HEart fAiluRe evaluaTion Questionnaire

In clinical practice, the most commonly used classifications of the severity of CA⸱ are the New York Heart Association functional classification (NYHA), which is based on symptoms and exercise capacity11 and has been used in the majority of clinical trials combined with the fraction left ventricular ejection and ACC / AHA (American College of Cardiology Foundation / American Heart Association), which describes the disease according to structural lesions and symptoms.

With NYHA calibration, patients can be classified into four classes (I, II, III, IV) according to conclusions drawn from the medical history and / or observations of their physical activity and in some cases from cardiac function measurements . An attempt has been made to increase the objectivity of the method through a more comprehensive assessment, which will also be based on clinical measurements from electrocardiograms, stress tests, x-rays, echocardiograms, etc. There is a very high variability among clinicians' ratings on classifying patients in classes based on the NYHA functional classification as the class is selected according to the physician's personal assessment of the patient's physical condition. This increases the subjectivity of the particular sorting system. Studies have shown that there is agreement on NYHA calibration between different doctors for the same patient, of 55%, which leads to the conclusion that the use of this scale as the endpoint in clinical research is questionable and inadequate.

Patient self-assessments are more reliable with respect to the subjectivity of assessing the severity of symptoms. This is why maximizing the interest of the scientific community, clinicians and pharmaceutical companies in developing more subjective methods of measuring health status. 30% of all new drugs developed use patient-reported outcomes (PROs) as primary or intermediate endpoints.

The different data collection methods and sampling techniques are methods and methodologies that allow for the reduction of the amount of data to be collected, considering data only as some elements of a subset of the cases under consideration. The questionnaire is a form that includes a series of structured questions, in which the respondent is asked to respond in writing and in a specific order. Questionnaires collect data asking people to answer exactly the same set of questions. They are usually used in a research strategy to collect descriptive and explanatory data about views, behaviors, features, attitudes, etc. The questionnaire is the means of communication between the researcher and the respondents, directly or indirectly, depending on the method of data collection. The structure of the questionnaire, due to its qualities, is the most critical and delicate task, crucial to the success of a statistical survey.