Psychiatric DisordersPhase 4NCT03907124
Clinical Utility of Pharmacogenomics of Psychotropic Medications
A Phase 4 study testing Genetically-guided treatment with FDA-approved psychotropic drugs and Treatment as usual (TAU) in people with Psychiatric Disorders and Pain, run by Oregon Health and Science University at 1 site in United States.
Trial summary
While the scientific understanding of pharmacogenomics is quickly accelerating, its translation to clinical decision-making (especially in psychiatric practice) has progressed more slowly. Read more about this study
- Who is it for?
- Ages 18 to 80 years
- Conditions the study is for
- Psychiatric Disorders, Pain
- What is being tested?
- Genetically-guided treatment with FDA-approved psychotropic drugs and Treatment as usual (TAU)
- Could I receive a placebo?
- No, everyone receives an active treatment
- How many people
- 0 participants
- Where
- 1 siteUnited States
- Study dates
- 3 Jun 2019to 9 Jul 2021
- Phase
- Phase 4
- Are there results?
- None posted in the registry
Key requirements
Who can take part, as listed by the sponsor. Only the study team can confirm whether you are eligible, so take this list to your doctor.
- Ages 18 to 80 years
- All sexes
- No healthy volunteers
- Adult, Older adult
Who may be able to join
- Patient is between the ages of 18 and 80
- Schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder, major depressive disorder, bipolar affective disorder as ascertained by a qualified physician or mental health professional licensed to diagnose based on DSM-V criteria.
- Patients using antidepressants, anxiolytics, mood stabilizers, and sedative/hypnotics will be allowed
- Patients on clozapine treatment will be allowed.
- Study subjects with a score of at least 12 on the scale to assess capacity to consent i.e., UBACC.
Who cannot join
- Patients who are court-committed for involuntary medications
- Uncontrolled and/or serious medical illness (as ascertained at admission screening process)
- Pregnant patients
- Patients who cannot communicate in English.
Trial locations and contacts
1 site in 1 country.
About this study
While the scientific understanding of pharmacogenomics is quickly accelerating, its translation to clinical decision-making (especially in psychiatric practice) has progressed more slowly. In an effort to begin to bridge this translational gap, genetic testing has been developed for various and commonly existing psychiatric disorders, such as major depression, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and pain syndromes to improve the safety of prescribing psychotropic medications for these disorders. This genetic testing incudes several pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetic genetic factors, such as the cytochrome P450 1A2 gene (CYP1A2); the cytochrome P450 2B6 (CYP2B6) gene; P450 2D6 gene (CYP2D6); the cytochrome P450 2C9 gene (CYP2C9); the cytochrome P450 2C19 gene (CYP2C19); uridine-glucoronyl-transferase 2B15 (UGT2B15) gene; the serotonin transporter gene (Solute Carrier Family 6 Member; SLC6A4); p-glycoprotein ( ATP-binding cassette sub-family B member 1; ABCB1) transporter gene; the serotonin 2A receptor gene (HTR2A); the serotonin 2C receptor (HTR2C) gene; serotonin 1a receptor (5HT1a) gene; dopamine 1 receptor (DRD1) gene; dopamine 2 receptor (DRD2) gene; adrenergic alpha-2A receptor (alpha-2A) gene; opioid mu (opioid receptor mu 1; OPRM1) receptor gene; dopamine synthesis gene (ankyrin repeat and kinase domain containing 1; ANKK1); dopamine metabolizing enzyme [Catechol-o-methyltransferase (COMT]) gene; kainite receptor gene (glutamate ionotropic receptor kainate type subunit 4; GRIK4); folate (methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase; MTHFR) gene; sodium channels (sodium voltage-gated channel alpha subunit 2; SCN2A) gene.
The interpretive report is based on copies of these multiple informative genes. The investigators are proposing to utilize comprehensive genetic testing to select more genetically-informed psychotropic medications to enhance their effectiveness in real-world patients with psychiatric illnesses such as schizophrenia, major depression, bipolar affective disorder as well as pain in a state hospital setting. The investigators plan to use genetic testing offered by Admera® for major classes of psychotropic medications. The investigators hypothesize that genetic testing will demonstrate clinical benefits by improving state hospital patients' response and decreasing their adverse effects. The proposed study will be conducted in a total sample of 60 subjects diagnosed with schizophrenia, major depression, bipolar affective disorder as well as pain at the Oregon State Hospital, Salem Oregon over a total period of 24 months
Read the detailed description
There is considerable inter-individual variability in therapeutic drug response, required dosage and adverse effects in psychotropic treatment. Few patients experience a remission of their illness when initially treated with any medications.1,2 In those who remain symptomatic, less than half will experience a significant improvement with a change in medication or with the addition of an alternative psychotropic medication.2 Variation in drug response is complex and is dependent on a number of factors, including diagnostic accuracy, the potential for drug-drug interactions, age, gender, renal and hepatic functioning, medical and psychiatric comorbidity, nutritional status, coincident substance use, genomic and related downstream translational factors and patient compliance. In recent studies examining the use of antidepressants, antipsychotics, mood stabilizers, and pain medications substantial proportions of study patients discontinue treatment as a consequence of adverse effects or symptom relapse.3-5 Similarly in community practice settings, nearly half of the patients make no follow-up visits, and only a fourth return to pursue regular primary treatment.6,7 Prolonged times to response whether caused by adverse effects or by other factors are associated with substantial increased risk for morbidity or mortality. Pharmacogenomic testing is expected to improve response, as well as minimize the likelihood of adverse effects associated with patient nonadherence and extended morbidity.8-10 While the scientific understanding of pharmacogenomics is quickly accelerating, its translation to clinical decision-making in practice has progressed more slowly.11,12 In an effort to begin to bridge this translational gap, a pharmacogenomic/pharmacogenetic testing has been developed for various and commonly existing psychiatric disorders to improve the safety of prescribing medications. This pharmacogenomic-based interpretive report is based on genotyping both copies of multiple informative genes, which are: the cytochrome P450 1A2 gene (CYP1A2); the cytochrome P450 2B6 (CYP2B6) gene; P450 2D6 gene (CYP2D6); the cytochrome P450 2C9 gene (CYP2C9); the cytochrome P450 2C19 gene (CYP2C19); uridine-glucoronyl-transferase 2B15 (UGT2B15) gene; the serotonin transporter gene (Solute Carrier Family 6 Member; SLC6A4); p-glycoprotein ( ATP-binding cassette sub-family B member 1; ABCB1) transporter gene; the serotonin 2A receptor gene (HTR2A); the serotonin 2C receptor (HTR2C) gene; serotonin 1a receptor (5HT1a) gene; dopamine 1 receptor (DRD1) gene; dopamine 2 receptor (DRD2) gene; adrenergic alpha-2A receptor (alpha-2A) gene; opioid mu (opioid receptor mu 1; OPRM1) receptor gene; dopamine synthesis gene (ankyrin repeat and kinase domain containing 1; ANKK1); dopamine metabolizing enzyme [Catechol-o-methyltransferase (COMT]) gene; kainite receptor gene (glutamate ionotropic receptor kainate type subunit 4; GRIK4); folate (methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase; MTHFR) gene; sodium channels (sodium voltage-gated channel alpha subunit 2; SCN2A) gene.
The cytochrome P450 enzymes' genes code for the enzymes that are responsible for metabolism of most antipsychotic, antidepressant and pain medications. The UGT2B15 is for benzodiazepine metabolism. The COMT gene is for dopamine metabolism and is relevant for cognitive function, depression and smoking. The SLC6A4 and the 5HT2A have been associated with differential treatment response to specific medications. The 5HT2C is for weight gain; the ABCB1 gene is for pain; some psychotropics such as risperidone; the dopamine 2 (D2) receptor gene for psychotropic medications, weight gain and pain medications; and the opioid mu (OPRM1) receptor gene for weight and pain; Sodium channels (SCN2A) gene for autism, seizures and bipolar disorder; GRIK4 gene is for kainite receptor involvement with rapidly acting antidepressants, pain, dysphoria, and potentially psychotropic medications' ANKK1 is for smoking, weight management, and bipolar disorder. The MHTFR is for antidepressants; D1 is for psychotropic response.
Such genetic testing has a significant potential to reduce healthcare costs through increased efficacy and tolerability of antidepressant medications as well as medication adherence. However, there is a relative lack of such efforts with psychotropic medications (APMs) in the treatment of various psychiatric disorders, such as schizophrenia, major depression, or bipolar disorder. This is despite significant room for improvement in efficacy and tolerability of currently available drugs in such patients. Consequently, the investigators are proposing to utilize genetic testing to select more genetically-informed medications to enhance their effectiveness in real-world patients with psychiatric illnesses such as schizophrenia, major depression, and bipolar affective disorder as well as medical problem with chronic pain in a large state hospital setting. The investigators plan to use genetic testing offered by Admera® for medications. The investigators hypothesize that utilizing such pharmacogenomic testing as a treatment decision support tool will demonstrate clinical benefits by improving patient response and decreasing adverse effects to the psychotropic medications. The proposed study will be conducted at the Oregon State Hospital, Salem Oregon over a total period of 12 months.
- Conditions
- Psychiatric Disorders, Pain
- Being tested
- Genetically-guided treatment with FDA-approved psychotropic drugs, Treatment as usual (TAU)
- Keywords
- Utility, Pharmacogenomics, Psychotropic, Medications
- Medical subject headings
- Mental Disorders, Pain
What participants receive
What participants receive. In a randomised study each person is assigned to one group by chance.
Genetically-guided treatment with FDA-approved psychotropic drugsDrug
Psychiatric patients in this experimental arm will receive genetically-guided treatment with psychotropic medications
Also called standard of care treatment with FDA-approved psychotropic drugs
All subjects assigned to TAU group, which is the control arm, will continue to receive FDA-approved psychotropic medications for psychiatric indications investigated in this study
| Study group | Role | What they receive |
|---|---|---|
| Genetically-guided treatment arm | Experimental | The active arm - where patients will receive genetically-guided treatment Receives: Drug: Genetically-guided treatment with FDA-approved psychotropic drugs; Drug: Treatment as usual (TAU) |
| Treatment as usual (TAU) control arm | No intervention | TAU is the control arm - where patients will continue to receive their usual treatment as before. |
What is being measured
The primary outcome is the main question the study is designed to answer.
Positive Subscale of Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS)
PANSS is one of the most widely clinical scales to monitor positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia. The scores range from 30 to 210. A score of 58 is considered mildly ill; 75 is moderately ill and 95 is markedly ill; and 116 is severely ill. This study will only use the scores from positive subscale (range 7 to 49) and the eligibility criteria will require a moderate score on 4 positive sub-scale items, including hallucinations, delusions, suspiciousness and conceptual disorganization to qualify for the study.
Measured: 15 minutes
Behavioral Assessment of Pain Screening Instrument (BAPSI)
This scale assesses level of pain-related disability, psychological distress, and pain intensity. 0 - 3 = minimal levels of average pain intensity; 4 - 6 = moderate levels of average pain intensity; 7 - 10 = severe levels of average pain intensity.
Measured: 10 minutes
Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7)
This is a scale to assess severity of anxiety symptoms. Total score=21; 5-9 = Mild; 10-14 = Moderate; >15 = Severe
*For Panic Disorder, Social Phobia, \& PTSD, cutoff score of 8 may be used for optimal sensitivity/specificity (see Evidence section).
Critical Actions
This tool should be used for screening and monitoring symptom severity and cannot replace a clinical assessment and diagnosis.
Do not forget to rule out medical causes of anxiety before diagnosing an anxiety disorder (for example, EKG for arrhythmias, TSH for thyroid disease).
Measured: 10 minutes
Public Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9)
This is a commonly used scale in clinical practice to assess depressive symptoms. The total score is 36. Score of 0-4 = Minimal or no depressive symptoms; 5-9 = Mild symptoms; 10-14 = moderate symptoms; 15-19 = Moderately severe symptoms; 20-27 = severe symptoms.
Measured: 10 minutes
Secondary outcomes (5)
Clinical Global Impression-Severity (CGI-S) and Clinical Global Impression-Improvement (CGI-I)
CGI-S will be used to assess severity o illness at baseline. The total score ranges from 0 to 7, where 0 is not assessed; 3 is mildly ill; 5 is markedly ill; and 7 is most extensively ill. While CGI-I is is scored from 0 to 7, where 0 is not assessed; 1 is very much improved; 3 is minimally improved; 5 is minimally worse and 7 is very much worse.
Measured: 5 minutes
Self-Report Quality of Life Scale (SQLS)
This is a 30-item questionnaire, comprising three scales ('psychosocial', 'motivation and energy', and 'symptoms and side-effects') addressing different SQLS dimensions. Each quality of life item is scored from 0 to 4, where 0 is not assessed, 1 is rare; 2 is sometimes, 3 is often and 4 is frequently. The score can range from 0 to 120, where higher scores reflect lower quality of life.
Measured: 5 minutes
Social & Occupational Functional Assessment Scale (SOFAS)
SOFAS focuses exclusively on the individual's level of social and occupational functioning and is not directly influenced by the overall severity of the individual's psychological symptoms. It is scored from 0 to 100, where 100 = Superior functioning in a wide range of activities; 80 = No more than a slight impairment in social, occupational, or school functioning (e.g., infrequent interpersonal conflict, temporarily falling behind in schoolwork); 60 is Moderate difficulty in social, occupational, or school functioning (e.g., few friends, conflicts with peers or co-workers); 40 = Major impairment in several areas, such as work or school, family relations; and 20 = Occasionally fails to maintain minimal personal hygiene; unable to function independently.
Measured: 7 minutes
Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale (AIMS)
The AIMS is a 12-item clinician-rated scale to assess severity of EPS, especially dyskinesias in patients taking neuroleptic medications. It also assesses overall severity, incapacitation, and the patient's level of awareness of the movements, and distress associated with them. Items are scored on a 0 (none) to 4 (severe) basis; the scale provides a total score (items 1 through 7) or item 8 can be used in isolation as an indication of overall severity of symptoms.
Measured: 7 minutes
UKU Side Effect Rating Scale (USERS)
USERS is a comprehensive scale to assess side effects from medications. It is composed of several sub-scales but in this study we will only use the sub-scales that are frequently associated with neuroleptic medications i.e., psychic (10 items), neurologic (8 items) and autonomic (11 items). Each item is scores as 9, 0, 1, 2 and 3, the higher number represents a subjectively reported increase in frequency of respective side effect.
Measured: 10 minutes
Timeline
From the start of the study to its completion; the mark is today. Estimated dates are the sponsor’s plan.
- First posted8 Apr 2019
- Study start3 Jun 2019
- Primary completion9 Jul 2021
- Study completion9 Jul 2021
Why it stopped: PI left institution prior to recruitment.
Resources
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govThe registry entry this page is built from, with its full change history.
- Publications (12)Papers the sponsor has linked to this study.
- Other trials for Psychiatric DisordersStudies of the same condition, open and under way.
- More trials run by Oregon Health and Science UniversityThe sponsor's other registered studies.
- What the trial phases meanHow a treatment moves from first tests in people to approval.
More details
For doctors and researchers: how the study is designed, who runs it, and its registry IDs.
Study design
- Study type
- Interventional
- Phase
- Phase 4
- Primary purpose
- Treatment
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Model description
- This is a randomized prospective cohort study which will compare the utility of an interpretive report based on pharmacogenomic testing between study subjects receiving psychotropic medication with guidance from an interpretive report (i.e., Genetically-Guided Group) and those receiving psychotropic medications without the implementation of the interpretive report (Genetically-Unguided Group).
- Masking
- Single blind
- Who is masked
- Outcomes assessor
- Enrolment
- 0 participants (actual)
Sponsor and investigators
- Lead sponsor
- Oregon Health and Science University
- Sponsor type
- University, hospital or other
- Responsible party
- Principal investigator, Kamalika Roy, Oregon Health and Science University
- Investigators
- Mujeeb U Shad, MD, MSCS, Principal investigator, Psychiatry
IDs, dates and publications
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT03907124
- Sponsor's protocol ID
- STUDY00018828
- Status last verified
- Sep 2023
- First submitted
- 12 Mar 2019
- Last updated
- 21 Sep 2023
- Results posted
- No
- FDA-regulated drug
- Yes
- FDA-regulated device
- No
- Individual data sharing
- No
Publications
Kemp AH, Gordon E, Rush AJ, Williams LM. Improving the prediction of treatment response in depression: integration of clinical, cognitive, psychophysiological, neuroimaging, and genetic measures. CNS Spectr. 2008 Dec;13(12):1066-86; quiz 1087-8. doi: 10.1017/s1092852900017120.
PubMed 19179943Rush AJ, Trivedi MH, Wisniewski SR, Stewart JW, Nierenberg AA, Thase ME, Ritz L, Biggs MM, Warden D, Luther JF, Shores-Wilson K, Niederehe G, Fava M; STAR*D Study Team. Bupropion-SR, sertraline, or venlafaxine-XR after failure of SSRIs for depression. N Engl J Med. 2006 Mar 23;354(12):1231-42. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa052963.
PubMed 16554525Rush AJ, Trivedi MH, Wisniewski SR, Nierenberg AA, Stewart JW, Warden D, Niederehe G, Thase ME, Lavori PW, Lebowitz BD, McGrath PJ, Rosenbaum JF, Sackeim HA, Kupfer DJ, Luther J, Fava M. Acute and longer-term outcomes in depressed outpatients requiring one or several treatment steps: a STAR*D report. Am J Psychiatry. 2006 Nov;163(11):1905-17. doi: 10.1176/ajp.2006.163.11.1905.
PubMed 17074942Lieberman JA, Stroup TS, McEvoy JP, Swartz MS, Rosenheck RA, Perkins DO, Keefe RS, Davis SM, Davis CE, Lebowitz BD, Severe J, Hsiao JK; Clinical Antipsychotic Trials of Intervention Effectiveness (CATIE) Investigators. Effectiveness of antipsychotic drugs in patients with chronic schizophrenia. N Engl J Med. 2005 Sep 22;353(12):1209-23. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa051688. Epub 2005 Sep 19.
PubMed 16172203Thase ME. STEP-BD and bipolar depression: what have we learned? Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2007 Dec;9(6):497-503. doi: 10.1007/s11920-007-0068-9.
PubMed 18221631Simon GE, Perlis RH. Personalized medicine for depression: can we match patients with treatments? Am J Psychiatry. 2010 Dec;167(12):1445-55. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2010.09111680. Epub 2010 Sep 15.
PubMed 20843873Perlis RH. Pharmacogenetic studies of antidepressant response: how far from the clinic? Psychiatr Clin North Am. 2007 Mar;30(1):125-38. doi: 10.1016/j.psc.2006.12.004.
PubMed 17362808Mrazek DA. Psychiatric Pharmacogenomics. New York, NY: Oxford University Press; 2010.
Kirchheiner J, Nickchen K, Bauer M, Wong ML, Licinio J, Roots I, Brockmoller J. Pharmacogenetics of antidepressants and antipsychotics: the contribution of allelic variations to the phenotype of drug response. Mol Psychiatry. 2004 May;9(5):442-73. doi: 10.1038/sj.mp.4001494.
PubMed 15037866Mrazek DA, Biernacka JM, O'Kane DJ, Black JL, Cunningham JM, Drews MS, Snyder KA, Stevens SR, Rush AJ, Weinshilboum RM. CYP2C19 variation and citalopram response. Pharmacogenet Genomics. 2011 Jan;21(1):1-9. doi: 10.1097/fpc.0b013e328340bc5a.
PubMed 21192344Licinio J, Wong ML. Pharmacogenomics of antidepressant treatment effects. Dialogues Clin Neurosci. 2011;13(1):63-71. doi: 10.31887/DCNS.2011.13.1/jlicinio.
PubMed 21485747Rundell JR, Shinozaki G. Pharmacogenomic considerations in patients with both comorbid medical and psychiatric illness. Prim Psychiatry 2010; 17:33-38
Study at a glance
From the registry record, last updated by the sponsor on 21 Sep 2023. Recruitment status is as the sponsor reported it: confirm with the study team.
- Official title
- Clinical Utility of Pharmacogenomics of Psychotropic Medications
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT03907124
- Acronym / sponsor ID
- STUDY00018828
- Conditions
- Psychiatric Disorders, Pain
- Keywords
- Utility, Pharmacogenomics, Psychotropic, Medications
- Phase
- Phase 4
- Study type
- Interventional
- Recruitment status
- WithdrawnReason stopped: PI left institution prior to recruitment.
- Enrolment
- 0 participants (actual)
- Lead sponsor
- Oregon Health and Science UniversityUniversity, hospital or other
- Study start
- 3 Jun 2019 (actual)
- Primary completion
- 9 Jul 2021 (actual)
- Study completion
- 9 Jul 2021 (actual)
- First posted
- 8 Apr 2019 (actual)
- Results
- Not posted in the source record
Clinical summary
The research question as the sponsor registered it. This describes what the study plans to test, not what it found.
While the scientific understanding of pharmacogenomics is quickly accelerating, its translation to clinical decision-making (especially in psychiatric practice) has progressed more slowly. In an effort to begin to bridge this translational gap, genetic testing has been developed for various and commonly existing psychiatric disorders, such as major depression, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and pain syndromes to improve the safety of prescribing psychotropic medications for these disorders. This genetic testing incudes several pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetic genetic factors, such as the cytochrome P450 1A2 gene (CYP1A2); the cytochrome P450 2B6 (CYP2B6) gene; P450 2D6 gene (CYP2D6); the cytochrome P450 2C9 gene (CYP2C9); the cytochrome P450 2C19 gene (CYP2C19); uridine-glucoronyl-transferase 2B15 (UGT2B15) gene; the serotonin transporter gene (Solute Carrier Family 6 Member; SLC6A4); p-glycoprotein ( ATP-binding cassette sub-family B member 1; ABCB1) transporter gene; the serotonin 2A receptor gene (HTR2A); the serotonin 2C receptor (HTR2C) gene; serotonin 1a receptor (5HT1a) gene; dopamine 1 receptor (DRD1) gene; dopamine 2 receptor (DRD2) gene; adrenergic alpha-2A receptor (alpha-2A) gene; opioid mu (opioid receptor mu 1; OPRM1) receptor gene; dopamine synthesis gene (ankyrin repeat and kinase domain containing 1; ANKK1); dopamine metabolizing enzyme [Catechol-o-methyltransferase (COMT]) gene; kainite receptor gene (glutamate ionotropic receptor kainate type subunit 4; GRIK4); folate (methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase; MTHFR) gene; sodium channels (sodium voltage-gated channel alpha subunit 2; SCN2A) gene.
The interpretive report is based on copies of these multiple informative genes. The investigators are proposing to utilize comprehensive genetic testing to select more genetically-informed psychotropic medications to enhance their effectiveness in real-world patients with psychiatric illnesses such as schizophrenia, major depression, bipolar affective disorder as well as pain in a state hospital setting. The investigators plan to use genetic testing offered by Admera® for major classes of psychotropic medications. The investigators hypothesize that genetic testing will demonstrate clinical benefits by improving state hospital patients' response and decreasing their adverse effects. The proposed study will be conducted in a total sample of 60 subjects diagnosed with schizophrenia, major depression, bipolar affective disorder as well as pain at the Oregon State Hospital, Salem Oregon over a total period of 24 months
Detailed description
There is considerable inter-individual variability in therapeutic drug response, required dosage and adverse effects in psychotropic treatment. Few patients experience a remission of their illness when initially treated with any medications.1,2 In those who remain symptomatic, less than half will experience a significant improvement with a change in medication or with the addition of an alternative psychotropic medication.2 Variation in drug response is complex and is dependent on a number of factors, including diagnostic accuracy, the potential for drug-drug interactions, age, gender, renal and hepatic functioning, medical and psychiatric comorbidity, nutritional status, coincident substance use, genomic and related downstream translational factors and patient compliance. In recent studies examining the use of antidepressants, antipsychotics, mood stabilizers, and pain medications substantial proportions of study patients discontinue treatment as a consequence of adverse effects or symptom relapse.3-5 Similarly in community practice settings, nearly half of the patients make no follow-up visits, and only a fourth return to pursue regular primary treatment.6,7 Prolonged times to response whether caused by adverse effects or by other factors are associated with substantial increased risk for morbidity or mortality. Pharmacogenomic testing is expected to improve response, as well as minimize the likelihood of adverse effects associated with patient nonadherence and extended morbidity.8-10 While the scientific understanding of pharmacogenomics is quickly accelerating, its translation to clinical decision-making in practice has progressed more slowly.11,12 In an effort to begin to bridge this translational gap, a pharmacogenomic/pharmacogenetic testing has been developed for various and commonly existing psychiatric disorders to improve the safety of prescribing medications. This pharmacogenomic-based interpretive report is based on genotyping both copies of multiple informative genes, which are: the cytochrome P450 1A2 gene (CYP1A2); the cytochrome P450 2B6 (CYP2B6) gene; P450 2D6 gene (CYP2D6); the cytochrome P450 2C9 gene (CYP2C9); the cytochrome P450 2C19 gene (CYP2C19); uridine-glucoronyl-transferase 2B15 (UGT2B15) gene; the serotonin transporter gene (Solute Carrier Family 6 Member; SLC6A4); p-glycoprotein ( ATP-binding cassette sub-family B member 1; ABCB1) transporter gene; the serotonin 2A receptor gene (HTR2A); the serotonin 2C receptor (HTR2C) gene; serotonin 1a receptor (5HT1a) gene; dopamine 1 receptor (DRD1) gene; dopamine 2 receptor (DRD2) gene; adrenergic alpha-2A receptor (alpha-2A) gene; opioid mu (opioid receptor mu 1; OPRM1) receptor gene; dopamine synthesis gene (ankyrin repeat and kinase domain containing 1; ANKK1); dopamine metabolizing enzyme [Catechol-o-methyltransferase (COMT]) gene; kainite receptor gene (glutamate ionotropic receptor kainate type subunit 4; GRIK4); folate (methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase; MTHFR) gene; sodium channels (sodium voltage-gated channel alpha subunit 2; SCN2A) gene.
The cytochrome P450 enzymes' genes code for the enzymes that are responsible for metabolism of most antipsychotic, antidepressant and pain medications. The UGT2B15 is for benzodiazepine metabolism. The COMT gene is for dopamine metabolism and is relevant for cognitive function, depression and smoking. The SLC6A4 and the 5HT2A have been associated with differential treatment response to specific medications. The 5HT2C is for weight gain; the ABCB1 gene is for pain; some psychotropics such as risperidone; the dopamine 2 (D2) receptor gene for psychotropic medications, weight gain and pain medications; and the opioid mu (OPRM1) receptor gene for weight and pain; Sodium channels (SCN2A) gene for autism, seizures and bipolar disorder; GRIK4 gene is for kainite receptor involvement with rapidly acting antidepressants, pain, dysphoria, and potentially psychotropic medications' ANKK1 is for smoking, weight management, and bipolar disorder. The MHTFR is for antidepressants; D1 is for psychotropic response.
Such genetic testing has a significant potential to reduce healthcare costs through increased efficacy and tolerability of antidepressant medications as well as medication adherence. However, there is a relative lack of such efforts with psychotropic medications (APMs) in the treatment of various psychiatric disorders, such as schizophrenia, major depression, or bipolar disorder. This is despite significant room for improvement in efficacy and tolerability of currently available drugs in such patients. Consequently, the investigators are proposing to utilize genetic testing to select more genetically-informed medications to enhance their effectiveness in real-world patients with psychiatric illnesses such as schizophrenia, major depression, and bipolar affective disorder as well as medical problem with chronic pain in a large state hospital setting. The investigators plan to use genetic testing offered by Admera® for medications. The investigators hypothesize that utilizing such pharmacogenomic testing as a treatment decision support tool will demonstrate clinical benefits by improving patient response and decreasing adverse effects to the psychotropic medications. The proposed study will be conducted at the Oregon State Hospital, Salem Oregon over a total period of 12 months.
Study design
- Primary purpose
- Treatment
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Masking
- Single blind (outcomes assessor)
- Number of arms
- 2
- Model description
- This is a randomized prospective cohort study which will compare the utility of an interpretive report based on pharmacogenomic testing between study subjects receiving psychotropic medication with guidance from an interpretive report (i.e., Genetically-Guided Group) and those receiving psychotropic medications without the implementation of the interpretive report (Genetically-Unguided Group).
| Arm | Type | Receives |
|---|---|---|
| Genetically-guided treatment arm | Experimental | Drug: Genetically-guided treatment with FDA-approved psychotropic drugs, Drug: Treatment as usual (TAU)The active arm - where patients will receive genetically-guided treatment |
| Treatment as usual (TAU) control arm | No intervention | –TAU is the control arm - where patients will continue to receive their usual treatment as before. |
Who may qualify
- Ages
- 18 to 80 years
- Sex
- All
- Healthy volunteers
- Not accepted
- Age groups
- Adult, Older adult
Key inclusion criteria (5 listed)
- Patient is between the ages of 18 and 80
- Schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder, major depressive disorder, bipolar affective disorder as ascertained by a qualified physician or mental health professional licensed to diagnose based on DSM-V criteria.
- Patients using antidepressants, anxiolytics, mood stabilizers, and sedative/hypnotics will be allowed
- Patients on clozapine treatment will be allowed.
- Study subjects with a score of at least 12 on the scale to assess capacity to consent i.e., UBACC.
Key exclusion criteria (4 listed)
- Patients who are court-committed for involuntary medications
- Uncontrolled and/or serious medical illness (as ascertained at admission screening process)
- Pregnant patients
- Patients who cannot communicate in English.
Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening; this overview does not establish that a patient qualifies. Full inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Interventions
| Intervention | Type | Arms |
|---|---|---|
| Genetically-guided treatment with FDA-approved psychotropic drugsPsychiatric patients in this experimental arm will receive genetically-guided treatment with psychotropic medications | Drug | Genetically-guided treatment arm |
| Treatment as usual (TAU)Also: standard of care treatment with FDA-approved psychotropic drugsAll subjects assigned to TAU group, which is the control arm, will continue to receive FDA-approved psychotropic medications for psychiatric indications investigated in this study | Drug | Genetically-guided treatment arm |
Primary outcome
Positive Subscale of Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS)
Time frame: 15 minutes
PANSS is one of the most widely clinical scales to monitor positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia. The scores range from 30 to 210. A score of 58 is considered mildly ill; 75 is moderately ill and 95 is markedly ill; and 116 is severely ill. This study will only use the scores from positive subscale (range 7 to 49) and the eligibility criteria will require a moderate score on 4 positive sub-scale items, including hallucinations, delusions, suspiciousness and conceptual disorganization to qualify for the study.
Behavioral Assessment of Pain Screening Instrument (BAPSI)
Time frame: 10 minutes
This scale assesses level of pain-related disability, psychological distress, and pain intensity. 0 - 3 = minimal levels of average pain intensity; 4 - 6 = moderate levels of average pain intensity; 7 - 10 = severe levels of average pain intensity.
Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7)
Time frame: 10 minutes
This is a scale to assess severity of anxiety symptoms. Total score=21; 5-9 = Mild; 10-14 = Moderate; >15 = Severe *For Panic Disorder, Social Phobia, \& PTSD, cutoff score of 8 may be used for optimal sensitivity/specificity (see Evidence section). Critical Actions This tool should be used for screening and monitoring symptom severity and cannot replace a clinical assessment and diagnosis. Do not forget to rule out medical causes of anxiety before diagnosing an anxiety disorder (for example, EKG for arrhythmias, TSH for thyroid disease).
Public Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9)
Time frame: 10 minutes
This is a commonly used scale in clinical practice to assess depressive symptoms. The total score is 36. Score of 0-4 = Minimal or no depressive symptoms; 5-9 = Mild symptoms; 10-14 = moderate symptoms; 15-19 = Moderately severe symptoms; 20-27 = severe symptoms.
5 secondary outcomes
Clinical Global Impression-Severity (CGI-S) and Clinical Global Impression-Improvement (CGI-I)
Time frame: 5 minutes
Self-Report Quality of Life Scale (SQLS)
Time frame: 5 minutes
Social & Occupational Functional Assessment Scale (SOFAS)
Time frame: 7 minutes
Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale (AIMS)
Time frame: 7 minutes
UKU Side Effect Rating Scale (USERS)
Time frame: 10 minutes
Results and safety
The study was withdrawn before enrolling participants, so there are no results.
Research links
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govLast updated by the sponsor 21 Sep 2023.
- Background: PubMed 19179943Kemp AH, Gordon E, Rush AJ, Williams LM. Improving the prediction of treatment response in depression: integration of clinical, cognitive, psychophysiological, neuroimaging, and genetic measures. CNS Spectr. 2008 Dec;13(12):1066-86; quiz 1087-8. doi: 10.1017/s1092852900017120.
- Background: PubMed 16554525Rush AJ, Trivedi MH, Wisniewski SR, Stewart JW, Nierenberg AA, Thase ME, Ritz L, Biggs MM, Warden D, Luther JF, Shores-Wilson K, Niederehe G, Fava M; STAR*D Study Team. Bupropion-SR, sertraline, or venlafaxine-XR after failure of SSRIs for depression. N Engl J Med. 2006 Mar 23;354(12):1231-42. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa052963.
- Background: PubMed 17074942Rush AJ, Trivedi MH, Wisniewski SR, Nierenberg AA, Stewart JW, Warden D, Niederehe G, Thase ME, Lavori PW, Lebowitz BD, McGrath PJ, Rosenbaum JF, Sackeim HA, Kupfer DJ, Luther J, Fava M. Acute and longer-term outcomes in depressed outpatients requiring one or several treatment steps: a STAR*D report. Am J Psychiatry. 2006 Nov;163(11):1905-17. doi: 10.1176/ajp.2006.163.11.1905.
- Background: PubMed 16172203Lieberman JA, Stroup TS, McEvoy JP, Swartz MS, Rosenheck RA, Perkins DO, Keefe RS, Davis SM, Davis CE, Lebowitz BD, Severe J, Hsiao JK; Clinical Antipsychotic Trials of Intervention Effectiveness (CATIE) Investigators. Effectiveness of antipsychotic drugs in patients with chronic schizophrenia. N Engl J Med. 2005 Sep 22;353(12):1209-23. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa051688. Epub 2005 Sep 19.
- Background: PubMed 18221631Thase ME. STEP-BD and bipolar depression: what have we learned? Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2007 Dec;9(6):497-503. doi: 10.1007/s11920-007-0068-9.
- Background: PubMed 20843873Simon GE, Perlis RH. Personalized medicine for depression: can we match patients with treatments? Am J Psychiatry. 2010 Dec;167(12):1445-55. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2010.09111680. Epub 2010 Sep 15.
- Background: PubMed 17362808Perlis RH. Pharmacogenetic studies of antidepressant response: how far from the clinic? Psychiatr Clin North Am. 2007 Mar;30(1):125-38. doi: 10.1016/j.psc.2006.12.004.
- BackgroundMrazek DA. Psychiatric Pharmacogenomics. New York, NY: Oxford University Press; 2010.
- Background: PubMed 15037866Kirchheiner J, Nickchen K, Bauer M, Wong ML, Licinio J, Roots I, Brockmoller J. Pharmacogenetics of antidepressants and antipsychotics: the contribution of allelic variations to the phenotype of drug response. Mol Psychiatry. 2004 May;9(5):442-73. doi: 10.1038/sj.mp.4001494.
- Background: PubMed 21192344Mrazek DA, Biernacka JM, O'Kane DJ, Black JL, Cunningham JM, Drews MS, Snyder KA, Stevens SR, Rush AJ, Weinshilboum RM. CYP2C19 variation and citalopram response. Pharmacogenet Genomics. 2011 Jan;21(1):1-9. doi: 10.1097/fpc.0b013e328340bc5a.
- Background: PubMed 21485747Licinio J, Wong ML. Pharmacogenomics of antidepressant treatment effects. Dialogues Clin Neurosci. 2011;13(1):63-71. doi: 10.31887/DCNS.2011.13.1/jlicinio.
- BackgroundRundell JR, Shinozaki G. Pharmacogenomic considerations in patients with both comorbid medical and psychiatric illness. Prim Psychiatry 2010; 17:33-38
- Individual participant dataSharing planned: No
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Referral and contact
AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals. Contact the study team or a site listed below; they decide who can take part. This study is not recruiting at the moment.
Mujeeb U Shad, MD, MSCS principal investigator
Psychiatry
1 site in 1 country: see every site and its status.
Questions about this trial
What is this clinical trial studying?
A Phase 4 study testing Genetically-guided treatment with FDA-approved psychotropic drugs and Treatment as usual (TAU) in people with Psychiatric Disorders and Pain, run by Oregon Health and Science University at 1 site in United States.
The full registered description is in the About this study section and the official record.
Who may be eligible to take part?
The sponsor lists 5 inclusion and 4 exclusion criteria. Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening, so read the full criteria and contact a listed site.
Is this clinical trial currently recruiting?
The record says: withdrawn, as of the sponsor's last update on 21 Sep 2023. Status can change between updates, so confirm with the study contact before making plans.
Where is the study taking place?
The record lists 1 site in United States. Whether a site is taking part right now should be confirmed with that site. See every site.
What are the possible benefits and risks?
They depend on the study and the treatment, and no study can promise a benefit. The study team explains the known risks during informed consent, before anyone joins; the record itself does not list them.
What does this phase mean?
Phase 4 studies take place after a treatment is approved, to learn more about its long-term benefits and risks in everyday use.
Not every study follows the same path, and some studies (observational studies, device studies) have no phase.
Are results available for this study?
The study was withdrawn before enrolling participants, so there are no results.
How can a doctor refer a patient or contact the research team?
The record lists no contact. The official record names the sponsor, who can be asked directly. AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals.
What does the primary outcome measure?
Positive Subscale of Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) (time frame: 15 minutes). The study lists 4 primary outcomes in all. It is what the study was designed to measure, not a finding.
Where can I read the original study information?
On the ClinicalTrials.gov record for NCT03907124, which also lists 12 linked publications.
Does a listing mean the treatment is approved or proven to work?
No. A listing means the study is registered. It does not show that the treatment is safe, works, or is approved by a regulator.
How often is this information updated?
AzTrials copies changed records from ClinicalTrials.gov every night and reloads the whole registry every week. The sponsor last updated this record on 21 Sep 2023.