Radical Laparoscopic Prostatectomy. Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS) Program

After approval from Institutional Review Board (approval number 16/42) and compliance with the Declaration of Helsinki; and complying with the information checklist of Consolidated Standards of Reporting trials (CONSORT), informed consent was obtained from all those patients who underwent LRP between October 2016 and May 2018.

Exclusion criteria were: age below 18 years old; American Society of Anaesthesiologists (ASA) score ≥IV; body mass index (BMI) ≥30 Kg/m-2; history of local anaesthetic (LA) allergies; chronic opioid use, coagulopathy; peripheral neuropathy; reconversion to open surgery; or patient's refusal of consent.

Patients were randomized to either TAP or epidural group according to sequential recruitment criteria performed at the pre-operative visit. At this point, age, anaesthesia ASA score and BMI was also recorded.

Management of patients undergoing LRP - intraoperatively All patients underwent combined anaesthesia: either general anaesthesia + epidural; or general anaesthesia + TAP block (TAP group). Patients were premedicated with intravenous midazolam 0.05 mg/Kg-1. In the epidural group, a catheter was placed at L1-L2 level, and tested, prior to induction. Induction was performed intravenously with fentanyl (1.5 mcg/Kg-1), propofol (1.5-2 mg/Kg-1), and rocuronium (0.6 mg/Kg-1). Orotracheal intubation was performed. Prior to skin incision 8 mL of 0.25% levo-bupivacaine were administered epidurally, and a continuous perfusion of 0.125% levo-bupivacaine at 5 mL was started. In the TAP group, a bilateral, ultrasound-guided mid-axillary TAP block was performed immediately after induction (the same as epidural group) but prior to surgery. The high-frequency lineal probe (Sonosite MicroMAXXTM) was placed midway between the costal margin and iliac crest, and transversus abdominis muscle (TAM) located behind the rectus abdominis and below the internal oblique muscle (IOM). 20 mL of LA (bupivacaine 0.375%) was administered via a 22-gauge Quincke spinal needle inserted in-plane on each side of the abdomen. A block was considered successful whenever interfascial local anaesthetic spread was evident under ultrasound vision.

A laparoscopic radical prostatectomy was performed. Intraoperative anaesthetic maintenance was performed with propofol target-controlled infusion (TCI) for bispectral index between 40 and 60. Net zero fluid therapy was maintained, as well as normothermia, normotension and optimal intraoperative analgesia following ERP criteria. After surgery, patients were awoken from general anaesthesia and transferred to the post-anaesthesia care unit (PACU) for a 6-hour follow-up prior to transfer to conventional ward.

The following data was recorded during the intraoperative period: hemodynamic and respiratory parameters, complications related to analgesic technique (vascular puncture, peritoneal or intestinal puncture in the TAP block, number of attempts, impossibility to perform technique), surgery-related complications (bleeding, intestinal, bladder or diaphragmatic perforation), and length of surgery.

Management of patients undergoing LRP - PACU. In the PACU, the patient was kept under observation for 6 hours for pain and bleeding control, as well as hemodynamic and respiratory management. Besides epidural or TAP blockade, standard analgesia was maintained with paracetamol 1g/8h/iv alternate with metamizole 2 g/8h/iv, as well as 2 mg bolus of morphine, if required. If pain was unmanageable, in the epidural group the first option was administration of 8 mL of 0.125% levo-bupivacaine, secondly catheter was re-positioned, and if these options failed, catheter was removed and a morphine infusion was begun. In the TAP group, if rescue morphine bolus (of up to 10mg) was not enough, TAP-block was repeated. If after 20 minutes the patient showed no improvement, morphine infusion was begun. In these cases (both epidural and TAP groups), data was considered as analgesic technique failure.

The following data was recorded during the PACU period: pain as evaluated by the visual analogue scale (VAS) upon rest (VASr) and movement -cough- (VASm) at 1, 2, 3, 4, and 6 hours; mg of morphine administered; failure of analgesic technique (need of morphine PCA); surgical complications; analgesic technique complications (motor blockade, paraesthesias, accidental catheter disconnection); hydric tolerance; postoperative nausea or vomiting (PONV); and time to bowel movement (first flatus after surgery).

Management of patients undergoing LRP - Hospital Ward. After PACU, patients were transferred to conventional hospital ward. During this period, they were followed-up by the hospital's acute pain team, formed by an anaesthesiologist and a specialized nurse.

The following data was registered during this period: VASr and VASm at 12, 18, 24, 36, and 48 hours; time to sitting position and perambulation; PONV; complications of surgical and anaesthetic technique (including infection at this point); mg of morphine administered; failure of analgesic technique (need of morphine PCA); and length of in-hospital stay.