RunningUPV/EHUNCT03317041
Capacitive-resistive Electric Transfer Therapy for Recovery From Running Fatigue
A study testing Capacitive-resistive electric transfer (Tecar) therapy in people with Running and Fatigue, run by University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU).
Trial summary
Reducing fatigue and improving the recovery capabilities of runners has gained more interest over the last years. Recently, capacitive-resistive electric transfer (Tecar) therapy is commonly used by physical therapists to help athletes recover from muscle fatigue. Read more about this study
- Who is it for?
- Ages 18 to 55 years, men onlyHealthy volunteers can take part
- What is being tested?
- Capacitive-resistive electric transfer (Tecar) therapy
- Could I receive a placebo?
- No, everyone receives an active treatment
- How many people
- 14 participants
- Where
- No sites listed yet
- Study dates
- 1 Mar 2016to 28 Sep 2016
- Phase
- Interventional
- Are there results?
- None posted in the registry
Key requirements
Who can take part, as listed by the sponsor. Only the study team can confirm whether you are eligible, so take this list to your doctor.
- Ages 18 to 55 years
- Men only
- Healthy volunteers accepted
- Adult
Who may be able to join
- Recreationally active (current participation in races and a 10-km race time <34.5-min)
Who cannot join
- Suffered from any injury within the preceding 4 months.
About this study
Official title: Effects of a Capacitive-resistive Electric Transfer Therapy Exposure on Physiological and Biomechanical Parameters in Recreational Runners: a Randomized Controlled Crossover Trial
Reducing fatigue and improving the recovery capabilities of runners has gained more interest over the last years. Recently, capacitive-resistive electric transfer (Tecar) therapy is commonly used by physical therapists to help athletes recover from muscle fatigue. However, empiric evidence supporting the benefits of Tecar to recovery is lacking. This study investigated the effects of a Tecar treatment performed shortly after an exhausting training session on both physiological and biomechanical parameters of running.
Read the detailed description
In this randomized controlled crossover trial all subjects will perform two test protocols separated by 2 weeks. Each protocol will comprise one exhausting training session (20-min warm-up consisted of 15-min of continuous self-paced running followed by 5-min of fast-finish progression runs increasing speeds (from approximately 60% to 80% of maximal heart rate, participant controlled), 10 x 500 m sprints at 90% of maximal heart rate with a 2-min rest period between bouts and a recovery phase consisting of 10-min of slow jogging). Twenty-four hours after this exhausting training, subjects will perform an incremental running test on a treadmill (Pre-intervention test) where subjects will start at 10 km/h for 6 min after which speed will be increased by 2 km/h every 6 min until a 16 km/h trial is completed. One hour after this test, in one protocol subjects will receive Tecar therapy (Tecar treatment group); in the other group (Control group) participants will rest passively in a sitting position for 30-min period. To evaluate the relevance of the changes induced by Tecar therapy/passive recovery, subjects will repeat the treadmill test 48 hours after the first test in both groups (72 hours after the exhaustive training).
- Being tested
- Capacitive-resistive electric transfer (Tecar) therapy
- Keywords
- Capacitive-resistive electric transfer therapy, Radiofrequency therapy, Recovery intervention, Fatigue, Running
- Medical subject headings
- Fatigue
What participants receive
What participants receive. In a randomised study each person is assigned to one group by chance.
Capacitive-resistive electric transfer (Tecar) therapyOther
The Tecar treatment group will receive 45 minutes of Tecar therapy treatment. Subjects will lay down with the face down and two metallic plaques situated under each quadriceps muscle all over all the treatment. The treatment will start with the automatic capacitive energy transfer for 10-min where the capacitive plaque is situated on the sole of each foot with an elastic band. After that, the capacitive plaque will be pulled out. Then, the resistive electrode will be moved longitudinally through different muscles with massage lotion during 15-min per each lower extremity. The treatment will conclude with the automatic capacitive energy transfer for 10-min and the capacitive plaque situated on the sole of each foot with an elastic band.
| Study group | Role | What they receive |
|---|---|---|
| Tecar treatment group | Experimental | The capacitive-resistive electric transfer (Tecar) therapy treatment group will receive 45 minutes of Tecar therapy treatment. Receives: Other: Capacitive-resistive electric transfer (Tecar) therapy |
| Control group | No intervention | Participants will test passively in a sitting position for 30-min period |
What is being measured
The primary outcome is the main question the study is designed to answer.
CHANGE FROM BASELINE OXYGEN UPTAKE AT 48 HOURS AFTER THE TREATMENT.
Oxygen uptake (mL kg-1 min-1) will be assessed in an incremental running test on a treadmill (HP Cosmos pulsar, Nussdorf-Traunstein, Germany). Oxygen uptake will be recorded using a gas analyzer system (Esgostik Geratherm, Geschwenda, Germany).
Measured: Participants will be assessed at baseline (24 hours after an exhaustive training session) and at 48 hours after the treatment.
CHANGE FROM BASELINE RESPIRATORY EXCHANGE RATIO AT 48 HOURS AFTER THE TREATMENT.
Respiratory exchange ratio (ratio between the amount of carbon dioxide (CO2) produced in metabolism and oxygen (O2)) will be assessed in an incremental running test on a treadmill (HP Cosmos pulsar, Nussdorf-Traunstein, Germany). Respiratory exchange ratio will be recorded using a gas analyzer system (Esgostik Geratherm, Geschwenda, Germany).
Measured: Participants will be assessed at baseline (24 hours after an exhaustive training session) and at 48 hours after the treatment.
CHANGE FROM BASELINE VENTILATION AT 48 HOURS AFTER THE TREATMENT.
Ventilation (L• min-1) will be assessed in an incremental running test on a treadmill (HP Cosmos pulsar, Nussdorf-Traunstein, Germany). Ventilatory output will be recorded using a gas analyzer system (Esgostik Geratherm, Geschwenda, Germany).
Measured: Participants will be assessed at baseline (24 hours after an exhaustive training session) and at 48 hours after the treatment.
CHANGE FROM BASELINE HEART RATE AT 48 HOURS AFTER THE TREATMENT.
Heart rate (beat • min-1) will be assessed in an incremental running test on a treadmill (HP Cosmos pulsar, Nussdorf-Traunstein, Germany). Heart rate will be recorded by a heart monitor (Polar RS800, Kempele, Finland).
Measured: Participants will be assessed at baseline (24 hours after an exhaustive training session) and at 48 hours after the treatment.
CHANGE FROM BASELINE BLOOD LACTATE CONCENTRATION AT 48 HOURS AFTER THE TREATMENT.
- Blood lactate concentration (mmol •L-1) will be assessed in an incremental running test on a treadmill (HP Cosmos pulsar, Nussdorf-Traunstein, Germany). Capillary blood samples will be obtained in each test from the earlobe for the determination of blood lactate concentration by a portable lactate analyzer (Lactate, Arkray, KDK Corporation, Kyoto, Japan).
Measured: Participants will be assessed at baseline (24 hours after an exhaustive training session) and at 48 hours after the treatment.
CHANGE FROM BASELINE STRIDE LENGTH AT 48 HOURS AFTER THE TREATMENT.
Stride length (cm), defined as the length the treadmill belt moves from toe-off to initial ground contact in successive steps, will be measured using an optical measurement system (Optojump-next, Microgate, Bolzano, Italy) placed at the treadmill belt level.
Measured: Participants will be assessed at baseline (24 hours after an exhaustive training session) and at 48 hours after the treatment.
CHANGE FROM BASELINE STRIDE FREQUENCY AT 48 HOURS AFTER THE TREATMENT.
Stride frequency, defined as the number of ground contact events per minute, will be measured using an optical measurement system (Optojump-next, Microgate, Bolzano, Italy) placed at the treadmill belt level.
Measured: Participants will be assessed at baseline (24 hours after an exhaustive training session) and at 48 hours after the treatment.
CHANGE FROM BASELINE STRIDE ANGLE AT 48 HOURS AFTER THE TREATMENT.
Stride angle (º), defined as the angle of the parable tangent derived from the theoretical arc traced by a foot during a stride and the ground, will be measured using an optical measurement system (Optojump-next, Microgate, Bolzano, Italy) placed at the treadmill belt level.
Measured: Participants will be assessed at baseline (24 hours after an exhaustive training session) and at 48 hours after the treatment.
CHANGE FROM BASELINE GROUND CONTACT TIME AT 48 HOURS AFTER THE TREATMENT.
Ground contact time (s), defined as the time from when the foot contacts the ground to when the toes left the ground and was determined by the disruption of the infrared gates, will be measured using an optical measurement system (Optojump-next, Microgate, Bolzano, Italy) placed at the treadmill belt level.
Measured: Participants will be assessed at baseline (24 hours after an exhaustive training session) and at 48 hours after the treatment.
CHANGE FROM BASELINE SWING TIME AT 48 HOURS AFTER THE TREATMENT.
The swing time (s) corresponds to the time from foot flat to initial take-off. Swing time will be measured using an optical measurement system (Optojump-next, Microgate, Bolzano, Italy) placed at the treadmill belt level.
Measured: Participants will be assessed at baseline (24 hours after an exhaustive training session) and at 48 hours after the treatment.
CHANGE FROM BASELINE CONTACT PHASE AT 48 HOURS AFTER THE TREATMENT.
Contact phase (%), defined as the percentage of the ground contact time at which the different sub-phases of stance phase occur, will be measured using an optical measurement system (Optojump-next, Microgate, Bolzano, Italy) placed at the treadmill belt level.
Measured: Participants will be assessed at baseline (24 hours after an exhaustive training session) and at 48 hours after the treatment.
CHANGE FROM BASELINE SUPPORT PHASE AT 48 HOURS AFTER THE TREATMENT.
The support sub-phase (%) corresponds to the time from initial ground contact to foot flat.
Support phase will be measured using an optical measurement system (Optojump-next, Microgate, Bolzano, Italy) placed at the treadmill belt level.
Measured: Participants will be assessed at baseline (24 hours after an exhaustive training session) and at 48 hours after the treatment.
CHANGE FROM BASELINE PUSH-OFF PHASE AT 48 HOURS AFTER THE TREATMENT.
The push-off phase (%) corresponds to the time from initial take-off to toe-off.
Push-off phase will be measured using an optical measurement system (Optojump-next, Microgate, Bolzano, Italy) placed at the treadmill belt level.
Measured: Participants will be assessed at baseline (24 hours after an exhaustive training session) and at 48 hours after the treatment.
Secondary outcomes (2)
Body height (cm)
Body height will be measured using a stadiometer (Año Sayol, Barcelona, Spain) following the guidelines outlined by the International Society for the Advancement of Kinanthropometry.
Measured: Participants will be assessed at baseline (24 hours after an exhaustive training session).
Body weight (kg)
Body weight will be measured using a balance (Año Sayol, Barcelona, Spain) following the guidelines outlined by the International Society for the Advancement of Kinanthropometry.
Measured: Participants will be assessed at baseline (24 hours after an exhaustive training session).
Timeline
From the start of the study to its completion; the mark is today. Estimated dates are the sponsor’s plan.
- First posted23 Oct 2017
- Study start1 Mar 2016
- Primary completion31 Jul 2016
- Study completion28 Sep 2016
Resources
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govThe registry entry this page is built from, with its full change history.
- Other trials for RunningStudies of the same condition, open and under way.
- What the trial phases meanHow a treatment moves from first tests in people to approval.
More details
For doctors and researchers: how the study is designed, who runs it, and its registry IDs.
Study design
- Study type
- Interventional
- Phase
- Phase N/A
- Primary purpose
- Other
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Crossover
- Masking
- None (open label)
- Enrolment
- 14 participants (actual)
Sponsor and investigators
- Lead sponsor
- University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU)
- Sponsor type
- University, hospital or other
- Responsible party
- Principal investigator, Iraia Bidaurrazaga-Letona, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU)
IDs, dates and publications
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT03317041
- Sponsor's protocol ID
- 313-2015
- Acronym
- UPV/EHU
- Status last verified
- Oct 2017
- First submitted
- 10 Oct 2017
- Last updated
- 23 Oct 2017
- Results posted
- No
- Data monitoring committee
- No
- FDA-regulated drug
- No
- FDA-regulated device
- No
- Individual data sharing
- No
Study at a glance
From the registry record, last updated by the sponsor on 23 Oct 2017. Recruitment status is as the sponsor reported it: confirm with the study team.
- Official title
- Effects of a Capacitive-resistive Electric Transfer Therapy Exposure on Physiological and Biomechanical Parameters in Recreational Runners: a Randomized Controlled Crossover Trial
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT03317041
- Acronym / sponsor ID
- UPV/EHU / 313-2015
- Keywords
- Capacitive-resistive electric transfer therapy, Radiofrequency therapy, Recovery intervention, Fatigue, Running
- Study type
- Interventional
- Recruitment status
- Completed
- Enrolment
- 14 participants (actual)
- Lead sponsor
- University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU)University, hospital or other
- Study start
- 1 Mar 2016 (actual)
- Primary completion
- 31 Jul 2016 (actual)
- Study completion
- 28 Sep 2016 (actual)
- First posted
- 23 Oct 2017 (actual)
- Results
- Not posted in the source record
Clinical summary
The research question as the sponsor registered it. This describes what the study plans to test, not what it found.
Reducing fatigue and improving the recovery capabilities of runners has gained more interest over the last years. Recently, capacitive-resistive electric transfer (Tecar) therapy is commonly used by physical therapists to help athletes recover from muscle fatigue. However, empiric evidence supporting the benefits of Tecar to recovery is lacking. This study investigated the effects of a Tecar treatment performed shortly after an exhausting training session on both physiological and biomechanical parameters of running.
Detailed description
In this randomized controlled crossover trial all subjects will perform two test protocols separated by 2 weeks. Each protocol will comprise one exhausting training session (20-min warm-up consisted of 15-min of continuous self-paced running followed by 5-min of fast-finish progression runs increasing speeds (from approximately 60% to 80% of maximal heart rate, participant controlled), 10 x 500 m sprints at 90% of maximal heart rate with a 2-min rest period between bouts and a recovery phase consisting of 10-min of slow jogging). Twenty-four hours after this exhausting training, subjects will perform an incremental running test on a treadmill (Pre-intervention test) where subjects will start at 10 km/h for 6 min after which speed will be increased by 2 km/h every 6 min until a 16 km/h trial is completed. One hour after this test, in one protocol subjects will receive Tecar therapy (Tecar treatment group); in the other group (Control group) participants will rest passively in a sitting position for 30-min period. To evaluate the relevance of the changes induced by Tecar therapy/passive recovery, subjects will repeat the treadmill test 48 hours after the first test in both groups (72 hours after the exhaustive training).
Study design
- Primary purpose
- Other
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Crossover
- Masking
- None (open label)
- Number of arms
- 2
| Arm | Type | Receives |
|---|---|---|
| Tecar treatment group | Experimental | Other: Capacitive-resistive electric transfer (Tecar) therapyThe capacitive-resistive electric transfer (Tecar) therapy treatment group will receive 45 minutes of Tecar therapy treatment. |
| Control group | No intervention | –Participants will test passively in a sitting position for 30-min period |
Who may qualify
- Ages
- 18 to 55 years
- Sex
- Male only
- Healthy volunteers
- Accepted
- Age groups
- Adult
Key inclusion criteria (1 listed)
- Recreationally active (current participation in races and a 10-km race time <34.5-min)
Key exclusion criteria (1 listed)
- Suffered from any injury within the preceding 4 months.
Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening; this overview does not establish that a patient qualifies. Full inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Interventions
| Intervention | Type | Arms |
|---|---|---|
| Capacitive-resistive electric transfer (Tecar) therapyThe Tecar treatment group will receive 45 minutes of Tecar therapy treatment. Subjects will lay down with the face down and two metallic plaques situated under each quadriceps muscle all over all the treatment. The treatment will start with the automatic capacitive energy transfer for 10-min where the capacitive plaque is situated on the sole of each foot with an elastic band. After that, the capacitive plaque will be pulled out. Then, the resistive electrode will be moved longitudinally through different muscles with massage lotion during 15-min per each lower extremity. The treatment will conclude with the automatic capacitive energy transfer for 10-min and the capacitive plaque situated on the sole of each foot with an elastic band. | Other | Tecar treatment group |
Primary outcome
CHANGE FROM BASELINE OXYGEN UPTAKE AT 48 HOURS AFTER THE TREATMENT.
Time frame: Participants will be assessed at baseline (24 hours after an exhaustive training session) and at 48 hours after the treatment.
Oxygen uptake (mL kg-1 min-1) will be assessed in an incremental running test on a treadmill (HP Cosmos pulsar, Nussdorf-Traunstein, Germany). Oxygen uptake will be recorded using a gas analyzer system (Esgostik Geratherm, Geschwenda, Germany).
CHANGE FROM BASELINE RESPIRATORY EXCHANGE RATIO AT 48 HOURS AFTER THE TREATMENT.
Time frame: Participants will be assessed at baseline (24 hours after an exhaustive training session) and at 48 hours after the treatment.
Respiratory exchange ratio (ratio between the amount of carbon dioxide (CO2) produced in metabolism and oxygen (O2)) will be assessed in an incremental running test on a treadmill (HP Cosmos pulsar, Nussdorf-Traunstein, Germany). Respiratory exchange ratio will be recorded using a gas analyzer system (Esgostik Geratherm, Geschwenda, Germany).
CHANGE FROM BASELINE VENTILATION AT 48 HOURS AFTER THE TREATMENT.
Time frame: Participants will be assessed at baseline (24 hours after an exhaustive training session) and at 48 hours after the treatment.
Ventilation (L• min-1) will be assessed in an incremental running test on a treadmill (HP Cosmos pulsar, Nussdorf-Traunstein, Germany). Ventilatory output will be recorded using a gas analyzer system (Esgostik Geratherm, Geschwenda, Germany).
CHANGE FROM BASELINE HEART RATE AT 48 HOURS AFTER THE TREATMENT.
Time frame: Participants will be assessed at baseline (24 hours after an exhaustive training session) and at 48 hours after the treatment.
Heart rate (beat • min-1) will be assessed in an incremental running test on a treadmill (HP Cosmos pulsar, Nussdorf-Traunstein, Germany). Heart rate will be recorded by a heart monitor (Polar RS800, Kempele, Finland).
CHANGE FROM BASELINE BLOOD LACTATE CONCENTRATION AT 48 HOURS AFTER THE TREATMENT.
Time frame: Participants will be assessed at baseline (24 hours after an exhaustive training session) and at 48 hours after the treatment.
- Blood lactate concentration (mmol •L-1) will be assessed in an incremental running test on a treadmill (HP Cosmos pulsar, Nussdorf-Traunstein, Germany). Capillary blood samples will be obtained in each test from the earlobe for the determination of blood lactate concentration by a portable lactate analyzer (Lactate, Arkray, KDK Corporation, Kyoto, Japan).
CHANGE FROM BASELINE STRIDE LENGTH AT 48 HOURS AFTER THE TREATMENT.
Time frame: Participants will be assessed at baseline (24 hours after an exhaustive training session) and at 48 hours after the treatment.
Stride length (cm), defined as the length the treadmill belt moves from toe-off to initial ground contact in successive steps, will be measured using an optical measurement system (Optojump-next, Microgate, Bolzano, Italy) placed at the treadmill belt level.
CHANGE FROM BASELINE STRIDE FREQUENCY AT 48 HOURS AFTER THE TREATMENT.
Time frame: Participants will be assessed at baseline (24 hours after an exhaustive training session) and at 48 hours after the treatment.
Stride frequency, defined as the number of ground contact events per minute, will be measured using an optical measurement system (Optojump-next, Microgate, Bolzano, Italy) placed at the treadmill belt level.
CHANGE FROM BASELINE STRIDE ANGLE AT 48 HOURS AFTER THE TREATMENT.
Time frame: Participants will be assessed at baseline (24 hours after an exhaustive training session) and at 48 hours after the treatment.
Stride angle (º), defined as the angle of the parable tangent derived from the theoretical arc traced by a foot during a stride and the ground, will be measured using an optical measurement system (Optojump-next, Microgate, Bolzano, Italy) placed at the treadmill belt level.
CHANGE FROM BASELINE GROUND CONTACT TIME AT 48 HOURS AFTER THE TREATMENT.
Time frame: Participants will be assessed at baseline (24 hours after an exhaustive training session) and at 48 hours after the treatment.
Ground contact time (s), defined as the time from when the foot contacts the ground to when the toes left the ground and was determined by the disruption of the infrared gates, will be measured using an optical measurement system (Optojump-next, Microgate, Bolzano, Italy) placed at the treadmill belt level.
CHANGE FROM BASELINE SWING TIME AT 48 HOURS AFTER THE TREATMENT.
Time frame: Participants will be assessed at baseline (24 hours after an exhaustive training session) and at 48 hours after the treatment.
The swing time (s) corresponds to the time from foot flat to initial take-off. Swing time will be measured using an optical measurement system (Optojump-next, Microgate, Bolzano, Italy) placed at the treadmill belt level.
CHANGE FROM BASELINE CONTACT PHASE AT 48 HOURS AFTER THE TREATMENT.
Time frame: Participants will be assessed at baseline (24 hours after an exhaustive training session) and at 48 hours after the treatment.
Contact phase (%), defined as the percentage of the ground contact time at which the different sub-phases of stance phase occur, will be measured using an optical measurement system (Optojump-next, Microgate, Bolzano, Italy) placed at the treadmill belt level.
CHANGE FROM BASELINE SUPPORT PHASE AT 48 HOURS AFTER THE TREATMENT.
Time frame: Participants will be assessed at baseline (24 hours after an exhaustive training session) and at 48 hours after the treatment.
The support sub-phase (%) corresponds to the time from initial ground contact to foot flat. Support phase will be measured using an optical measurement system (Optojump-next, Microgate, Bolzano, Italy) placed at the treadmill belt level.
CHANGE FROM BASELINE PUSH-OFF PHASE AT 48 HOURS AFTER THE TREATMENT.
Time frame: Participants will be assessed at baseline (24 hours after an exhaustive training session) and at 48 hours after the treatment.
The push-off phase (%) corresponds to the time from initial take-off to toe-off. Push-off phase will be measured using an optical measurement system (Optojump-next, Microgate, Bolzano, Italy) placed at the treadmill belt level.
2 secondary outcomes
Body height (cm)
Time frame: Participants will be assessed at baseline (24 hours after an exhaustive training session).
Body weight (kg)
Time frame: Participants will be assessed at baseline (24 hours after an exhaustive training session).
Results and safety
The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.
Research links
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govLast updated by the sponsor 23 Oct 2017.
- Individual participant dataSharing planned: No
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Referral and contact
AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals. Contact the study team or a site listed below; they decide who can take part. This study is not recruiting at the moment.
The record lists no contact. Use the official record to reach the sponsor.
Questions about this trial
What is this clinical trial studying?
A study testing Capacitive-resistive electric transfer (Tecar) therapy in people with Running and Fatigue, run by University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU).
The full registered description is in the About this study section and the official record.
Who may be eligible to take part?
The sponsor lists 1 inclusion and 1 exclusion criteria. Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening, so read the full criteria and contact a listed site.
Is this clinical trial currently recruiting?
The record says: finished, as of the sponsor's last update on 23 Oct 2017. Status can change between updates, so confirm with the study contact before making plans.
What are the possible benefits and risks?
They depend on the study and the treatment, and no study can promise a benefit. The study team explains the known risks during informed consent, before anyone joins; the record itself does not list them.
Are results available for this study?
The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.
How can a doctor refer a patient or contact the research team?
The record lists no contact. The official record names the sponsor, who can be asked directly. AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals.
What does the primary outcome measure?
CHANGE FROM BASELINE OXYGEN UPTAKE AT 48 HOURS AFTER THE TREATMENT. (time frame: Participants will be assessed at baseline (24 hours after an exhaustive training session) and at 48 hours after the treatment.). The study lists 13 primary outcomes in all. It is what the study was designed to measure, not a finding.
Where can I read the original study information?
Does a listing mean the treatment is approved or proven to work?
No. A listing means the study is registered. It does not show that the treatment is safe, works, or is approved by a regulator.
How often is this information updated?
AzTrials copies changed records from ClinicalTrials.gov every night and reloads the whole registry every week. The sponsor last updated this record on 23 Oct 2017.