PainNCT03233321
Effectiveness of Dry Cold Application on Pain and Bruise at the Subcutaneous Injection Site Among Patients Admitted in ICU
A study testing Dry cold application and sub cutaneous injection (low molecular weight heparin) in people with Pain and Bruise, run by Maharishi Markendeswar University (Deemed to be University).
Trial summary
The study evaluate the effectiveness of dry cold application on pain intensity and bruise at the subcutaneous injection site among patients admitted in medical I.C.U. Purposive sampling technique was used to select 60 hospitalized patients (30 in experimental and 30 in comparison group). Read more about this study
- Who is it for?
- Ages 18 to 75 years
- What is being tested?
- Dry cold application and sub cutaneous injection (low molecular weight heparin)
- Type of treatment
- Injection or infusion
- Could I receive a placebo?
- No, everyone receives an active treatment
- How many people
- 60 participants
- Where
- No sites listed yet
- Study dates
- Nov 2015to Jun 2017
- Phase
- Interventional
- Are there results?
- None posted in the registry
Key requirements
Who can take part, as listed by the sponsor. Only the study team can confirm whether you are eligible, so take this list to your doctor.
- Ages 18 to 75 years
- All sexes
- No healthy volunteers
- Adult, Older adult
Who may be able to join
- admitted in medical intensive care unit between the age group of 18-75 yrs willing for participation in the study receiving subcutaneous injection
Who cannot join
- having altered sensorium suffering from any skin disease at injection site
About this study
Official title: A Study to Assess the Effectiveness of Dry Cold Application on Pain Intensity and Bruise at the Subcutaneous Injection Site Among Patients Admitted in Selected Hospital
The study evaluate the effectiveness of dry cold application on pain intensity and bruise at the subcutaneous injection site among patients admitted in medical I.C.U. Purposive sampling technique was used to select 60 hospitalized patients (30 in experimental and 30 in comparison group). Dry cold was applied to the subcutaneous injection site using ice bag filled with crushed ice with half table spoon of salt for 20 minutes after the administration of injection and no intervention was given in comparison group.
Read the detailed description
Setting was randomized by lottery method. Subjects were selected by purposive sampling technique. Self-introduction was given to the subjects. Rapport was developed with subjects. Nature and purpose of the study was explained to the subjects. Subjects were assured about the confidentiality of their responses and informed written consent was taken prior to the data collection. Subjects in the experimental and comparison group were administered low molecular weight heparin injection subcutaneously by the researcher itself. After administration of subcutaneous injection of low molecular weight heparin, dry cold application using ice bag (Crushed ice was filled in ice bag with ½ table spoon of salt and then covered by clean linen to prevent moisture) was placed over the injection site for about 20 minutes in experimental group and no intervention was given in comparison group. Pain was assessed using numerical pain rating scale after 20 minutes of subcutaneous injection in both the groups (experimental and comparison). At 12 hr, 48 hr and 72 hr after the subcutaneous injection, bruise was assessed in both the groups using bruise assessment scale.
- Being tested
- Dry cold application, sub cutaneous injection (low molecular weight heparin)
- Keywords
- Dry cold application, Pain, Bruise, Subcutaneous injection
- Medical subject headings
- Pain, Contusions
What participants receive
What participants receive. In a randomised study each person is assigned to one group by chance.
Dry cold applicationOther
Dry cold application using ice bag (Crushed ice was filled in ice bag with ½ table spoon of salt and then covered by clean linen to prevent moisture) was placed over the injection site for about 20 minutes.
sub cutaneous injection (low molecular weight heparin)Other
sub cutaneous injection (low molecular weight heparin) has been administered on injection site
| Study group | Role | What they receive |
|---|---|---|
| Experimental group | Experimental | 30 patients were selected in experimental group. Dry cold was applied to the subcutaneous injection site using ice bag filled with crushed ice with half table spoon of salt for 20 minutes after the administration of injection.Pain intensity was measured using numeric pain rating scale immediately after dry cold application and bruise size was assessed using bruise assessment scale after 12, 48 and 72 hrs of injection administration. Receives: Other: Dry cold application; Other: sub cutaneous injection (low molecular weight heparin) |
| Comparison group | No intervention | No intervention was given. Pain intensity was measured using numeric pain rating after 20 minutes of subcutaneous injection and bruise size was assessed using bruise assessment scale after 12, 48 and 72 hrs of injection administration. |
What is being measured
The primary outcome is the main question the study is designed to answer.
Numeric Pain Assessment Scale
To assess pain at subcutaneous injection site. It is a standardized and well established pain scale.
Description of the tool: The 0-10 pain rating scale is a tool commonly used to describe the intensity of pain. The person is asked to identify how much pain he/she is having by choosing a number from 0(no pain) to 10 (worst pain). Pain scoring is further classified into none (0), mild(1-3), moderate (4-6 )and severe (7-10).
Measured: 20 minutes
Secondary outcomes (3)
Bruise Assessment Scale
Bruise score was checked according to its length in terms of mm2, which was measured by bruise assessment scale. Bruise was checked at different time points i.e. 12 hrs, 48 hrs and 72 hrs after subcutaneous injection. The millimeter ruler was used to measure the size of the bruise as under:
Scoring of bruise assessment scale is as follows:
Bruise Assessment Scale
<2mm2 0
2-5 mm2 1
Above 5 mm2 2
Measured: 12 hours
Bruise Assessment Scale
Bruise score was checked according to its length in terms of mm2, which was measured by bruise assessment scale. Bruise was checked at different time points i.e. 12 hrs, 48 hrs and 72 hrs after subcutaneous injection. The millimeter ruler was used to measure the size of the bruise as under:
Scoring of bruise assessment scale is as follows:
Bruise Assessment Scale
<2mm2 0
2-5 mm2 1
Above 5 mm2 2
Measured: 48 hours
Bruise Assessment Scale
Bruise score was checked according to its length in terms of mm2, which was measured by bruise assessment scale. Bruise was checked at different time points i.e. 12 hrs, 48 hrs and 72 hrs after subcutaneous injection. The millimeter ruler was used to measure the size of the bruise as under:
Scoring of bruise assessment scale is as follows:
Bruise Assessment Scale
<2mm2 0
2-5 mm2 1
Above 5 mm2 2
Measured: 72 hours
Timeline
From the start of the study to its completion; the mark is today. Estimated dates are the sponsor’s plan.
- First posted28 Jul 2017
- Study startNov 2015
- Primary completionJan 2017
- Study completionJun 2017
Resources
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govThe registry entry this page is built from, with its full change history.
- Publications (4)Papers the sponsor has linked to this study.
- Other trials for PainStudies of the same condition, open and under way.
- What the trial phases meanHow a treatment moves from first tests in people to approval.
More details
For doctors and researchers: how the study is designed, who runs it, and its registry IDs.
Study design
- Study type
- Interventional
- Phase
- Phase N/A
- Primary purpose
- Treatment
- Allocation
- Non-randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Masking
- None (open label)
- Enrolment
- 60 participants (actual)
Sponsor and investigators
- Lead sponsor
- Maharishi Markendeswar University (Deemed to be University)
- Sponsor type
- University, hospital or other
- Responsible party
- Principal investigator, Supreet Rupam, Maharishi Markendeswar University (Deemed to be University)
- Investigators
- Dr. Poonam Sheoran, PhD,Nursing, Study director, MM university, Mullana, Ambala, Haryana, India.
IDs, dates and publications
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT03233321
- Sponsor's protocol ID
- 774
- Status last verified
- Jul 2017
- First submitted
- 15 Jul 2017
- Last updated
- 28 Jul 2017
- Results posted
- No
- Data monitoring committee
- Yes
- FDA-regulated drug
- No
- FDA-regulated device
- No
Publications
Baglin T, Barrowcliffe TW, Cohen A, Greaves M; British Committee for Standards in Haematology. Guidelines on the use and monitoring of heparin. Br J Haematol. 2006 Apr;133(1):19-34. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.2005.05953.x. No abstract available.
PubMed 16512825Antman EM, Anbe DT, Armstrong PW, Bates ER, Green LA, Hand M, Hochman JS, Krumholz HM, Kushner FG, Lamas GA, Mullany CJ, Ornato JP, Pearle DL, Sloan MA, Smith SC Jr, Alpert JS, Anderson JL, Faxon DP, Fuster V, Gibbons RJ, Gregoratos G, Halperin JL, Hiratzka LF, Hunt SA, Jacobs AK; American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Revise the 1999 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Acute Myocardial Infarction). ACC/AHA guidelines for the management of patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction--executive summary: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Revise the 1999 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Acute Myocardial Infarction). Circulation. 2004 Aug 3;110(5):588-636. doi: 10.1161/01.CIR.0000134791.68010.FA. No abstract available.
PubMed 15289388Dehghani K, Najari Z, Dehghani H. Effect of subcutaneous Enoxaparin injection duration on bruising size in acute coronary syndrome patients. Iran J Nurs Midwifery Res. 2014 Nov;19(6):564-8.
PubMed 25558251Thomas O, Lybeck E, Strandberg K, Tynngard N, Schott U. Monitoring low molecular weight heparins at therapeutic levels: dose-responses of, and correlations and differences between aPTT, anti-factor Xa and thrombin generation assays. PLoS One. 2015 Jan 27;10(1):e0116835. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0116835. eCollection 2015.
PubMed 25625201
Study at a glance
From the registry record, last updated by the sponsor on 28 Jul 2017. Recruitment status is as the sponsor reported it: confirm with the study team.
- Official title
- A Study to Assess the Effectiveness of Dry Cold Application on Pain Intensity and Bruise at the Subcutaneous Injection Site Among Patients Admitted in Selected Hospital
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT03233321
- Acronym / sponsor ID
- 774
- Keywords
- Dry cold application, Pain, Bruise, Subcutaneous injection
- Study type
- Interventional
- Recruitment status
- Completed
- Enrolment
- 60 participants (actual)
- Lead sponsor
- Maharishi Markendeswar University (Deemed to be University)University, hospital or other
- Study start
- Nov 2015 (actual)
- Primary completion
- Jan 2017 (actual)
- Study completion
- Jun 2017 (actual)
- First posted
- 28 Jul 2017 (actual)
- Results
- Not posted in the source record
Clinical summary
The research question as the sponsor registered it. This describes what the study plans to test, not what it found.
The study evaluate the effectiveness of dry cold application on pain intensity and bruise at the subcutaneous injection site among patients admitted in medical I.C.U. Purposive sampling technique was used to select 60 hospitalized patients (30 in experimental and 30 in comparison group). Dry cold was applied to the subcutaneous injection site using ice bag filled with crushed ice with half table spoon of salt for 20 minutes after the administration of injection and no intervention was given in comparison group.
Detailed description
Setting was randomized by lottery method. Subjects were selected by purposive sampling technique. Self-introduction was given to the subjects. Rapport was developed with subjects. Nature and purpose of the study was explained to the subjects. Subjects were assured about the confidentiality of their responses and informed written consent was taken prior to the data collection. Subjects in the experimental and comparison group were administered low molecular weight heparin injection subcutaneously by the researcher itself. After administration of subcutaneous injection of low molecular weight heparin, dry cold application using ice bag (Crushed ice was filled in ice bag with ½ table spoon of salt and then covered by clean linen to prevent moisture) was placed over the injection site for about 20 minutes in experimental group and no intervention was given in comparison group. Pain was assessed using numerical pain rating scale after 20 minutes of subcutaneous injection in both the groups (experimental and comparison). At 12 hr, 48 hr and 72 hr after the subcutaneous injection, bruise was assessed in both the groups using bruise assessment scale.
Study design
- Primary purpose
- Treatment
- Allocation
- Non-randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Masking
- None (open label)
- Number of arms
- 2
| Arm | Type | Receives |
|---|---|---|
| Experimental group | Experimental | Other: Dry cold application, Other: sub cutaneous injection (low molecular weight heparin)30 patients were selected in experimental group. Dry cold was applied to the subcutaneous injection site using ice bag filled with crushed ice with half table spoon of salt for 20 minutes after the administration of injection.Pain intensity was measured using numeric pain rating scale immediately after dry cold application and bruise size was assessed using bruise assessment scale after 12, 48 and 72 hrs of injection administration. |
| Comparison group | No intervention | –No intervention was given. Pain intensity was measured using numeric pain rating after 20 minutes of subcutaneous injection and bruise size was assessed using bruise assessment scale after 12, 48 and 72 hrs of injection administration. |
Who may qualify
- Ages
- 18 to 75 years
- Sex
- All
- Healthy volunteers
- Not accepted
- Age groups
- Adult, Older adult
Key inclusion criteria (1 listed)
- admitted in medical intensive care unit between the age group of 18-75 yrs willing for participation in the study receiving subcutaneous injection
Key exclusion criteria (1 listed)
- having altered sensorium suffering from any skin disease at injection site
Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening; this overview does not establish that a patient qualifies. Full inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Interventions
| Intervention | Type | Arms |
|---|---|---|
| Dry cold applicationDry cold application using ice bag (Crushed ice was filled in ice bag with ½ table spoon of salt and then covered by clean linen to prevent moisture) was placed over the injection site for about 20 minutes. | Other | Experimental group |
| sub cutaneous injection (low molecular weight heparin)sub cutaneous injection (low molecular weight heparin) has been administered on injection site | Other | Experimental group |
Primary outcome
Numeric Pain Assessment Scale
Time frame: 20 minutes
To assess pain at subcutaneous injection site. It is a standardized and well established pain scale. Description of the tool: The 0-10 pain rating scale is a tool commonly used to describe the intensity of pain. The person is asked to identify how much pain he/she is having by choosing a number from 0(no pain) to 10 (worst pain). Pain scoring is further classified into none (0), mild(1-3), moderate (4-6 )and severe (7-10).
3 secondary outcomes
Bruise Assessment Scale
Time frame: 12 hours
Bruise Assessment Scale
Time frame: 48 hours
Bruise Assessment Scale
Time frame: 72 hours
Results and safety
The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.
Research links
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govLast updated by the sponsor 28 Jul 2017.
- Background: PubMed 16512825Baglin T, Barrowcliffe TW, Cohen A, Greaves M; British Committee for Standards in Haematology. Guidelines on the use and monitoring of heparin. Br J Haematol. 2006 Apr;133(1):19-34. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.2005.05953.x. No abstract available.
- Background: PubMed 15289388Antman EM, Anbe DT, Armstrong PW, Bates ER, Green LA, Hand M, Hochman JS, Krumholz HM, Kushner FG, Lamas GA, Mullany CJ, Ornato JP, Pearle DL, Sloan MA, Smith SC Jr, Alpert JS, Anderson JL, Faxon DP, Fuster V, Gibbons RJ, Gregoratos G, Halperin JL, Hiratzka LF, Hunt SA, Jacobs AK; American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Revise the 1999 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Acute Myocardial Infarction). ACC/AHA guidelines for the management of patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction--executive summary: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Revise the 1999 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Acute Myocardial Infarction). Circulation. 2004 Aug 3;110(5):588-636. doi: 10.1161/01.CIR.0000134791.68010.FA. No abstract available.
- Background: PubMed 25558251Dehghani K, Najari Z, Dehghani H. Effect of subcutaneous Enoxaparin injection duration on bruising size in acute coronary syndrome patients. Iran J Nurs Midwifery Res. 2014 Nov;19(6):564-8.
- Background: PubMed 25625201Thomas O, Lybeck E, Strandberg K, Tynngard N, Schott U. Monitoring low molecular weight heparins at therapeutic levels: dose-responses of, and correlations and differences between aPTT, anti-factor Xa and thrombin generation assays. PLoS One. 2015 Jan 27;10(1):e0116835. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0116835. eCollection 2015.
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Referral and contact
AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals. Contact the study team or a site listed below; they decide who can take part. This study is not recruiting at the moment.
Dr. Poonam Sheoran, PhD,Nursing study director
MM university, Mullana, Ambala, Haryana, India.
Questions about this trial
What is this clinical trial studying?
A study testing Dry cold application and sub cutaneous injection (low molecular weight heparin) in people with Pain and Bruise, run by Maharishi Markendeswar University (Deemed to be University).
The full registered description is in the About this study section and the official record.
Who may be eligible to take part?
The sponsor lists 1 inclusion and 1 exclusion criteria. Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening, so read the full criteria and contact a listed site.
Is this clinical trial currently recruiting?
The record says: finished, as of the sponsor's last update on 28 Jul 2017. Status can change between updates, so confirm with the study contact before making plans.
What are the possible benefits and risks?
They depend on the study and the treatment, and no study can promise a benefit. The study team explains the known risks during informed consent, before anyone joins; the record itself does not list them.
Are results available for this study?
The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.
How can a doctor refer a patient or contact the research team?
The record lists no contact. The official record names the sponsor, who can be asked directly. AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals.
What does the primary outcome measure?
Numeric Pain Assessment Scale (time frame: 20 minutes). It is what the study was designed to measure, not a finding.
Where can I read the original study information?
On the ClinicalTrials.gov record for NCT03233321, which also lists 4 linked publications.
Does a listing mean the treatment is approved or proven to work?
No. A listing means the study is registered. It does not show that the treatment is safe, works, or is approved by a regulator.
How often is this information updated?
AzTrials copies changed records from ClinicalTrials.gov every night and reloads the whole registry every week. The sponsor last updated this record on 28 Jul 2017.