Compliant BehaviorNCT03376152
Rural China Electric Kettle Promotion Program
A study testing Electric Kettle Promotion in people with Compliant Behavior and Diarrheal Disease, run by University of California, Berkeley at 1 site in China.
Trial summary
This study will evaluate the impact of a pilot Rural Electric Kettle Promotion Program offered to low-income households in rural Anhui Province, China. The primary objective of this study is to determine whether this promotion program causes poverty households currently boiling their drinking water with solid-fuels… Read more about this study
- Who is it for?
- Any ageHealthy volunteers can take part
- Conditions the study is for
- Compliant Behavior, Diarrheal Disease, Pollution; Exposure
- What is being tested?
- Electric Kettle Promotion
- Type of treatment
- Lifestyle or therapy programme
- Could I receive a placebo?
- No, everyone receives an active treatment
- How many people
- 6,000 participants
- Where
- 1 siteChina
- Study dates
- 4 Nov 2017to Dec 2025
- Phase
- Interventional
- Are there results?
- Not yet: the study is under way
Key requirements
Who can take part, as listed by the sponsor. Only the study team can confirm whether you are eligible, so take this list to your doctor.
- Ages Any age
- All sexes
- Healthy volunteers accepted
- Child, Adult, Older adult
Who may be able to join
- Persons aged 18 or older will be eligible to provide consent for their households.
- Government classified "poverty households" (poverty classification based on 2016 data/records).
Who cannot join
- Persons aged 17 or younger will not be eligible to provide consent for their households.
- We will not have any exclusion criterion based on gender, race, ethnicity, language, or literacy.
Trial locations and contacts
1 site in 1 country.
China1 site
National Center for Rural Water Supply Technical Guidance，Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention
Beijing
About this study
Official title: Rural China Electric Kettle Promotion Program: a Cluster-Randomized Controlled Trial of Pilot Program Impact on Electric Kettle Adoption, Drinking Water Quality, Indoor Air Pollution, and Reported Health Outcomes in Poverty Households in the People's Republic of China
This study will evaluate the impact of a pilot Rural Electric Kettle Promotion Program offered to low-income households in rural Anhui Province, China. The primary objective of this study is to determine whether this promotion program causes poverty households currently boiling their drinking water with solid-fuels (or drinking untreated water or bottled water) to switch to boiling their drinking water with electric kettles, and if so, how such a switch might improve safe drinking water access and/or reduce household air pollution.
Read the detailed description
Previous research suggests that increasing the use of electric kettles for boiling (i.e., treating) drinking water in low-income areas of rural China could help expand access to safer drinking water, reduce household air pollution, and improve environmental and health outcomes in rural Chinese households currently boiling drinking water with solid-fuels (or not treating their water, or drinking contaminated bottled water).
The study will use a parallel arm cohort cluster-randomized controlled trial design with a 1:1 ratio. The study will randomize 30 clusters (i.e., villages) to treatment or control using stratified randomization by geography (two levels: mountains and plains) and by cluster proportions of reported electric kettle use at baseline. Randomization sequence generation will be conducted by A. Cohen using a random number generator (with a reproducible seed) in Stata v.13.1 (StataCorp, College Station, Texas, USA).
The study will collect data from 30 randomly selected households in 15 villages, for a total of 900 households. This sample size was powered to measure a 15% (or larger) change in electric kettle adoption, because the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC) will be unlikely to rollout a national program if adoption rates are less than 15%.
After baseline data collection and randomized allocation, in the intervention group village-level promotion events will take place in November-December of 2017, and will be organized by the provincial and county China CDC, in collaboration with the National Center for Rural Water Supply Technical Guidance (NCRWSTG). At these promotion events, households in the intervention group will be provided free, food-grade quality, electric kettles, as well as promotional materials (a calendar and poster) and information about the benefits of electric kettle use and improved hygiene and sanitation practices.
Because of known issues with decreasing adoption of drinking water treatment after behavior change promotion interventions such as this, and considering expected seasonal variation in boiling practices and frequencies, study data was initially planned to be collected over a period of 12 months (with additional qualitative follow-up via focus groups: 2019-03, 2019-08).
We were able to extend the follow-up data collection period from 12-months to 24-months, so we did not collect data from focus groups in 2019-03 or 2019-08 as originally planned. Follow-up data collection was completed in November 2019.
Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, we again postponed plans to collect data from focus groups (data cleaning efforts were delayed until 2021, and completed at the end of 2022). Logistics allowing, we hope to collect data from focus groups in 2023.
- Conditions
- Compliant Behavior, Diarrheal Disease, Pollution; Exposure
- Being tested
- Electric Kettle Promotion
- Medical subject headings
- Cooperative Behavior
What participants receive
What participants receive. In a randomised study each person is assigned to one group by chance.
Electric Kettle PromotionBehavioural
Provision of free electric kettles and promotional materials/information
| Study group | Role | What they receive |
|---|---|---|
| Treatment Arm | Active comparator | "Poverty households" invited to attend cluster-level electric kettle promotion events and offered free kettles, information, and promotional materials 450 households in 15 clusters (30 households per cluster) Receives: Behavioral: Electric Kettle Promotion |
| Control Arm | No intervention | 450 households in 15 clusters (30 households per cluster) |
What is being measured
The primary outcome is the main question the study is designed to answer.
Change in proportion of households using electric kettles for boiling drinking water
Primary measurement via electricity use meters (Tepsung model 10/16A) affixed to electric kettle power cables for all household who report using electric kettles at each of five visits (based on total KWh consumed per data collection intervals and estimated mean liters boiled per person, per day, per household, by electric kettle type/size). Additional measurement via self-report of electric kettle use (household surveys) and via enumerator direct observations (during visits to households).
Measured: 24 months.
Secondary outcomes (4)
Thermotolerant coliforms in household point-of-consumption drinking water
Point-of-consumption drinking water sample collection from subsample of households (150 in each arm, 300 total) and laboratory analysis via multiple tube fermentation (using China CDC national standards and protocol) for Thermotolerant coliforms, an indicator of fecal contamination.
Measured: 6 months.
Diarrhea prevalence
Self-report (current, 7-day recall, 14-day recall)
Measured: 24 months.
Particulate matter 2.5 mg/m3 (PM2.5) concentrations
Custom-built air pollution sensors (PM2.5 and other - developed by Prof. Tao Shu et al. at Peking University, Beijing, CHINA) installed to collect indoor air pollution data for 3-4 weeks in a subsample of households (40-50 in each arm, 80-100 total), with 3-5 external air pollution sensors installed in each cluster to control for ambient air pollution.
Measured: 1 month.
Prevalence of hand washing with soap
Self-report during household surveys combined with enumerator direct observations
Measured: 24 months.
Timeline
From the start of the study to its completion; the mark is today. Estimated dates are the sponsor’s plan.
- First posted18 Dec 2017
- Study start4 Nov 2017
- Primary completion31 Dec 2019
- Study completionDec 2025 (estimated)
Resources
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govThe registry entry this page is built from, with its full change history.
- Other trials for Compliant BehaviorStudies of the same condition, open and under way.
- What the trial phases meanHow a treatment moves from first tests in people to approval.
More details
For doctors and researchers: how the study is designed, who runs it, and its registry IDs.
Study design
- Study type
- Interventional
- Phase
- Phase N/A
- Primary purpose
- Prevention
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Masking
- Single blind
- Who is masked
- Outcomes assessor
- Enrolment
- 6,000 participants (estimated)
Sponsor and investigators
- Lead sponsor
- University of California, Berkeley
- Sponsor type
- University, hospital or other
- Collaborators
- National Center for Rural Water Supply Technical Guidance (NCRWSTG), China, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, China
- Responsible party
- Principal investigator, Alasdair Cohen, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University
- Investigators
- Yong Tao, Director, Principal investigator, National Center for Rural Water Supply Technical Guidance
IDs, dates and publications
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT03376152
- Sponsor's protocol ID
- 2016119356
- Status last verified
- Mar 2025
- First submitted
- 28 Nov 2017
- Last updated
- 30 Mar 2025
- Results posted
- No
- Data monitoring committee
- No
- FDA-regulated drug
- No
- FDA-regulated device
- No
- Individual data sharing
- No
Study at a glance
From the registry record, last updated by the sponsor on 30 Mar 2025. Recruitment status is as the sponsor reported it: confirm with the study team.
- Official title
- Rural China Electric Kettle Promotion Program: a Cluster-Randomized Controlled Trial of Pilot Program Impact on Electric Kettle Adoption, Drinking Water Quality, Indoor Air Pollution, and Reported Health Outcomes in Poverty Households in the People's Republic of China
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT03376152
- Acronym / sponsor ID
- 2016119356
- Conditions
- Compliant Behavior, Diarrheal Disease, Pollution; Exposure
- Study type
- Interventional
- Recruitment status
- Active, not recruiting
- Enrolment
- 6,000 participants (estimated)
- Lead sponsor
- University of California, BerkeleyUniversity, hospital or other
- Collaborators
- National Center for Rural Water Supply Technical Guidance (NCRWSTG), China, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, China
- Study start
- 4 Nov 2017 (actual)
- Primary completion
- 31 Dec 2019 (actual)
- Study completion
- Dec 2025 (estimated)
- First posted
- 18 Dec 2017 (actual)
- Results
- Not posted in the source record
Clinical summary
The research question as the sponsor registered it. This describes what the study plans to test, not what it found.
This study will evaluate the impact of a pilot Rural Electric Kettle Promotion Program offered to low-income households in rural Anhui Province, China. The primary objective of this study is to determine whether this promotion program causes poverty households currently boiling their drinking water with solid-fuels (or drinking untreated water or bottled water) to switch to boiling their drinking water with electric kettles, and if so, how such a switch might improve safe drinking water access and/or reduce household air pollution.
Detailed description
Previous research suggests that increasing the use of electric kettles for boiling (i.e., treating) drinking water in low-income areas of rural China could help expand access to safer drinking water, reduce household air pollution, and improve environmental and health outcomes in rural Chinese households currently boiling drinking water with solid-fuels (or not treating their water, or drinking contaminated bottled water).
The study will use a parallel arm cohort cluster-randomized controlled trial design with a 1:1 ratio. The study will randomize 30 clusters (i.e., villages) to treatment or control using stratified randomization by geography (two levels: mountains and plains) and by cluster proportions of reported electric kettle use at baseline. Randomization sequence generation will be conducted by A. Cohen using a random number generator (with a reproducible seed) in Stata v.13.1 (StataCorp, College Station, Texas, USA).
The study will collect data from 30 randomly selected households in 15 villages, for a total of 900 households. This sample size was powered to measure a 15% (or larger) change in electric kettle adoption, because the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC) will be unlikely to rollout a national program if adoption rates are less than 15%.
After baseline data collection and randomized allocation, in the intervention group village-level promotion events will take place in November-December of 2017, and will be organized by the provincial and county China CDC, in collaboration with the National Center for Rural Water Supply Technical Guidance (NCRWSTG). At these promotion events, households in the intervention group will be provided free, food-grade quality, electric kettles, as well as promotional materials (a calendar and poster) and information about the benefits of electric kettle use and improved hygiene and sanitation practices.
Because of known issues with decreasing adoption of drinking water treatment after behavior change promotion interventions such as this, and considering expected seasonal variation in boiling practices and frequencies, study data was initially planned to be collected over a period of 12 months (with additional qualitative follow-up via focus groups: 2019-03, 2019-08).
We were able to extend the follow-up data collection period from 12-months to 24-months, so we did not collect data from focus groups in 2019-03 or 2019-08 as originally planned. Follow-up data collection was completed in November 2019.
Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, we again postponed plans to collect data from focus groups (data cleaning efforts were delayed until 2021, and completed at the end of 2022). Logistics allowing, we hope to collect data from focus groups in 2023.
Study design
- Primary purpose
- Prevention
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Masking
- Single blind (outcomes assessor)
- Number of arms
- 2
| Arm | Type | Receives |
|---|---|---|
| Treatment Arm | Active comparator | Behavioral: Electric Kettle Promotion"Poverty households" invited to attend cluster-level electric kettle promotion events and offered free kettles, information, and promotional materials 450 households in 15 clusters (30 households per cluster) |
| Control Arm | No intervention | –450 households in 15 clusters (30 households per cluster) |
Who may qualify
- Sex
- All
- Healthy volunteers
- Accepted
- Age groups
- Child, Adult, Older adult
Key inclusion criteria (2 listed)
- Persons aged 18 or older will be eligible to provide consent for their households.
- Government classified "poverty households" (poverty classification based on 2016 data/records).
Key exclusion criteria (2 listed)
- Persons aged 17 or younger will not be eligible to provide consent for their households.
- We will not have any exclusion criterion based on gender, race, ethnicity, language, or literacy.
Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening; this overview does not establish that a patient qualifies. Full inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Interventions
| Intervention | Type | Arms |
|---|---|---|
| Electric Kettle PromotionProvision of free electric kettles and promotional materials/information | Behavioural | Treatment Arm |
Primary outcome
Change in proportion of households using electric kettles for boiling drinking water
Time frame: 24 months.
Primary measurement via electricity use meters (Tepsung model 10/16A) affixed to electric kettle power cables for all household who report using electric kettles at each of five visits (based on total KWh consumed per data collection intervals and estimated mean liters boiled per person, per day, per household, by electric kettle type/size). Additional measurement via self-report of electric kettle use (household surveys) and via enumerator direct observations (during visits to households).
4 secondary outcomes
Thermotolerant coliforms in household point-of-consumption drinking water
Time frame: 6 months.
Diarrhea prevalence
Time frame: 24 months.
Particulate matter 2.5 mg/m3 (PM2.5) concentrations
Time frame: 1 month.
Prevalence of hand washing with soap
Time frame: 24 months.
Results and safety
This study is still under way. Results are not available in the source record yet.
Research links
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govLast updated by the sponsor 30 Mar 2025.
- Individual participant dataSharing planned: No
Referral and contact
AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals. Contact the study team or a site listed below; they decide who can take part. This study is not recruiting at the moment.
Yong Tao, Director principal investigator
National Center for Rural Water Supply Technical Guidance
1 site in 1 country: see every site and its status.
Questions about this trial
What is this clinical trial studying?
A study testing Electric Kettle Promotion in people with Compliant Behavior and Diarrheal Disease, run by University of California, Berkeley at 1 site in China.
The full registered description is in the About this study section and the official record.
Who may be eligible to take part?
The sponsor lists 2 inclusion and 2 exclusion criteria. Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening, so read the full criteria and contact a listed site.
Is this clinical trial currently recruiting?
The record says: under way, not looking for participants, as of the sponsor's last update on 30 Mar 2025. Status can change between updates, so confirm with the study contact before making plans.
Where is the study taking place?
The record lists 1 site in China. Whether a site is taking part right now should be confirmed with that site. See every site.
What are the possible benefits and risks?
They depend on the study and the treatment, and no study can promise a benefit. The study team explains the known risks during informed consent, before anyone joins; the record itself does not list them.
Are results available for this study?
This study is still under way. Results are not available in the source record yet.
How can a doctor refer a patient or contact the research team?
The record lists no contact. The official record names the sponsor, who can be asked directly. AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals.
What does the primary outcome measure?
Change in proportion of households using electric kettles for boiling drinking water (time frame: 24 months.). It is what the study was designed to measure, not a finding.
Where can I read the original study information?
Does a listing mean the treatment is approved or proven to work?
No. A listing means the study is registered. It does not show that the treatment is safe, works, or is approved by a regulator.
How often is this information updated?
AzTrials copies changed records from ClinicalTrials.gov every night and reloads the whole registry every week. The sponsor last updated this record on 30 Mar 2025; AzTrials last refreshed its copy on 27 Oct 2026.