Paediatric Rapid Sepsis Trigger (PRST) Tool

This is a pre-post intervention study involving pediatric patients presenting to the study hospitals in seek of medical care for an acute illness. The study involves three phases: (I) Baseline Period, (II) Interphase Period, (III) Intervention Period.

Phase I (3-6 months) will be a prospective observational cohort at Mbagathi County Hospital in Nairobi, Kenya, and Jinja Regional Referral Hospital in Jinja, Uganda. During this period, there will be no changes to healthcare delivery procedures in the study hospitals. Triage will continue to be performed by hospital staff using Emergency Triage and Treatment (ETAT) guidelines, the system that is currently in effect at the study hospitals. Data collection will be undertaken in the triage waiting area. While participants are waiting for their turn to be seen by the hospital triage nurses, our trained study nurses will collect data on a pre-selected list of predictor variables. These data will be used to develop a clinical prediction model based on the need for hospital admission.

Control Site (Phase I, 12 months): Kiambu County Referral Hospital in Nairobi, Kenya will serve as the control site and no intervention will be implemented. At this site, Phase I will commence for a period of 12 months. There will be no Phase II or Phase III.

Phase II (1-3 months) will involve technology development, usability testing, and training.

Phase IIa: Technology Development. A risk prediction model will be derived using the data collected in Phase I and implemented in a Digital Triaging Platform, along with a digitized version of the ETAT+ guidelines. The Digital Triaging Platform, including vital sign measurement devices (PhoneOx and RRate and the mobile application and clinical dashboard has already been developed and evaluated. Once the digital triage tool has been developed, it will be evaluated in potential users using simulated patient scenarios and a 'Think Aloud' method.

Phase IIb: Usability Testing and Training. The digital triage tool will be evaluated for ease of interface navigation, functionality and basic workflow. A sample of 15 health workers in the study hospitals to represent the primary user groups will be selected for participation in the 60-minute-long usability testing initiatives. Participants will be recruited through word of mouth as there is a very small cadre of potential participants. The objective of the training is to (1) ensure healthcare workers understand how to correctly collect and interpret patient information, and (2) to obtain feedback on the digitization of the tool. Training will use a framework that meets key international norms for testing digital tools, including, the think-aloud method and a questionnaire.

Each training session will be conducted by a moderator and observer. During the evaluation, the observer will be seated next to the participant and will record user interaction with each interface, comments, errors, and duration of each task. Participants will be given 3-5 patient scenarios which will list hypothetical information to be entered into the app. This information will be designed to represent routine data collected during triage examination at the study hospitals. The moderator will provide the fictional charts to participants and instruct them throughout the tasks. During the simulated patient scenarios, participants will be asked to think aloud, in order to assess their thought process as they used the app. Participants will be specifically instructed to comment on the layout of the app screen, the dialogue on each interface, the order of tasks, and any additional observations or opinions. After learning the basics of the digital platform, the participants will be read the think aloud instructions and asked to perform the list of tasks and answer questions. The observer will complete a checklist to ensure that all tasks were completed, questions will be asked to evaluate task comprehension, and notes will be taken about whether help was needed in completing each task. At the end of the training session, participants will complete a triage tool training questionnaire to provide an understanding of the practical benefits and drawbacks of incorporating the digital triage tool into a clinical context. The questionnaire will utilize open ended questions and comment responses. from this evaluation. Responses from the survey will be anonymous. The data generated from the training phase is fictitious and will not be linked to any individual subject.

Transcriptions and Think Aloud observations will be analyzed using the Framework Method to assess attitudes of health workers. Responses will be transcribed and coded for the identification, examination and interpretation of emerging themes and patterns. Results from the analysis, feedback from the questionnaires, and comments on the observer checklists will be used to generate a report with suggested improvements to be shared with the quality improvement implementation team prior to Phase III.

Phase III (3-6 months) will be an interventional period involving routine use of the digital triage tool by the hospital triage nurses at Mbagathi County Hospital in Nairobi, Kenya, and Jinja Regional Referral Hospital in Jinja, Uganda. The digital triage tool will not replace triage policies already in place at the study hospitals, but rather it will supplement and strengthen existing triage systems. As done in Phase I, study nurses will collect data on the pre-selected list of predictor variables in the triage waiting area while participants are waiting to be seen by the hospital triage nurses (who will be using the digital triage tool). Continued collection of predictor variables will allow comparison of participant characteristics in the pre-intervention cohort and the post-intervention cohort. (Funder: Wellcome Trust Innovator Award # 215695/Z/19/Z)