1 site in 1 country.
United States1 site
Texas Children's Hospital and Baylor College of Medicine
Houston, Texas, 77030
About this study
Official title: A Phase II Trial of Pentoxifylline in Newly-Diagnosed Biliary Atresia
The purpose of this study is to determine whether pentoxifylline reduces liver damage in infants with biliary atresia.
Read the detailed description
Biliary atresia (BA) is a devastating liver disease of infancy of unknown etiology, characterized by bile duct obstruction, live fibrosis, and cirrhosis. BA has no known medical treatments. The only proven treatment is a surgical portoenterostomy (the Kasai procedure, or KP) which can achieve bile drainage and improve outcomes in some cases. The KPs success is variable depending on several factors including age of the infant, experience of the surgeon, and extent of liver fibrosis at the time of KP.
In this study, the investigators conduct a phase II trial of a potential new medical therapy for BA: pentoxifylline (PTX). PTX is a methylxanthine derivative closely related to caffeine that has been used safely in infants with other diseases such as sepsis. In adults, PTX has been shown to have a number of properties beneficial to the liver, including preventing liver fibrosis, improving liver regeneration, and reducing cirrhosis-related complications.
The trial's objective is to determine whether PTX has sufficient biological activity against BA to warrant further study. PTX will be administered orally for 90 days as an adjunct to standard therapy (i.e. KP if appropriate). The primary outcome will measure the change in serum conjugated bilirubin levels after 90 days. Secondary outcomes include changes in body weight, serum markers, liver imaging, and time to liver transplant in infants with BA.
- Conditions
- Biliary Atresia
- Being tested
- Pentoxifylline
- Keywords
- Biliary Atresia, Pentoxifylline, Trental, Serum bilirubin, Conjugated bilirubin, Liver transplantation, Fibrosis
- Medical subject headings
- Biliary Atresia, Fibrosis
What participants receive
What participants receive. In a randomised study each person is assigned to one group by chance.
PentoxifyllineDrug
Also called Trental
20 mg/kg/day divided in 3 doses, given orally for 90 days
| Study group | Role | What they receive |
|---|---|---|
| Pentoxifylline | Experimental | All newly-diagnosed biliary atresia patients fulfilling the study's inclusion criteria will receive oral pentoxifylline, 20 mg/kg/day divided in three doses for a total of 90 days.
The hospital pharmacy will create a 20 mg/ml oral pentoxifylline solution using 400 mg pentoxifylline tablets and established compounding recipes. Receives: Drug: Pentoxifylline |
What is being measured
The primary outcome is the main question the study is designed to answer.
Number of Participants With Normal Serum Conjugated Bilirubin Levels 12 Weeks After Starting PTX (Pentoxifylline) Therapy
The investigators will track the serum conjugated bilirubin (CB) levels over the course of therapy in patients receiving 90 days of PTX (this laboratory test is drawn as part of routine care). Normal CB is 0.0-0.3 mg/dL, with a higher number of patients meeting this indicating a better outcome.
Measured: 12 weeks after starting therapy
Secondary outcomes (5)
Number of Participants Achieving Zero or Positive Weight Z-scores 12 Weeks After Starting PTX Therapy
The investigators will track the weight of patients over the course of therapy in patients receiving 90 days of PTX (this is recorded as part of routine clinical care). The weight will then be compared to standards to calculate a z-score. Normal weight Z-score is greater than or equal to 0, with a higher number of patients meeting this indicating a better outcome.
Measured: 12 weeks after starting therapy
Alanine Amino Transferase (ALT) Levels at 2 Years of Life
The investigators will record the ALT levels at age two years, in patients who had previously been treated with PTX therapy and still have their native liver. Range of normal values: 14-45 U/L, with a higher level indicating a worse outcome.
Measured: 2 years of age
Spleen Size at 2 Years of Age
The investigators will measure spleen size by ultrasound at 2 years of age, in patients who had received PTX therapy earlier and still have their native liver. "Normal" spleen size range (10th-90th percentile) at this age is 6.4-8.6 cm, with a value exceeding this range indicating a worse outcome.
Measured: 2 years of age
Time to Liver Transplant
The investigators will track time to liver transplant. The shorter time to liver transplant indicates a worse outcome.
Measured: Baseline and up to two years after therapy finishes
Platelet Levels at 2 Years of Life
The investigators will record platelet levels at age two years, in patients who had previously been treated with PTX therapy and still have their native liver. Scale 189-403*10^3 Platelets/μL, with a lower level indicating a worse outcome.
Measured: 2 years of age
Timeline
From the start of the study to its completion; the mark is today. Estimated dates are the sponsor’s plan.
- First posted24 Jan 2013 (estimated)
- Study start4 Feb 2013
- Primary completion7 Feb 2018
- Study completion20 Feb 2023
Why it stopped: Target enrollment was not reached because the medication, pentoxifylline, has a taste that is not well tolerated by infants. The study team decided to end the study before meeting the enrollment goal because of the medication taste.
Resources
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govThe registry entry this page is built from, with its full change history.
- Posted resultsParticipant flow, outcome measures and adverse events reported by the sponsor.
- Publications (15)Papers the sponsor has linked to this study.
- Other trials for Biliary AtresiaStudies of the same condition, open and under way.
- More trials run by Baylor College of MedicineThe sponsor's other registered studies.
- What the trial phases meanHow a treatment moves from first tests in people to approval.
More details
For doctors and researchers: how the study is designed, who runs it, and its registry IDs.
Study design
- Study type
- Interventional
- Phase
- Phase 2
- Primary purpose
- Treatment
- Allocation
- Not applicable
- Intervention model
- Single group
- Masking
- None (open label)
- Enrolment
- 17 participants (actual)
Sponsor and investigators
- Lead sponsor
- Baylor College of Medicine
- Sponsor type
- University, hospital or other
- Responsible party
- Principal investigator, Sanjiv Harpavat, Baylor College of Medicine
- Investigators
- Sanjiv Harpavat, MD PhD, Principal investigator, Baylor College of Medicine
IDs, dates and publications
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT01774487
- Sponsor's protocol ID
- H-31387
- Status last verified
- Jan 2024
- First submitted
- 22 Jan 2013
- Last updated
- 11 Jan 2024
- Results posted
- Yes, on ClinicalTrials.gov
- Data monitoring committee
- Yes
- FDA-regulated drug
- Yes
- FDA-regulated device
- No
- Individual data sharing
- No: The data for subjects will be shared in aggregate.
Publications
Perlmutter DH, Shepherd RW. Extrahepatic biliary atresia: a disease or a phenotype? Hepatology. 2002 Jun;35(6):1297-304. doi: 10.1053/jhep.2002.34170. No abstract available.
PubMed 12029613Sokol RJ, Shepherd RW, Superina R, Bezerra JA, Robuck P, Hoofnagle JH. Screening and outcomes in biliary atresia: summary of a National Institutes of Health workshop. Hepatology. 2007 Aug;46(2):566-81. doi: 10.1002/hep.21790.
PubMed 17661405Garcia AV, Cowles RA, Kato T, Hardy MA. Morio Kasai: a remarkable impact beyond the Kasai procedure. J Pediatr Surg. 2012 May;47(5):1023-7. doi: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2012.01.065.
PubMed 22595595Shneider BL, Brown MB, Haber B, Whitington PF, Schwarz K, Squires R, Bezerra J, Shepherd R, Rosenthal P, Hoofnagle JH, Sokol RJ; Biliary Atresia Research Consortium. A multicenter study of the outcome of biliary atresia in the United States, 1997 to 2000. J Pediatr. 2006 Apr;148(4):467-474. doi: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2005.12.054.
PubMed 16647406Weerasooriya VS, White FV, Shepherd RW. Hepatic fibrosis and survival in biliary atresia. J Pediatr. 2004 Jan;144(1):123-5. doi: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2003.09.042.
PubMed 14722530Zhang D, Jiang H, Wang Y, Ma J. Pentoxifylline inhibits hepatic stellate cells proliferation via the Raf/ERK pathway. APMIS. 2012 Jul;120(7):572-81. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0463.2011.02868.x. Epub 2012 Jan 19.
PubMed 22716212Andrade Wde C, Tannuri U, da Silva LF, Alves VA. Effects of the administration of pentoxifylline and prednisolone on the evolution of portal fibrogenesis secondary to biliary obstruction-an experimental study in growing animals. J Pediatr Surg. 2009 Nov;44(11):2071-7. doi: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2009.05.020.
PubMed 19944210Zein CO, Yerian LM, Gogate P, Lopez R, Kirwan JP, Feldstein AE, McCullough AJ. Pentoxifylline improves nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: a randomized placebo-controlled trial. Hepatology. 2011 Nov;54(5):1610-9. doi: 10.1002/hep.24544. Epub 2011 Aug 24.
PubMed 21748765Petrowsky H, Breitenstein S, Slankamenac K, Vetter D, Lehmann K, Heinrich S, DeOliveira ML, Jochum W, Weishaupt D, Frauenfelder T, Graf R, Clavien PA. Effects of pentoxifylline on liver regeneration: a double-blinded, randomized, controlled trial in 101 patients undergoing major liver resection. Ann Surg. 2010 Nov;252(5):813-22. doi: 10.1097/SLA.0b013e3181fcbc5e.
PubMed 21037437Lebrec D, Thabut D, Oberti F, Perarnau JM, Condat B, Barraud H, Saliba F, Carbonell N, Renard P, Ramond MJ, Moreau R, Poynard T; Pentocir Group. Pentoxifylline does not decrease short-term mortality but does reduce complications in patients with advanced cirrhosis. Gastroenterology. 2010 May;138(5):1755-62. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2010.01.040. Epub 2010 Jan 25.
PubMed 20102716Haque KN, Pammi M. Pentoxifylline for treatment of sepsis and necrotizing enterocolitis in neonates. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011 Oct 5;(10):CD004205. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD004205.pub2.
PubMed 21975745Superina R, Magee JC, Brandt ML, Healey PJ, Tiao G, Ryckman F, Karrer FM, Iyer K, Fecteau A, West K, Burns RC, Flake A, Lee H, Lowell JA, Dillon P, Colombani P, Ricketts R, Li Y, Moore J, Wang KS; Childhood Liver Disease Research and Education Network. The anatomic pattern of biliary atresia identified at time of Kasai hepatoportoenterostomy and early postoperative clearance of jaundice are significant predictors of transplant-free survival. Ann Surg. 2011 Oct;254(4):577-85. doi: 10.1097/SLA.0b013e3182300950.
PubMed 21869674Simon R. Optimal two-stage designs for phase II clinical trials. Control Clin Trials. 1989 Mar;10(1):1-10. doi: 10.1016/0197-2456(89)90015-9.
PubMed 2702835Best BM, Burns JC, DeVincenzo J, Phelps SJ, Blumer JL, Wilson JT, Capparelli EV, Connor JD; Pediatric Pharmacology Research Unit Network. Pharmacokinetic and tolerability assessment of a pediatric oral formulation of pentoxifylline in kawasaki disease. Curr Ther Res Clin Exp. 2003 Feb;64(2):96-115. doi: 10.1016/S0011-393X(03)00018-3.
PubMed 24944359Davenport M, Caponcelli E, Livesey E, Hadzic N, Howard E. Surgical outcome in biliary atresia: etiology affects the influence of age at surgery. Ann Surg. 2008 Apr;247(4):694-8. doi: 10.1097/SLA.0b013e3181638627.
PubMed 18362634
Study at a glance
From the registry record, last updated by the sponsor on 11 Jan 2024. Recruitment status is as the sponsor reported it: confirm with the study team.
- Official title
- A Phase II Trial of Pentoxifylline in Newly-Diagnosed Biliary Atresia
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT01774487
- Acronym / sponsor ID
- H-31387
- Conditions
- Biliary Atresia
- Keywords
- Biliary Atresia, Pentoxifylline, Trental, Serum bilirubin, Conjugated bilirubin, Liver transplantation, Fibrosis
- Phase
- Phase 2
- Study type
- Interventional
- Recruitment status
- TerminatedReason stopped: Target enrollment was not reached because the medication, pentoxifylline, has a taste that is not well tolerated by infants. The study team decided to end the study before meeting the enrollment goal because of the medication taste.
- Enrolment
- 17 participants (actual)
- Lead sponsor
- Baylor College of MedicineUniversity, hospital or other
- Study start
- 4 Feb 2013 (actual)
- Primary completion
- 7 Feb 2018 (actual)
- Study completion
- 20 Feb 2023 (actual)
- First posted
- 24 Jan 2013 (estimated)
- Results
- Posted 12 Oct 2023
Clinical summary
The research question as the sponsor registered it. This describes what the study plans to test, not what it found.
The purpose of this study is to determine whether pentoxifylline reduces liver damage in infants with biliary atresia.
Detailed description
Biliary atresia (BA) is a devastating liver disease of infancy of unknown etiology, characterized by bile duct obstruction, live fibrosis, and cirrhosis. BA has no known medical treatments. The only proven treatment is a surgical portoenterostomy (the Kasai procedure, or KP) which can achieve bile drainage and improve outcomes in some cases. The KPs success is variable depending on several factors including age of the infant, experience of the surgeon, and extent of liver fibrosis at the time of KP.
In this study, the investigators conduct a phase II trial of a potential new medical therapy for BA: pentoxifylline (PTX). PTX is a methylxanthine derivative closely related to caffeine that has been used safely in infants with other diseases such as sepsis. In adults, PTX has been shown to have a number of properties beneficial to the liver, including preventing liver fibrosis, improving liver regeneration, and reducing cirrhosis-related complications.
The trial's objective is to determine whether PTX has sufficient biological activity against BA to warrant further study. PTX will be administered orally for 90 days as an adjunct to standard therapy (i.e. KP if appropriate). The primary outcome will measure the change in serum conjugated bilirubin levels after 90 days. Secondary outcomes include changes in body weight, serum markers, liver imaging, and time to liver transplant in infants with BA.
Study design
- Primary purpose
- Treatment
- Allocation
- Not applicable
- Intervention model
- Single group
- Masking
- None (open label)
- Number of arms
- 1
| Arm | Type | Receives |
|---|---|---|
| Pentoxifylline | Experimental | Drug: PentoxifyllineAll newly-diagnosed biliary atresia patients fulfilling the study's inclusion criteria will receive oral pentoxifylline, 20 mg/kg/day divided in three doses for a total of 90 days. The hospital pharmacy will create a 20 mg/ml oral pentoxifylline solution using 400 mg pentoxifylline tablets and established compounding recipes. |
Who may qualify
- Ages
- Up to 180 days
- Sex
- All
- Healthy volunteers
- Not accepted
- Age groups
- Child
Key inclusion criteria (5 listed)
- 0-180 days old
- Diagnosed with biliary atresia through liver biopsy and/or intra-operative cholangiogram
- No previous Kasai portoenterostomy performed at another institution
- Able to take medications orally
- Legal guardian signs consent after understanding risks and investigational nature of study
Key exclusion criteria (3 listed)
- Infants greater than 180 days old
- Infants receiving a Kasai portoenterostomy at another institution
- Infants unable to take medications orally
Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening; this overview does not establish that a patient qualifies. Full inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Interventions
| Intervention | Type | Arms |
|---|---|---|
| PentoxifyllineAlso: Trental20 mg/kg/day divided in 3 doses, given orally for 90 days | Drug | Pentoxifylline |
Primary outcome
Number of Participants With Normal Serum Conjugated Bilirubin Levels 12 Weeks After Starting PTX (Pentoxifylline) Therapy
Time frame: 12 weeks after starting therapy
The investigators will track the serum conjugated bilirubin (CB) levels over the course of therapy in patients receiving 90 days of PTX (this laboratory test is drawn as part of routine care). Normal CB is 0.0-0.3 mg/dL, with a higher number of patients meeting this indicating a better outcome.
5 secondary outcomes
Number of Participants Achieving Zero or Positive Weight Z-scores 12 Weeks After Starting PTX Therapy
Time frame: 12 weeks after starting therapy
Alanine Amino Transferase (ALT) Levels at 2 Years of Life
Time frame: 2 years of age
Spleen Size at 2 Years of Age
Time frame: 2 years of age
Time to Liver Transplant
Time frame: Baseline and up to two years after therapy finishes
Platelet Levels at 2 Years of Life
Time frame: 2 years of age
Results and safety
Loading the posted results from ClinicalTrials.gov…
Research links
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govLast updated by the sponsor 11 Jan 2024.
- Posted resultsParticipant flow, baseline, all outcome measures and adverse events.
- Background: PubMed 12029613Perlmutter DH, Shepherd RW. Extrahepatic biliary atresia: a disease or a phenotype? Hepatology. 2002 Jun;35(6):1297-304. doi: 10.1053/jhep.2002.34170. No abstract available.
- Background: PubMed 17661405Sokol RJ, Shepherd RW, Superina R, Bezerra JA, Robuck P, Hoofnagle JH. Screening and outcomes in biliary atresia: summary of a National Institutes of Health workshop. Hepatology. 2007 Aug;46(2):566-81. doi: 10.1002/hep.21790.
- Background: PubMed 22595595Garcia AV, Cowles RA, Kato T, Hardy MA. Morio Kasai: a remarkable impact beyond the Kasai procedure. J Pediatr Surg. 2012 May;47(5):1023-7. doi: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2012.01.065.
- Background: PubMed 16647406Shneider BL, Brown MB, Haber B, Whitington PF, Schwarz K, Squires R, Bezerra J, Shepherd R, Rosenthal P, Hoofnagle JH, Sokol RJ; Biliary Atresia Research Consortium. A multicenter study of the outcome of biliary atresia in the United States, 1997 to 2000. J Pediatr. 2006 Apr;148(4):467-474. doi: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2005.12.054.
- Background: PubMed 14722530Weerasooriya VS, White FV, Shepherd RW. Hepatic fibrosis and survival in biliary atresia. J Pediatr. 2004 Jan;144(1):123-5. doi: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2003.09.042.
- Background: PubMed 22716212Zhang D, Jiang H, Wang Y, Ma J. Pentoxifylline inhibits hepatic stellate cells proliferation via the Raf/ERK pathway. APMIS. 2012 Jul;120(7):572-81. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0463.2011.02868.x. Epub 2012 Jan 19.
- Background: PubMed 19944210Andrade Wde C, Tannuri U, da Silva LF, Alves VA. Effects of the administration of pentoxifylline and prednisolone on the evolution of portal fibrogenesis secondary to biliary obstruction-an experimental study in growing animals. J Pediatr Surg. 2009 Nov;44(11):2071-7. doi: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2009.05.020.
- Background: PubMed 21748765Zein CO, Yerian LM, Gogate P, Lopez R, Kirwan JP, Feldstein AE, McCullough AJ. Pentoxifylline improves nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: a randomized placebo-controlled trial. Hepatology. 2011 Nov;54(5):1610-9. doi: 10.1002/hep.24544. Epub 2011 Aug 24.
- Background: PubMed 21037437Petrowsky H, Breitenstein S, Slankamenac K, Vetter D, Lehmann K, Heinrich S, DeOliveira ML, Jochum W, Weishaupt D, Frauenfelder T, Graf R, Clavien PA. Effects of pentoxifylline on liver regeneration: a double-blinded, randomized, controlled trial in 101 patients undergoing major liver resection. Ann Surg. 2010 Nov;252(5):813-22. doi: 10.1097/SLA.0b013e3181fcbc5e.
- Background: PubMed 20102716Lebrec D, Thabut D, Oberti F, Perarnau JM, Condat B, Barraud H, Saliba F, Carbonell N, Renard P, Ramond MJ, Moreau R, Poynard T; Pentocir Group. Pentoxifylline does not decrease short-term mortality but does reduce complications in patients with advanced cirrhosis. Gastroenterology. 2010 May;138(5):1755-62. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2010.01.040. Epub 2010 Jan 25.
- Background: PubMed 21975745Haque KN, Pammi M. Pentoxifylline for treatment of sepsis and necrotizing enterocolitis in neonates. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011 Oct 5;(10):CD004205. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD004205.pub2.
- Background: PubMed 21869674Superina R, Magee JC, Brandt ML, Healey PJ, Tiao G, Ryckman F, Karrer FM, Iyer K, Fecteau A, West K, Burns RC, Flake A, Lee H, Lowell JA, Dillon P, Colombani P, Ricketts R, Li Y, Moore J, Wang KS; Childhood Liver Disease Research and Education Network. The anatomic pattern of biliary atresia identified at time of Kasai hepatoportoenterostomy and early postoperative clearance of jaundice are significant predictors of transplant-free survival. Ann Surg. 2011 Oct;254(4):577-85. doi: 10.1097/SLA.0b013e3182300950.
- Individual participant dataSharing planned: No. The data for subjects will be shared in aggregate.
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Referral and contact
AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals. Contact the study team or a site listed below; they decide who can take part. This study is not recruiting at the moment.
Sanjiv Harpavat, MD PhD principal investigator
Baylor College of Medicine
1 site in 1 country: see every site and its status.
Questions about this trial
What is this clinical trial studying?
A Phase 2 study testing Pentoxifylline in people with Biliary Atresia, run by Baylor College of Medicine at 1 site in United States.
The full registered description is in the About this study section and the official record.
Who may be eligible to take part?
The sponsor lists 5 inclusion and 3 exclusion criteria. Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening, so read the full criteria and contact a listed site.
Is this clinical trial currently recruiting?
The record says: stopped early, as of the sponsor's last update on 11 Jan 2024. Status can change between updates, so confirm with the study contact before making plans.
Where is the study taking place?
The record lists 1 site in United States. Whether a site is taking part right now should be confirmed with that site. See every site.
What are the possible benefits and risks?
They depend on the study and the treatment, and no study can promise a benefit. The study team explains the known risks during informed consent, before anyone joins; the record itself does not list them.
What does this phase mean?
Phase 2 studies give the treatment to a larger group to see whether it has the intended effect and to keep checking safety.
Not every study follows the same path, and some studies (observational studies, device studies) have no phase.
Are results available for this study?
Yes. Results are posted in the registry (first posted 12 Oct 2023). A summary is in the For doctors view, and the full results are on ClinicalTrials.gov.
How can a doctor refer a patient or contact the research team?
The record lists no contact. The official record names the sponsor, who can be asked directly. AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals.
What does the primary outcome measure?
Number of Participants With Normal Serum Conjugated Bilirubin Levels 12 Weeks After Starting PTX (Pentoxifylline) Therapy (time frame: 12 weeks after starting therapy). It is what the study was designed to measure, not a finding.
Where can I read the original study information?
On the ClinicalTrials.gov record for NCT01774487, which also lists 15 linked publications.
Does a listing mean the treatment is approved or proven to work?
No. A listing means the study is registered. It does not show that the treatment is safe, works, or is approved by a regulator.
How often is this information updated?
AzTrials copies changed records from ClinicalTrials.gov every night and reloads the whole registry every week. The sponsor last updated this record on 11 Jan 2024.