Brain Image Markers Associated With Cognitive Training and Aerobic Exercise in Schizophrenia

Assessment of changes in serum BDNF using ELISA immuno-assay techniques. Measured in ng/ml.

Severity of the negative symptoms will be assessed with the total score of the Subscale for Negative Symptoms of the PANSS scale, which comprises 7 items, each one measuring a specific negative symptom. Each item ranges from 1 (absence of the symptom) to 7 (extreme severity of the symptom). Total score of the Negative Subscale of the PANSS ranges from 7 (minimum score) to 49 (maximum severity). Severity of positive symptoms will be assessed with the total score of the Subscale for Positive Symptoms of the PANSS, which comprises 7 items ranging from 1 (absence of the symptom) to 7 (extreme severity of the symptom). Total score of the Positive Subscale ranges from 7 (minimun score) to 49 (maximun severity). General Psychopathology will be assessed with the total score of the General Psychopathology Subscale which comprises 16 items ranging from 1(absence of the symptom) to 7 (extreme severity of the symptom).

Severity of negative symptoms will be assessed with the total score of the BNSS. Values ranges from 0 (total absence of negative symptoms) to 90 (maximum severity of negative symptoms).

Severity of negative symptoms will be assessed with the total score of the CAINS scale. Values ranges from 0 (total absence of negative symptoms) to 52 (maximum severity of negative symptoms).

The UPSA includes the following 5 subscales: Financial Skills, Communication, Comprehension/Planning, Transportation, Household Management. Total scores for each subscale are calculated by transforming raw scores into a 0- to-10 scale, yielding comparable scores on each scale. In order to have a 100-point summary score, each subscale score is multiplied by 2, yielding subscale scores ranging from 1 to 20. A summary UPSA score is calculated by summing these five scores, resulting in total scores ranging from 0 to 100. Scores of 0 represent maximum severity of functional impairment and a score of 100 represents total absence of functional disability.

The 36-item version of WHODAS 2.0 allows users to generate scores for the six domains of functioning and to calculate an overall functioning score. The scores assigned to each of the items - "none" (1), "mild" (2) "moderate" (3), "se- vere" (4) and "extreme" (5) - are summed. A score of 36 represents total absence of disability and 180 maximum severity of disability.

The Short Form (36) Health Survey is a 36-item, patient-reported survey of patient health. The SF-36 consists of eight scaled scores, which are the weighted sums of the questions in their section. Each scale is directly transformed into a 0-100 scale on the assumption that each question carries equal weight. The lower the score the more disability. The higher the score the less disability i.e., a score of zero is equivalent to maximum disability and a score of 100 is equivalent to no disability.

Heart rate achieved when walking between 2 cones spaced 10 meters at an increasing rate.

maximum rate of oxygen consumption measured during incremental exercise (exercise of increasing intensity)

Weight in Kg

Height in meters.

The BMI is defined as the body mass divided by the square of the body height, and is expressed in units of kg/m2, resulting from mass in kilograms and height in metres.

Abdominal perimeter measured in centimeters.

Percentage of Total Body Water measured by Bioimpedance.

Percentage of Body Fat measured by Bioimpedance.

Blood Pressure (systolic and diastolic) measured in millimeters of mercury (mmHg)

Fasting Blood Glucose Levels measured in mg/dl.

Fasting Cholesterol Levels measured in mg/dl.

This measure assesses the types of intensity of physical activity and sitting time that people do as part of their daily lives are considered to estimate total physical activity in MET-min/week and time spent sitting.

The ESS measures a person's general level of daytime sleepiness, or their average sleep propensity in daily life (ASP). The ESS is a self-administered questionnaire with 8 questions. Respondents are asked to rate, on a 4-point scale (0-3), their usual chances of dozing off or falling asleep while engaged in eight different activities. The higher the ESS score, the higher that person's average sleep propensity in daily life (ASP), or their 'daytime sleepiness'.

Measurement of body movement in terms of accelerations.

WAIS III test: Digit Symbol-Coding. Measured in number of symbols correctly entered in 2 minutes.

Stroop Test: measured in the number of items read or named in 45 seconds for each of the three sheets (word, color, and color-word).

WAIS IV test: Digit Span Backward subtest. Measured with the number of sequences of numbers recalled in inverse order.

Hopkins Verbal Learning Test-Revised (HVLT-R): number of correct words recalled.

Modified Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (M-WCST): score achieved at the M-WCST.

Spanish version of the Word Accentuation Test (TAP-E). Measured with the number of correct attempts.

Torrance Test of Creative Thinking: Picture Completion subtest. Measured with Fluency, Originality, Elaboration, Resistance to Premature Closure, Abstractness of Titles, and Creative Strengths dimensions obtained from the drawings made in the task.

Torrance Test of Creative Thinking: Unusual Uses subtest. Measured with Fluency, Originality, and Flexibility dimensions obtained from the written unusual uses for cardboard boxes and tin cans.

Social Attribution Test (SAT). SAT is comprised of a 64 second animation with geometric figures enacting a social drama and 19 multiple-choice questions about the animation. Four possible responses are given to each question. Each correct response is scored with 1 point. Total score ranges from 0 to 19.

Bell Lysaker Emotion Recognition Task (BLERT). BLERT consists of 21 short video clips in which an actor displays one of seven emotions with three neutral monologues. The examinee is asked to indicate which emotion the actor is portraying. Each correct response is scored with 1 point. The total score is obtained from the sum of each correct emotion recognition, ranging from 0 to 21.

Happe's "Strange Stories Task" Test. Strange Stories Task is comprised of 8 stories concerning double bluff, mistakes, persuasion, and white lies. Each story is scored from 0 to 2. Higher scores indicate a better performance in theory of mind.

The SFS-15 is a 15-item scale designed to measure social functioning in patients with schizophrenia. It includes items about isolation, interpersonal communication, independence-execution, independence-competence, and employment-occupation. 13 of the items range from 0 to 3 and the other 2 items range from 1 to 2. Total score is obtained from the sum of the 15 items. Total score range from 1 to 43 points. Higher scores indicate higher level of social functioning.

General Self-Efficacy Scale is a 10-item scale that measures optimistic self-beliefs to cope with a variety of difficult demands in life. The scores assigned to each of the item - "Not at all true" (1), "Hardly true" (2), "Moderately true" (3), and "Exactly true" (4) - are summed. The final score ranges from 10 to 40, higher scores indicating a higher level of self-efficacy.

The ACIPS is a 17-item scale that consists of 7 anticipatory and 10 consummatory items. The scores assigned to each of the items range from 1 (very false for me) to 6 (very true for me). Total score is obtained from the sum of the 17 items. Higher scores indicate higher ability to experience interpersonal pleasure.

A self-report questionnaire assessing the dominance of a person's right or left hand in ten different everyday activities.

CRES-4 consists of a 4-item scale designed to evaluate patient's satisfaction with the received therapy. Its global score reflects treatment effectiveness as perceived by the patient. 3 components can be obtained: "satisfaction" (based on the first item, which ranges from 0 to 5), "problem resolution" (based on the second item, which ranges from 0 to 5), and "perceived emotional change" (obtained from the subtraction of the third from the fourth item, which range from 0 to 4). The "satisfaction" component is multiplied by 20, the "problem resolution" by 20 and the "perceived emotional change" by 12.5. Final score is obtained from the sum of the three components, ranging from 0 to 300. Higher scores indicate a greater perception of treatment efficacy.