Bringing NELIP for Obese Pregnant Women Into Clinical Practice

Thirty pregnant women (12-16 weeks gestation) with a pre-pregnancy BMI of ≥35 kg/m2 will be recruited from "My Clinic" and normal obstetrical care.

"My Clinic" is a new outpatient obstetrical care clinic being initiated at London Health Sciences Centre for obese women. Women in early pregnancy (12-16 weeks) will be recruited through family physicians' offices from Southwest Ontario to participate in "My Clinic" if their BMI is > or = 35 at the initiation of pregnancy. The clinic will integrate various professional groups currently fractured in their provision of care, including ultrasound, nutrition, social work and obstetrical care to assess and provide care for this group of women, while providing the patients a group atmosphere for regular counselling during their scheduled antenatal visits. The clinic will also offer group counseling sessions for patients covering various topics relating to lifestyle choices including diet and exercise.

Each woman will be screened for medical comorbidities of obesity, including blood pressure measurements and a fasting oral glucose tolerance test to screen for gestational diabetes. Once medically pre-screened with no contraindications to walking regularly, each woman will be approached by a member of the research team. Each woman will record for 3 consecutive days (including one weekend day) a food intake diary and also record the number of steps taken during that same time period, using a pedometer with instructions on how to wear it and record her daily steps. Once these have been returned, the women will be randomized into one of three groups by computer generated model. The order of randomization will be kept in the clinic in opaque envelopes and selected by the research assistant after inclusion in the study is confirmed. The three groups are as described;

1. The NELIP group (N=10) with full intervention (1) will be introduced to a walking program in which they walk for 25 minutes, 3 to 4 times per week, adding 2 minutes each week, until 40 minutes is reached and then maintained until delivery. Each woman will be given a pedometer and log sheet to keep track of daily steps and to initiate self-monitoring behaviour. The dietary program will mimic the gestational diabetic meal plan: a) individualize total energy intake with a minimum of 2000 kcal/day (8360 kilojoule/day), taking into account the usual energy intake as indicated by each dietary assessment (including 3-day food intake records) with a restriction of not more than 33% total energy intake; b) adjust if necessary the total carbohydrate intake to 40-50% of total energy intake, distributing carbohydrate intake throughout the day with three balanced meals, and three snacks per day emphasizing complex carbohydrates and low glycemic index foods; c) adjust the total fat intake to 30% of total energy intake (substituting monounsaturated fatty acids for saturated and trans-fatty acids), with the remaining 30% dedicated to protein intake; and d) meet all micronutrient and fluid needs recommended during pregnancy (2).
2. In order to tease out the effectiveness of the full NELIP, the second group (N=10) will only be given the exercise component (ELIP) of NELIP. Once dietary intake has been assessed, this group will not be given any dietary intervention but will be encouraged to eat a healthy, balanced diet.
3. The third group (N=10) will only be given the nutrition program (NLIP) of NELIP. They will be encouraged to be more active but will not be given an exercise intervention.

A control group (N=30) will also be recruited from the "My Clinic" and other women undergoing care through the obstetrical program at London Health Sciences Centre. The women will be matched by pre-pregnancy BMI, maternal age and parity, with no intervention, but will attend the clinic for standard obstetric care and follow-up.

Women in groups 1-3 will have weekly weight gain recorded until delivery. Infant gender, body weight, length, neonatal morphometrics (birth weight:length ratio, BMI, newborn skinfolds, and circumferences) and placental weight (placenta:birth weight ratio) will be recorded in all women within 6-18 hours of birth. Any interventions or complications at birth will also be recorded. At 6 and 12 months post partum, all maternal-infant pairs (including controls) will be invited to return to the clinic for follow-up. Breast feeding status, maternal weight retention, infant weight/length/BMI/skinfolds/girths and growth patterns will be assessed and compared to the WHO Child Growth Standards for infants based on gender (see above).

All women will complete the Kaiser Physical Activity Questionnaire at entry, 34-36 weeks of gestation and at each follow-up appointment to track changes in physical activity.