Cellodextrin Tolerability Study

Cellodextrins are small-chain, non-absorbable, oligosaccharides that are produced from the incomplete hydrolysis of insoluble cellulose. Like other oligosaccharides they escape digestion in the small intestine as the human gut lacks the enzymes required to hydrolyse the β-links formed among the units of monosaccharides. However, Bifidobacterium in the caeco-colon possess the enzymes β-fructosidase and β-galactosidase which are needed to breakdown the carbohydrate chains to their constituent sugars, this serves the bacteria by providing energy for proliferation and also produces gases (Hydrogen, Carbon dioxide, and Methane, which are metabolically useless to the host), and short chain fatty acids (SCFA). This breakdown supplies an available energy estimated to be 1.5-2kcal/g, in comparison digestible carbohydrate produces 4kcal/g of available energy.

The prevalence of overweight and obesity is an increasing issue in the developed world and reduction of energy intake remains at the heart of the main treatments for obesity. Due to this there is an interest in identifying food ingredients that will combat dietary overconsumption. By replacing some of the digestible carbohydrates with non-digestible oligosaccharides it could be possible to reduce the caloric load of food by approximately 2kcal/g of carbohydrate, but still keep the taste and 'mouth-feel' of these reduced calorie products. Further benefits of the use of non-digestible oligosaccharides against dietary overconsumption include the contribution that these compounds could have on reducing appetite and voluntary food intake, which could further improve energy intake regulation. Oligosaccharides may increase satiety by bulking, by slowing gastric emptying, or by increasing production of Peptide-yy (PYY) and Glucagon like peptide-1 (GLP-1). The latter has been demonstrated in-vitro, where butyrate, one of the SCFA's produced in oligosaccharide break-down, increased PYY and Proglucagon production in rat epithelial cells. Little work has been done on the potential oligosaccharide effects on appetite. and assessment of the appetite effects and energy regulation potential of Cellodextrin in humans is even more limited. However, before studies to investigate this can be carried out, it is important to assess any gastro-intestinal disturbances that may occur at the doses which would be required.

The recommendation for total fibre intake is 18g/day in the United Kingdom (UK) although the actual UK average intake is lower than this, at an average of 13-15g/day. It is not known what the average daily oligosaccharide intake is in the UK, or whether the oligosaccharides are included in the total fibre estimates. However, because they are not digested within the small intestine, they can have a laxative effect, increasing the ease and/or frequency of laxation and excess intakes may cause diarrhoea and other gastrointestinal symptoms such as flatulence, bloating and abdominal discomfort. Intolerance symptoms can be due to the osmotic effect and/or fermentation; the osmotic effect may cause abdominal pain and eventually diarrhoea if the capacity of the colon to absorb water is exceeded. Moreover, fermentation produces gases that may also induce abdominal pain, bloating and excessive flatus. The tolerance of non-digestible oligosaccharides is usually very good, although the tolerance threshold depends on the type of oligosaccharide, the timing of consumption (e.g. after fasting or after a meal) and also individual factors such as absorption capacities, motility patterns, colonic responses and intestinal sensitivity. Polydextrose has been found to be tolerated at doses of 50g/day, resistant starch has a similar tolerability at acceptable doses of 45g/day, whereas galacto-oligosaccharide consumption of over 20g/day and fructo-oligosaccharide consumption of over 40g/day have been reported to cause diarrhoea.

The aim is to investigate initially whether Cellodextrin induces gastrointestinal symptoms in a UK cohort of healthy men and women and to what extent. This information can then be used to inform future volunteers as to the relative risks of developing these gastrointestinal problems and the severity of symptoms experienced. A descriptive pilot study will be carried out. Twelve healthy individuals (6 males and 6 females, 18-40y, with a BMI between 18 and 30kg/m2) will be recruited. Interested individuals will contact the investigators and be sent a copy of the information sheet before attending a medical screening. At the medical screening a full explanation of the study will be given and informed consent gained. A medical screening questionnaire will be administered, blood pressure measurements made and a 10ml blood sample will be taken via venepuncture by suitably qualified staff (analysed for full blood count, urea and electrolytes). If suitable, participants will attend the laboratory for up to 4 visits and to provide a fecal sample (for microbiota assessment) prior to attending the first study visit. Participants will arrive at the laboratory around 8am, fasted from midnight the night before, and will then complete a series of appetite and gastro-intestinal symptom questionnaires. They will be asked to empty their bladder and a 24hr urine collection will be started. After resting on a hospital bed for 15 min, a cannula will be sited for blood sampling. The participant will then consume 10, 20, 30 or 50g of Cellodextrin in a milkshake drink. They will repeat the questionnaires every 30 minutes for 180 minutes with 1ml of blood taken from the cannula every 15 minutes over this time. The cannula will then be removed and a standard snack given to stimulate gut motility and questionnaires (as before) will be completed after 210 and 240 minutes. A low fiber sandwich lunch will be provided at 240mins,and during the following 2 hours, questionnaires will be administered every 30 minutes and then again at 420 and 480mins. Participants will be given a diet and symptom diary to complete over the rest of the day and the following 48hrs after each study visit. Feedback forms will be administered if a participant withdraws from or completes the study. Further fecal samples will be collected between 24 and 48hrs after consumption of the 30g and 50g dose.