Adolescent BehaviorPhase 1ASAPNCT02272179
Brief Intervention for Suicide Risk Reduction in High Risk Adolescents
A Phase 1 study testing As Safe As Possible, Brite and Treatment as Usual in people with Adolescent Behavior, run by University of Pittsburgh at 2 sites in United States.
Trial summary
Adolescent suicide is the 2nd leading cause of death in this age group. There are no validated treatments to decrease the risk of adolescent suicidal behavior, and there are especially no interventions to target the highest risk period for adolescent suicide and suicidal behavior, namely during the time of transition… Read more about this study
- Who is it for?
- Ages 12 to 17 years
- Conditions the study is for
- Adolescent Behavior
- What is being tested?
- As Safe As Possible, Brite and Treatment as Usual
- Type of treatment
- Lifestyle or therapy programme
- Could I receive a placebo?
- No, everyone receives an active treatment
- How many people
- 68 participants
- Where
- 2 sitesUnited States
- Study dates
- Feb 2014to Nov 2017
- Phase
- Phase 1
- Are there results?
- None posted in the registry
Key requirements
Who can take part, as listed by the sponsor. Only the study team can confirm whether you are eligible, so take this list to your doctor.
- Ages 12 to 17 years
- All sexes
- No healthy volunteers
- Child
Who may be able to join
- Child participants will be adolescents (aged 12-17.11 years) admitted to an inpatient unit for a recent suicide attempt or significant suicidal ideation with a plan or intent. We define a suicide attempt, as per the Columbia Clinical Algorithm for Suicide Assessment (C-CASA), as "self-destructive behavior with inferred or stated intent to die."
- Participants must be English-speaking.
- Participants can have unipolar or bipolar disorder, conduct or oppositional disorder, eating disorder, or alcohol or substance use or abuse or dependence.
Who cannot join
- Child participants to be excluded will be those with current psychosis, mania, <90% of ideal body weight, or IQ<70 (based on the age-appropriate Wechsler Intelligence Scale if concerns about intellectual capabilities are evident at assessment), as these conditions may require more intensive interventions or limit comprehension of the intervention components.
Trial locations and contacts
2 sites in 1 country.
United States2 sites
University of Texas Southwest
Dallas, Texas, 75390
University of Pittsburgh
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15213
About this study
Adolescent suicide is the 2nd leading cause of death in this age group. There are no validated treatments to decrease the risk of adolescent suicidal behavior, and there are especially no interventions to target the highest risk period for adolescent suicide and suicidal behavior, namely during the time of transition from inpatient to outpatient care. This purpose of this project was to develop a novel, brief intervention that can be delivered on an inpatient unit prior to the transition to outpatient care, and augment known factors to protect adolescents from suicidal behavior, and extend the impact of treatment by liaison with the outpatient therapist and the development of a personalized safety plan phone application. This treatment, ASAP, focuses on augmenting adherence to the components of ASAP and outpatient aftercare, development of a personalized Safety Plan, and Affect Protection, through helping the teen and family promote a positive mood, tolerate distress, engage in healthy emotion regulation and access social support.
Read the detailed description
This 2-site R34 project developed a brief, flexible, manualized intervention with supporting phone app with the purpose of reducing the risk of suicidal behavior in adolescents with high suicidal ideation or a recent suicide attempt, during the transition from inpatient to outpatient care. This transition period is the highest risk period for attempted and completed suicide. Suicide is the 2nd leading cause of adolescent mortality, and there are currently no established interventions for suicidal teens. By developing a treatment that can be delivered on an inpatient unit prior to the transition to outpatient treatment, we anticipated being able to lower suicidal risk and increase the likelihood that participants will attend subsequent outpatient treatment. In keeping with the priorities of NIMH, this intervention aimed at reducing the risk of suicide and suicidal behavior was trans-diagnostic. We term the intervention ASAP, with anticipated components: (1) Adherence-promoting engagement and adherence to treatment through motivational interviewing; (2) Safety planning; and (3) Affect Protection- selecting from a menu of techniques for maintaining positive affect (e.g. savoring and switching strategies, mobilizing social support, engaging in emotion regulation and distress tolerance skills). Each of these components was delivered within a Motivational Interviewing framework for enhancing intrinsic motivation for change. Treatment was brief (3-5 hours), and flexibly delivered on inpatient units prior to initiation of outpatient treatment.
ASAP included the family in the treatment, and a safety plan phone app to extend the impact of treatment was also developed. Innovative features included: (1) delivery of an intervention at a time and place when suicidal risk is highest; (2) augmentation of protective factors against recurrent suicidal behavior, specifically by promoting development of positive affect, emotion regulation, distress tolerance, and social support; (3) a Safety plan phone app to extend the impact of treatment; and (4) liaison with the outpatient therapist to ensure continuity of care.
This project conducted an RCT of ASAP followed by Aftercare (AC) vs. AC alone to determine ASAP's feasibility, acceptability, impact on proximal targets (e.g., adherence to outpatient care, sleep, positive affect, substance use), suicidal ideation and behavior. In total 68 suicidal adolescents were enrolled, 2 of whom were withdrawn following baseline assessment and were excluded from analyses, resulting in the final study sample size of 66. ASAP, developed with and intended for community clinicians, has the potential to be a sustainable intervention to reduce the burden of adolescent suicidality. Data analyses have been completed and results are being finalized.
- Conditions
- Adolescent Behavior
- Being tested
- As Safe As Possible, Brite, Treatment as Usual
- Keywords
- adolescence, suicidality, depression
- Medical subject headings
- Adolescent Behavior, Suicidal Ideation, Depression
What participants receive
What participants receive. In a randomised study each person is assigned to one group by chance.
As Safe As PossibleBehavioural
Also called ASAP
The ASAP (As Safe As Possible) treatment is a brief, intensive intervention initiated during inpatient care and transitioning to outpatient care. The intervention focuses on 1) using motivational interviewing (MI) strategies throughout care; 2) developing a safety plan, including adapting the plan to an interactive safety plan phone app, Brite); and 3) using treatment modules to target specific risk factors that are selected based on individual need.
BriteBehavioural
Brite is a HIPAA-compliant mobile application designed to provide the participants with emotion regulation and distress tolerance skills, social support, and convenient access to safety plan resources via the patients' phone.
Treatment as UsualBehavioural
Participants received usual treatment for suicidal adolescents as they transition from inpatient hospitalization to outpatient therapy, which included a paper safety plan.
| Study group | Role | What they receive |
|---|---|---|
| ASAP Treatment and Brite | Experimental | Participants in the experimental arm received the ASAP treatment, during their transition from inpatient to outpatient care, as well as the Brite app for distress tolerance/emotion regulation and safety planning. Receives: Behavioral: As Safe As Possible; Behavioral: Brite |
| Treatment as Usual | Active comparator | Participants in this grouping were studied as they proceed from inpatient to outpatient care, per usual treatment protocols at each site. Participants completed paper safety plans as part of their regular treatment, which is a standard of care for suicidal youth. Receives: Behavioral: Treatment as Usual |
What is being measured
The primary outcome is the main question the study is designed to answer.
Suicidal behavior and ideation
Suicidal attempts were the major outcome and secondarily, suicidal ideation. Information about past and current suicidal behavior was obtained using the Columbia Suicide History Form, with ideation and behavior classified using the Columbia Suicide Severity Rating Scale (CSSRS). Self-reported ideation was assessed using the Suicidal Ideation Questionnaire - Junior (SIQ-Jr). The two main outcomes, assessing recurrent suicidal behavior and change in suicidal ideation, was assessed at weeks 4, 12, and 24.
Measured: Weeks 4, 12, and 24
Secondary outcomes (8)
Course of disorder and AC treatment.
Attendance to treatment and type of treatment was documented by the Treatment History Form. The electronic medical record and Youth Self Report will also be used to document the presence of psychiatric disorders. The Treatment History Form derives forms of treatment demonstrated on the Child and Adolescent Services Assessment (CASA) using the structure of the Adolescent Longitudinal Interval Follow-up (A-LIFE).
Measured: Weeks 4, 12, and 24
Treatment target: motivation for treatment
Participants rated readiness on a 1-10 scale to assess Readiness to change, Importance of change, and Confidence in ability To Change with regard to coping with suicidal urges [RICTC].
Measured: Weeks 4, 12, and 24
Treatment target: positive and negative affect
Positive and negative affect was monitored by the Positive and Negative Affect Scale [PANAS]).
Measured: Weeks 4, 12, and 24
Treatment target: emotion regulation
Emotion regulation was measured by the Regulation of Emotions Questionnaire.
Measured: Weeks 4, 12, and 24
Treatment target: distress tolerance
Distress tolerance was measured by the Distress Tolerance Scale.
Measured: Weeks 4, 12, and 24
Treatment target: social support
Perceived social support was assessed using the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS).
Measured: Weeks 4, 12, and 24
Client Satisfaction
Client Satisfaction about ASAP was obtained from the patient and a caretaking parent using the Client Satisfaction Questionnaire-8 (CSQ-8), which has been used in other adolescent treatment studies and has high internal consistency (coefficient α = .93). We also adapted the Computer System Usability Scale (CSUQ) to assess satisfaction with the phone app. The CSUQ was completed by the participant, and is based on earlier measures designed to predict the adoption of technology, based on two main factors: ease of use (easy to learn, access, flexibility, quality of sound, quality of visual display) and usefulness (able to access when needed, helpful when used), scored along 7-point Likert Scales.
Measured: Weeks 4, 12, and 24
Qualitative Interviews
With Dr. Lee's guidance, we conducted brief semi-structured exit interviews following the intervention with both the parent and teen, which were developed and coded on the basis of our original qualitative interviews, to assess the acceptability of treatment. In these interviews, we obtained feedback about perceived effectiveness of the components of treatment, the appropriateness of treatment targets, identification of other targets or approaches that would have been more helpful, barriers to participation, and utility of the phone apps. The phone app was designed to track how often the participant used the apps and what components were accessed. We obtained similar feedback from the ASAP clinicians and from the outpatient aftercare therapists. Based on exit interviews, participant satisfaction, and outcome data from the open trial, we modified the manual and app.
Measured: Weeks 4, 12, and 24
Timeline
From the start of the study to its completion; the mark is today. Estimated dates are the sponsor’s plan.
- First posted22 Oct 2014 (estimated)
- Study startFeb 2014
- Primary completionJul 2017
- Study completionNov 2017
Resources
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govThe registry entry this page is built from, with its full change history.
- Publications (4)Papers the sponsor has linked to this study.
- Other trials for Adolescent BehaviorStudies of the same condition, open and under way.
- More trials run by University of PittsburghThe sponsor's other registered studies.
- What the trial phases meanHow a treatment moves from first tests in people to approval.
More details
For doctors and researchers: how the study is designed, who runs it, and its registry IDs.
Study design
- Study type
- Interventional
- Phase
- Phase 1
- Primary purpose
- Treatment
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Masking
- Single blind
- Who is masked
- Outcomes assessor
- Enrolment
- 68 participants (actual)
Sponsor and investigators
- Lead sponsor
- University of Pittsburgh
- Sponsor type
- University, hospital or other
- Collaborators
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center
- Responsible party
- Principal investigator, David Brent, University of Pittsburgh
- Investigators
- David Brent, MD, Principal investigator, University of Pittsburgh
IDs, dates and publications
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT02272179
- Sponsor's protocol ID
- R34MH100451
- Acronym
- ASAP
- Status last verified
- Dec 2018
- First submitted
- 20 Oct 2014
- Last updated
- 20 Dec 2018
- Results posted
- No
- Data monitoring committee
- Yes
Publications
Kennard BD, Biernesser C, Wolfe KL, Foxwell AA, Craddock Lee SJ, Rial KV, Patel S, Cheng C, Goldstein T, McMakin D, Blastos B, Douaihy A, Zelazny J, Brent DA. Developing a Brief Suicide Prevention Intervention and Mobile Phone Application: a Qualitative Report. J Technol Hum Serv. 2015 Oct 1;33(4):345-357. doi: 10.1080/15228835.2015.1106384. Epub 2015 Dec 14.
PubMed 26977137Kennard BD, Goldstein T, Foxwell AA, McMakin DL, Wolfe K, Biernesser C, Moorehead A, Douaihy A, Zullo L, Wentroble E, Owen V, Zelazny J, Iyengar S, Porta G, Brent D. As Safe as Possible (ASAP): A Brief App-Supported Inpatient Intervention to Prevent Postdischarge Suicidal Behavior in Hospitalized, Suicidal Adolescents. Am J Psychiatry. 2018 Sep 1;175(9):864-872. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2018.17101151. Epub 2018 Jul 19.
PubMed 30021457Witt KG, Hetrick SE, Rajaram G, Hazell P, Taylor Salisbury TL, Townsend E, Hawton K. Interventions for self-harm in children and adolescents. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2021 Mar 7;3(3):CD013667. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD013667.pub2.
PubMed 33677832Storebo OJ, Stoffers-Winterling JM, Vollm BA, Kongerslev MT, Mattivi JT, Jorgensen MS, Faltinsen E, Todorovac A, Sales CP, Callesen HE, Lieb K, Simonsen E. Psychological therapies for people with borderline personality disorder. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2020 May 4;5(5):CD012955. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD012955.pub2.
PubMed 32368793
Study at a glance
From the registry record, last updated by the sponsor on 20 Dec 2018. Recruitment status is as the sponsor reported it: confirm with the study team.
- Official title
- Brief Intervention for Suicide Risk Reduction in High Risk Adolescents
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT02272179
- Acronym / sponsor ID
- ASAP / R34MH100451
- Conditions
- Adolescent Behavior
- Keywords
- adolescence, suicidality, depression
- Phase
- Phase 1
- Study type
- Interventional
- Recruitment status
- Completed
- Enrolment
- 68 participants (actual)
- Lead sponsor
- University of PittsburghUniversity, hospital or other
- Collaborators
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center
- Study start
- Feb 2014 (actual)
- Primary completion
- Jul 2017 (actual)
- Study completion
- Nov 2017 (actual)
- First posted
- 22 Oct 2014 (estimated)
- Results
- Not posted in the source record
Clinical summary
The research question as the sponsor registered it. This describes what the study plans to test, not what it found.
Adolescent suicide is the 2nd leading cause of death in this age group. There are no validated treatments to decrease the risk of adolescent suicidal behavior, and there are especially no interventions to target the highest risk period for adolescent suicide and suicidal behavior, namely during the time of transition from inpatient to outpatient care. This purpose of this project was to develop a novel, brief intervention that can be delivered on an inpatient unit prior to the transition to outpatient care, and augment known factors to protect adolescents from suicidal behavior, and extend the impact of treatment by liaison with the outpatient therapist and the development of a personalized safety plan phone application. This treatment, ASAP, focuses on augmenting adherence to the components of ASAP and outpatient aftercare, development of a personalized Safety Plan, and Affect Protection, through helping the teen and family promote a positive mood, tolerate distress, engage in healthy emotion regulation and access social support.
Detailed description
This 2-site R34 project developed a brief, flexible, manualized intervention with supporting phone app with the purpose of reducing the risk of suicidal behavior in adolescents with high suicidal ideation or a recent suicide attempt, during the transition from inpatient to outpatient care. This transition period is the highest risk period for attempted and completed suicide. Suicide is the 2nd leading cause of adolescent mortality, and there are currently no established interventions for suicidal teens. By developing a treatment that can be delivered on an inpatient unit prior to the transition to outpatient treatment, we anticipated being able to lower suicidal risk and increase the likelihood that participants will attend subsequent outpatient treatment. In keeping with the priorities of NIMH, this intervention aimed at reducing the risk of suicide and suicidal behavior was trans-diagnostic. We term the intervention ASAP, with anticipated components: (1) Adherence-promoting engagement and adherence to treatment through motivational interviewing; (2) Safety planning; and (3) Affect Protection- selecting from a menu of techniques for maintaining positive affect (e.g. savoring and switching strategies, mobilizing social support, engaging in emotion regulation and distress tolerance skills). Each of these components was delivered within a Motivational Interviewing framework for enhancing intrinsic motivation for change. Treatment was brief (3-5 hours), and flexibly delivered on inpatient units prior to initiation of outpatient treatment.
ASAP included the family in the treatment, and a safety plan phone app to extend the impact of treatment was also developed. Innovative features included: (1) delivery of an intervention at a time and place when suicidal risk is highest; (2) augmentation of protective factors against recurrent suicidal behavior, specifically by promoting development of positive affect, emotion regulation, distress tolerance, and social support; (3) a Safety plan phone app to extend the impact of treatment; and (4) liaison with the outpatient therapist to ensure continuity of care.
This project conducted an RCT of ASAP followed by Aftercare (AC) vs. AC alone to determine ASAP's feasibility, acceptability, impact on proximal targets (e.g., adherence to outpatient care, sleep, positive affect, substance use), suicidal ideation and behavior. In total 68 suicidal adolescents were enrolled, 2 of whom were withdrawn following baseline assessment and were excluded from analyses, resulting in the final study sample size of 66. ASAP, developed with and intended for community clinicians, has the potential to be a sustainable intervention to reduce the burden of adolescent suicidality. Data analyses have been completed and results are being finalized.
Study design
- Primary purpose
- Treatment
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Masking
- Single blind (outcomes assessor)
- Number of arms
- 2
| Arm | Type | Receives |
|---|---|---|
| ASAP Treatment and Brite | Experimental | Behavioral: As Safe As Possible, Behavioral: BriteParticipants in the experimental arm received the ASAP treatment, during their transition from inpatient to outpatient care, as well as the Brite app for distress tolerance/emotion regulation and safety planning. |
| Treatment as Usual | Active comparator | Behavioral: Treatment as UsualParticipants in this grouping were studied as they proceed from inpatient to outpatient care, per usual treatment protocols at each site. Participants completed paper safety plans as part of their regular treatment, which is a standard of care for suicidal youth. |
Who may qualify
- Ages
- 12 to 17 years
- Sex
- All
- Healthy volunteers
- Not accepted
- Age groups
- Child
Key inclusion criteria (3 listed)
- Child participants will be adolescents (aged 12-17.11 years) admitted to an inpatient unit for a recent suicide attempt or significant suicidal ideation with a plan or intent. We define a suicide attempt, as per the Columbia Clinical Algorithm for Suicide Assessment (C-CASA), as "self-destructive behavior with inferred or stated intent to die."
- Participants must be English-speaking.
- Participants can have unipolar or bipolar disorder, conduct or oppositional disorder, eating disorder, or alcohol or substance use or abuse or dependence.
Key exclusion criteria (1 listed)
- Child participants to be excluded will be those with current psychosis, mania, <90% of ideal body weight, or IQ<70 (based on the age-appropriate Wechsler Intelligence Scale if concerns about intellectual capabilities are evident at assessment), as these conditions may require more intensive interventions or limit comprehension of the intervention components.
Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening; this overview does not establish that a patient qualifies. Full inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Interventions
| Intervention | Type | Arms |
|---|---|---|
| As Safe As PossibleAlso: ASAPThe ASAP (As Safe As Possible) treatment is a brief, intensive intervention initiated during inpatient care and transitioning to outpatient care. The intervention focuses on 1) using motivational interviewing (MI) strategies throughout care; 2) developing a safety plan, including adapting the plan to an interactive safety plan phone app, Brite); and 3) using treatment modules to target specific risk factors that are selected based on individual need. | Behavioural | ASAP Treatment and Brite |
| BriteBrite is a HIPAA-compliant mobile application designed to provide the participants with emotion regulation and distress tolerance skills, social support, and convenient access to safety plan resources via the patients' phone. | Behavioural | ASAP Treatment and Brite |
| Treatment as UsualParticipants received usual treatment for suicidal adolescents as they transition from inpatient hospitalization to outpatient therapy, which included a paper safety plan. | Behavioural | Treatment as Usual |
Primary outcome
Suicidal behavior and ideation
Time frame: Weeks 4, 12, and 24
Suicidal attempts were the major outcome and secondarily, suicidal ideation. Information about past and current suicidal behavior was obtained using the Columbia Suicide History Form, with ideation and behavior classified using the Columbia Suicide Severity Rating Scale (CSSRS). Self-reported ideation was assessed using the Suicidal Ideation Questionnaire - Junior (SIQ-Jr). The two main outcomes, assessing recurrent suicidal behavior and change in suicidal ideation, was assessed at weeks 4, 12, and 24.
8 secondary outcomes
Course of disorder and AC treatment.
Time frame: Weeks 4, 12, and 24
Treatment target: motivation for treatment
Time frame: Weeks 4, 12, and 24
Treatment target: positive and negative affect
Time frame: Weeks 4, 12, and 24
Treatment target: emotion regulation
Time frame: Weeks 4, 12, and 24
Treatment target: distress tolerance
Time frame: Weeks 4, 12, and 24
Treatment target: social support
Time frame: Weeks 4, 12, and 24
Client Satisfaction
Time frame: Weeks 4, 12, and 24
Qualitative Interviews
Time frame: Weeks 4, 12, and 24
Results and safety
The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.
Research links
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govLast updated by the sponsor 20 Dec 2018.
- Results publication: PubMed 26977137Kennard BD, Biernesser C, Wolfe KL, Foxwell AA, Craddock Lee SJ, Rial KV, Patel S, Cheng C, Goldstein T, McMakin D, Blastos B, Douaihy A, Zelazny J, Brent DA. Developing a Brief Suicide Prevention Intervention and Mobile Phone Application: a Qualitative Report. J Technol Hum Serv. 2015 Oct 1;33(4):345-357. doi: 10.1080/15228835.2015.1106384. Epub 2015 Dec 14.
- Results publication: PubMed 30021457Kennard BD, Goldstein T, Foxwell AA, McMakin DL, Wolfe K, Biernesser C, Moorehead A, Douaihy A, Zullo L, Wentroble E, Owen V, Zelazny J, Iyengar S, Porta G, Brent D. As Safe as Possible (ASAP): A Brief App-Supported Inpatient Intervention to Prevent Postdischarge Suicidal Behavior in Hospitalized, Suicidal Adolescents. Am J Psychiatry. 2018 Sep 1;175(9):864-872. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2018.17101151. Epub 2018 Jul 19.
- Derived from this study: PubMed 33677832Witt KG, Hetrick SE, Rajaram G, Hazell P, Taylor Salisbury TL, Townsend E, Hawton K. Interventions for self-harm in children and adolescents. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2021 Mar 7;3(3):CD013667. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD013667.pub2.
- Derived from this study: PubMed 32368793Storebo OJ, Stoffers-Winterling JM, Vollm BA, Kongerslev MT, Mattivi JT, Jorgensen MS, Faltinsen E, Todorovac A, Sales CP, Callesen HE, Lieb K, Simonsen E. Psychological therapies for people with borderline personality disorder. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2020 May 4;5(5):CD012955. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD012955.pub2.
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Referral and contact
AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals. Contact the study team or a site listed below; they decide who can take part. This study is not recruiting at the moment.
David Brent, MD principal investigator
University of Pittsburgh
2 sites in 1 country: see every site and its status.
Questions about this trial
What is this clinical trial studying?
A Phase 1 study testing As Safe As Possible, Brite and Treatment as Usual in people with Adolescent Behavior, run by University of Pittsburgh at 2 sites in United States.
The full registered description is in the About this study section and the official record.
Who may be eligible to take part?
The sponsor lists 3 inclusion and 1 exclusion criteria. Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening, so read the full criteria and contact a listed site.
Is this clinical trial currently recruiting?
The record says: finished, as of the sponsor's last update on 20 Dec 2018. Status can change between updates, so confirm with the study contact before making plans.
Where is the study taking place?
The record lists 2 sites in United States. Whether a site is taking part right now should be confirmed with that site. See every site.
What are the possible benefits and risks?
They depend on the study and the treatment, and no study can promise a benefit. The study team explains the known risks during informed consent, before anyone joins; the record itself does not list them.
What does this phase mean?
Phase 1 studies test a treatment in a small group of people for the first time or in a new way, mainly to check safety and find the right dose.
Not every study follows the same path, and some studies (observational studies, device studies) have no phase.
Are results available for this study?
The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.
How can a doctor refer a patient or contact the research team?
The record lists no contact. The official record names the sponsor, who can be asked directly. AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals.
What does the primary outcome measure?
Suicidal behavior and ideation (time frame: Weeks 4, 12, and 24). It is what the study was designed to measure, not a finding.
Where can I read the original study information?
On the ClinicalTrials.gov record for NCT02272179, which also lists 4 linked publications.
Does a listing mean the treatment is approved or proven to work?
No. A listing means the study is registered. It does not show that the treatment is safe, works, or is approved by a regulator.
How often is this information updated?
AzTrials copies changed records from ClinicalTrials.gov every night and reloads the whole registry every week. The sponsor last updated this record on 20 Dec 2018.