Problem BehaviorI-RIMNCT03736395
Scaling up Schoolwide Positive Behavioral Interventions and Supports (SWPBIS) in Rural Idaho Schools
A study testing Idaho Rural Implementation Model in people with Problem Behavior, run by Boise State University at 1 site in United States.
Trial summary
This project will examine the scale-up of Schoolwide Positive Behavior Intervention Supports (SWPBIS), specifically focusing on rural schools in Idaho. The Idaho Rural Implementation Model (I-RIM) is an approach designed to improve SWPBIS implementation in rural schools, via strategies such as capacity-building… Read more about this study
- Who is it for?
- Ages 5 years and olderHealthy volunteers can take part
- Conditions the study is for
- Problem Behavior
- What is being tested?
- Idaho Rural Implementation Model
- Type of treatment
- Lifestyle or therapy programme
- Could I receive a placebo?
- No, everyone receives an active treatment
- How many people
- 40 participants
- Where
- 1 siteUnited States
- Study dates
- 1 Jan 2019to 31 Aug 2023
- Phase
- Interventional
- Are there results?
- None posted in the registry
Key requirements
Who can take part, as listed by the sponsor. Only the study team can confirm whether you are eligible, so take this list to your doctor.
- Ages 5 years and older
- All sexes
- Healthy volunteers accepted
- Child, Adult, Older adult
Who may be able to join
- School is a public school in a rural location in the state of Idaho, serving students in any combination of grades Kindergarten through grade 12.
- Staff work at a school participating in this trial.
- Student attends a school participating in this trial.
Who cannot join
- None.
Trial locations and contacts
1 site in 1 country.
About this study
Official title: Scaling up Schoolwide Positive Behavioral Interventions and Supports (SWPBIS) Framework in Rural Settings Through the Idaho Rural Implementation Model
This project will examine the scale-up of Schoolwide Positive Behavior Intervention Supports (SWPBIS), specifically focusing on rural schools in Idaho. The Idaho Rural Implementation Model (I-RIM) is an approach designed to improve SWPBIS implementation in rural schools, via strategies such as capacity-building, regional coordination, online learning modules, and technical assistance. The study uses a cluster randomized design to allocate 40 schools to one of two conditions: control and intervention. Schools in the control condition will receive basic SWPBIS training. Schools in the intervention condition will receive the basic SWPBIS training plus additional I-RIM supports. To assess SWPBIS implementation and outcomes, process and outcome measures will be collected. Outcomes will include school implementation observations, and teacher and staff implementation measures. Student-level outcomes will include behavior, perceived climate, and academic achievement as measured by the standardized state test. Student-level data include those that are part of standard data collection by schools (such as academic outcomes) and will be de-identified by school officials before sending to the researchers for analysis.
Read the detailed description
The long-term goal of this project is to support rural schools in implementing practices that can improve student safety and social-emotional outcomes, through the use of Schoolwide Positive Behavior Intervention Supports (SWPBIS). Rural schools experience challenges in implementing systems-changes, and the Idaho Rural Implementation Model (I-RIM) is an approach specifically designed to improve SWPBIS implementation in rural schools through strategies such as capacity-building, regional coordination, online learning modules, and technical assistance. These approaches are all designed to meet the unique challenges and strengths of schools in rural settings.
The study uses a cluster randomized design to allocate 40 schools to one of two conditions: control or intervention. Schools in the control condition will receive basic SWPBIS training. Schools in the intervention condition will receive the basic SWPBIS training plus additional I-RIM supports. This trial is designed to address several aims:
Aim 1: To test the impact of the I-RIM intervention on student-level outcomes, including behavioral outcomes, academic test scores, and perceived safety/climate.
Aim 2. To examine whether changes in student outcomes are mediated by school-level improvements in the speed and fidelity with which SWPBIS is implemented.
Aim 3. To identify school-level factors that are associated with SWPBIS implementation (moderators of intervention effectiveness).
At all schools, baseline data collection will begin in early 2019. The intervention will begin in the spring of 2019 with selected elements of the I-RIM intervention (regional meetings, and a coaching institute) for schools in the intervention condition. All schools will begin SWPBIS implementation in the 2019-20 school year, which will continue through the 2020-2021 school year. Data collection points will be identical for schools in both conditions. Primary student outcome measures include data that are already gathered by schools, including: behavioral outcomes including office disciplinary referrals, suspensions, and expulsions; academic test scores; and perceived climate.
- Conditions
- Problem Behavior
- Being tested
- Idaho Rural Implementation Model, Control
- Keywords
- Behavioral Symptoms, Disruptive Behavior, Schools, School Teachers
- Medical subject headings
- Problem Behavior, Behavioral Symptoms
What participants receive
What participants receive. In a randomised study each person is assigned to one group by chance.
Idaho Rural Implementation ModelBehavioural
The Idaho Rural Implementation Model (I-RIM) includes several aspects to support implementation of schoolwide positive behavioral interventions and supports (SWPBIS). In the first year, schools will send a staff member to a coaching institute to build internal capacity. Schools will also receive technical assistance (on-site twice per year and virtual support as needed). Schools will also receive statewide professional learning opportunities, through one group meeting per year, and through access to an invitation-only professional learning community.
ControlBehavioural
Schools in this condition will receive a four-day training session about SWPBIS.
| Study group | Role | What they receive |
|---|---|---|
| Control | Active comparator | Schools in this condition will be provided a four-day training about Schoolwide Positive Behavioral Interventions and Supports, and bi-yearly feedback about progress monitoring and action planning. Receives: Behavioral: Control |
| I-RIM Intervention | Experimental | Schools in this condition will be provided the same basic training as the control condition, plus the elements of the Idaho Rural Implementation Model (I-RIM). Receives: Behavioral: Idaho Rural Implementation Model |
What is being measured
The primary outcome is the main question the study is designed to answer.
Change in fidelity of school implementation of positive behavioral interventions and supports (PBIS)
Change in fidelity of implementation from baseline (spring 2019) to followup (spring 2022) using the Schoolwide Evaluation Tool (SET; Horner et al 2004) to gather observational data about degree of fidelity of implementation on 0-100% scale where 100% is best possible outcome.
Measured: Change in school-level implementation score from baseline to 3-year followup
Change over time in student disciplinary outcomes
Percentage of students receiving Office Disciplinary Referrals each school year
Measured: Change from baseline to following school year (Year 2); change from Year 2 to Year 3
Change in student academic outcomes
Percentage of students scoring "Advanced" or "Proficient" on state standardized test (Idaho Standards Achievement Test) in English Language Arts and Mathematics
Measured: Change from baseline to following school year (Year 2); change from Year 2 to Year 3
Change in student perceptions of school climate
Changes in overall scores on school climate surveys. The overall scale score is created by averaging all items, resulting in scores from 1 to 4 with higher overall scores indicating better climate.
Measured: Change from baseline to 3-year followup.
Timeline
From the start of the study to its completion; the mark is today. Estimated dates are the sponsor’s plan.
- First posted9 Nov 2018
- Study start1 Jan 2019
- Primary completion31 Aug 2023
- Study completion31 Aug 2023
Resources
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govThe registry entry this page is built from, with its full change history.
- Publications (4)Papers the sponsor has linked to this study.
- Other trials for Problem BehaviorStudies of the same condition, open and under way.
- What the trial phases meanHow a treatment moves from first tests in people to approval.
More details
For doctors and researchers: how the study is designed, who runs it, and its registry IDs.
Study design
- Study type
- Interventional
- Phase
- Phase N/A
- Primary purpose
- Prevention
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Model description
- A portion of participating schools will receive the Idaho Rural Implementation Model (I-RIM) intervention, designed to support implementation of schoolwide positive behavioral interventions and supports (SWPBIS). All other participating schools will only receive basic training session about SWPBIS. The process to determine which schools receive the intervention is random. Intervention is at the school level. Outcomes are at the school level, staff level, and student level (anonymous).
- Masking
- Single blind
- Who is masked
- Outcomes assessor
- Enrolment
- 40 participants (actual)
Sponsor and investigators
- Lead sponsor
- Boise State University
- Sponsor type
- University, hospital or other
- Collaborators
- U.S. Department of Justice
- Responsible party
- Principal investigator, Lindsey Turner, Boise State University
- Investigators
- Lindsey Turner, PhD, Principal investigator, Boise State University
IDs, dates and publications
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT03736395
- Sponsor's protocol ID
- 2017-CK-BX-0021
- Acronym
- I-RIM
- Status last verified
- Oct 2023
- First submitted
- 6 Nov 2018
- Last updated
- 26 Oct 2023
- Results posted
- No
- Data monitoring committee
- No
- FDA-regulated drug
- No
- FDA-regulated device
- No
- Individual data sharing
- No
Publications
Horner RH, Todd AW, Lewis-Palmer T, Irvin LK, Sugai G, Boland JB. The School-Wide Evaluation Tool: A research instrument for assessing school-wide positive behavior support. Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions 6(1):3-12, 2004.
Calvert HG, Fleming CM, Lowe M, Lewis T, Siebert CF, Havlicak A, Anderson N, Castleton T, Turner L. Training and Technical Assistance Increase the Fidelity of Implementation of a Universal Prevention Initiative in Rural Schools: Results from a 3-Year Cluster-Randomized Trial. Prev Sci. 2025 Jan;26(1):56-68. doi: 10.1007/s11121-025-01776-0. Epub 2025 Feb 3.
PubMed 39899222Fleming CM, Calvert HG, Turner L. Supporting implementation of universal prevention initiatives in K-12 schools: impacts on fidelity through organizational readiness and team functioning in a cluster-randomized trial. Implement Sci Commun. 2025 Jan 6;6(1):4. doi: 10.1186/s43058-024-00691-9.
PubMed 39763002Calvert HG, McQuilkin M, Havlicak A, Lewis T, Turner L. Acceptability, appropriateness, and feasibility of Rural School Support Strategies for behavioral interventions: a mixed methods evaluation over two years of a hybrid type 3 implementation-effectiveness trial. Implement Sci Commun. 2023 Aug 11;4(1):92. doi: 10.1186/s43058-023-00478-4.
PubMed 37568206
Study at a glance
From the registry record, last updated by the sponsor on 26 Oct 2023. Recruitment status is as the sponsor reported it: confirm with the study team.
- Official title
- Scaling up Schoolwide Positive Behavioral Interventions and Supports (SWPBIS) Framework in Rural Settings Through the Idaho Rural Implementation Model
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT03736395
- Acronym / sponsor ID
- I-RIM / 2017-CK-BX-0021
- Conditions
- Problem Behavior
- Keywords
- Behavioral Symptoms, Disruptive Behavior, Schools, School Teachers
- Study type
- Interventional
- Recruitment status
- Completed
- Enrolment
- 40 participants (actual)
- Lead sponsor
- Boise State UniversityUniversity, hospital or other
- Collaborators
- U.S. Department of Justice
- Study start
- 1 Jan 2019 (actual)
- Primary completion
- 31 Aug 2023 (actual)
- Study completion
- 31 Aug 2023 (actual)
- First posted
- 9 Nov 2018 (actual)
- Results
- Not posted in the source record
Clinical summary
The research question as the sponsor registered it. This describes what the study plans to test, not what it found.
This project will examine the scale-up of Schoolwide Positive Behavior Intervention Supports (SWPBIS), specifically focusing on rural schools in Idaho. The Idaho Rural Implementation Model (I-RIM) is an approach designed to improve SWPBIS implementation in rural schools, via strategies such as capacity-building, regional coordination, online learning modules, and technical assistance. The study uses a cluster randomized design to allocate 40 schools to one of two conditions: control and intervention. Schools in the control condition will receive basic SWPBIS training. Schools in the intervention condition will receive the basic SWPBIS training plus additional I-RIM supports. To assess SWPBIS implementation and outcomes, process and outcome measures will be collected. Outcomes will include school implementation observations, and teacher and staff implementation measures. Student-level outcomes will include behavior, perceived climate, and academic achievement as measured by the standardized state test. Student-level data include those that are part of standard data collection by schools (such as academic outcomes) and will be de-identified by school officials before sending to the researchers for analysis.
Detailed description
The long-term goal of this project is to support rural schools in implementing practices that can improve student safety and social-emotional outcomes, through the use of Schoolwide Positive Behavior Intervention Supports (SWPBIS). Rural schools experience challenges in implementing systems-changes, and the Idaho Rural Implementation Model (I-RIM) is an approach specifically designed to improve SWPBIS implementation in rural schools through strategies such as capacity-building, regional coordination, online learning modules, and technical assistance. These approaches are all designed to meet the unique challenges and strengths of schools in rural settings.
The study uses a cluster randomized design to allocate 40 schools to one of two conditions: control or intervention. Schools in the control condition will receive basic SWPBIS training. Schools in the intervention condition will receive the basic SWPBIS training plus additional I-RIM supports. This trial is designed to address several aims:
Aim 1: To test the impact of the I-RIM intervention on student-level outcomes, including behavioral outcomes, academic test scores, and perceived safety/climate.
Aim 2. To examine whether changes in student outcomes are mediated by school-level improvements in the speed and fidelity with which SWPBIS is implemented.
Aim 3. To identify school-level factors that are associated with SWPBIS implementation (moderators of intervention effectiveness).
At all schools, baseline data collection will begin in early 2019. The intervention will begin in the spring of 2019 with selected elements of the I-RIM intervention (regional meetings, and a coaching institute) for schools in the intervention condition. All schools will begin SWPBIS implementation in the 2019-20 school year, which will continue through the 2020-2021 school year. Data collection points will be identical for schools in both conditions. Primary student outcome measures include data that are already gathered by schools, including: behavioral outcomes including office disciplinary referrals, suspensions, and expulsions; academic test scores; and perceived climate.
Study design
- Primary purpose
- Prevention
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Masking
- Single blind (outcomes assessor)
- Number of arms
- 2
- Model description
- A portion of participating schools will receive the Idaho Rural Implementation Model (I-RIM) intervention, designed to support implementation of schoolwide positive behavioral interventions and supports (SWPBIS). All other participating schools will only receive basic training session about SWPBIS. The process to determine which schools receive the intervention is random. Intervention is at the school level. Outcomes are at the school level, staff level, and student level (anonymous).
| Arm | Type | Receives |
|---|---|---|
| Control | Active comparator | Behavioral: ControlSchools in this condition will be provided a four-day training about Schoolwide Positive Behavioral Interventions and Supports, and bi-yearly feedback about progress monitoring and action planning. |
| I-RIM Intervention | Experimental | Behavioral: Idaho Rural Implementation ModelSchools in this condition will be provided the same basic training as the control condition, plus the elements of the Idaho Rural Implementation Model (I-RIM). |
Who may qualify
- Ages
- 5 years and older
- Sex
- All
- Healthy volunteers
- Accepted
- Age groups
- Child, Adult, Older adult
Key inclusion criteria (3 listed)
- School is a public school in a rural location in the state of Idaho, serving students in any combination of grades Kindergarten through grade 12.
- Staff work at a school participating in this trial.
- Student attends a school participating in this trial.
Key exclusion criteria (1 listed)
- None.
Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening; this overview does not establish that a patient qualifies. Full inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Interventions
| Intervention | Type | Arms |
|---|---|---|
| Idaho Rural Implementation ModelThe Idaho Rural Implementation Model (I-RIM) includes several aspects to support implementation of schoolwide positive behavioral interventions and supports (SWPBIS). In the first year, schools will send a staff member to a coaching institute to build internal capacity. Schools will also receive technical assistance (on-site twice per year and virtual support as needed). Schools will also receive statewide professional learning opportunities, through one group meeting per year, and through access to an invitation-only professional learning community. | Behavioural | I-RIM Intervention |
| ControlSchools in this condition will receive a four-day training session about SWPBIS. | Behavioural | Control |
Primary outcome
Change in fidelity of school implementation of positive behavioral interventions and supports (PBIS)
Time frame: Change in school-level implementation score from baseline to 3-year followup
Change in fidelity of implementation from baseline (spring 2019) to followup (spring 2022) using the Schoolwide Evaluation Tool (SET; Horner et al 2004) to gather observational data about degree of fidelity of implementation on 0-100% scale where 100% is best possible outcome.
Change over time in student disciplinary outcomes
Time frame: Change from baseline to following school year (Year 2); change from Year 2 to Year 3
Percentage of students receiving Office Disciplinary Referrals each school year
Change in student academic outcomes
Time frame: Change from baseline to following school year (Year 2); change from Year 2 to Year 3
Percentage of students scoring "Advanced" or "Proficient" on state standardized test (Idaho Standards Achievement Test) in English Language Arts and Mathematics
Change in student perceptions of school climate
Time frame: Change from baseline to 3-year followup.
Changes in overall scores on school climate surveys. The overall scale score is created by averaging all items, resulting in scores from 1 to 4 with higher overall scores indicating better climate.
Results and safety
The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.
Research links
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govLast updated by the sponsor 26 Oct 2023.
- BackgroundHorner RH, Todd AW, Lewis-Palmer T, Irvin LK, Sugai G, Boland JB. The School-Wide Evaluation Tool: A research instrument for assessing school-wide positive behavior support. Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions 6(1):3-12, 2004.
- Derived from this study: PubMed 39899222Calvert HG, Fleming CM, Lowe M, Lewis T, Siebert CF, Havlicak A, Anderson N, Castleton T, Turner L. Training and Technical Assistance Increase the Fidelity of Implementation of a Universal Prevention Initiative in Rural Schools: Results from a 3-Year Cluster-Randomized Trial. Prev Sci. 2025 Jan;26(1):56-68. doi: 10.1007/s11121-025-01776-0. Epub 2025 Feb 3.
- Derived from this study: PubMed 39763002Fleming CM, Calvert HG, Turner L. Supporting implementation of universal prevention initiatives in K-12 schools: impacts on fidelity through organizational readiness and team functioning in a cluster-randomized trial. Implement Sci Commun. 2025 Jan 6;6(1):4. doi: 10.1186/s43058-024-00691-9.
- Derived from this study: PubMed 37568206Calvert HG, McQuilkin M, Havlicak A, Lewis T, Turner L. Acceptability, appropriateness, and feasibility of Rural School Support Strategies for behavioral interventions: a mixed methods evaluation over two years of a hybrid type 3 implementation-effectiveness trial. Implement Sci Commun. 2023 Aug 11;4(1):92. doi: 10.1186/s43058-023-00478-4.
- Individual participant dataSharing planned: No
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Referral and contact
AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals. Contact the study team or a site listed below; they decide who can take part. This study is not recruiting at the moment.
Lindsey Turner, PhD principal investigator
Boise State University
1 site in 1 country: see every site and its status.
Questions about this trial
What is this clinical trial studying?
A study testing Idaho Rural Implementation Model in people with Problem Behavior, run by Boise State University at 1 site in United States.
The full registered description is in the About this study section and the official record.
Who may be eligible to take part?
The sponsor lists 3 inclusion and 1 exclusion criteria. Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening, so read the full criteria and contact a listed site.
Is this clinical trial currently recruiting?
The record says: finished, as of the sponsor's last update on 26 Oct 2023. Status can change between updates, so confirm with the study contact before making plans.
Where is the study taking place?
The record lists 1 site in United States. Whether a site is taking part right now should be confirmed with that site. See every site.
What are the possible benefits and risks?
They depend on the study and the treatment, and no study can promise a benefit. The study team explains the known risks during informed consent, before anyone joins; the record itself does not list them.
Are results available for this study?
The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.
How can a doctor refer a patient or contact the research team?
The record lists no contact. The official record names the sponsor, who can be asked directly. AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals.
What does the primary outcome measure?
Change in fidelity of school implementation of positive behavioral interventions and supports (PBIS) (time frame: Change in school-level implementation score from baseline to 3-year followup). The study lists 4 primary outcomes in all. It is what the study was designed to measure, not a finding.
Where can I read the original study information?
On the ClinicalTrials.gov record for NCT03736395, which also lists 4 linked publications.
Does a listing mean the treatment is approved or proven to work?
No. A listing means the study is registered. It does not show that the treatment is safe, works, or is approved by a regulator.
How often is this information updated?
AzTrials copies changed records from ClinicalTrials.gov every night and reloads the whole registry every week. The sponsor last updated this record on 26 Oct 2023.