Polyaxial Locking Plate Osteosynthesis in Proximal Tibia Fractures

Prior to the onset of the study, the approval by the medical ethics committee of the Technical University of Munich (TUM) (Trial Number: 5923/13) was obtained. During a period from October 2013 to December 2015 the investigators enrolled 28 patients aged 25 to 82 into our study. All patients suffered a fracture of the proximal tibia. The fractures were classified according to the AO/OTA classification. Every one of the 28 patients had an indication for locking plate osteosynthesis. The investigators included all type 41-B fractures and all type 41-C fractures. Pathological fractures, pregnancy, adolescence (age <18 y), prisoners and patients currently put under tutelage were excluded. The patients were scheduled for a locking plate osteosynthesis with either the NCB-PT® system or the VA-LCP® system. The discission was made by using our internal treatment algorithm for proximal tibia fractures. Age, bone quality, fracture configuration, allergies and distal fracture extension were among the criteria the investigators took into account to determine the plate type.

Surgical technique

The surgical technique was standardized, as far as possible. All surgeons agreed upon the following procedure. The anterolateral approach was used in all cases. Depending on the fracture type and the damaged column the standard approach was supplemented with either a posterolateral approach or a posteromedial approach. After arthrotomy and suturing of the lateral meniscus the fracture was reduced. This was performed under direct visual control of the joint surface and/or image intensifier. K-wires and/or a reduction forceps was used to secure the reduction. Afterwards the locking plate was inserted and temporarily fixed to the bone with K-wires. After checking the correct position of the plate with an image intensifier the screws were applied. In case of VA-LCP®, additional lag screws have been inserted at discretion of the surgeon. All patients received a perioperative single shot antibiotics. Our postoperative procedure consisted of a partial weight bearing for 6 weeks for all patients. Regarding the allowed range of motion the investigators distinguished two different groups: patient who received an arthrotomy and a refixation of the meniscus ought to comply with a limited range of motion for 6 weeks overall (week 1-2 30/0/0, week 3-4 60/0/0, week 5-6 90/0/0, week 7 free RoM). Patients with no arthrotomy were allowed free range of motion immediately after surgery.

Postoperative clinical and radiologic follow-up The investigators conducted the follow up after 12 months. The clinical evaluation was performed in our trauma outpatient clinic. With the help of standardized questionnaires, the investigators examined amongst others: the range of motion, cruciate ligament/ collateral ligament instability and meniscus signs to measure the clinical outcome. Also the investigators collected data from 5 different knee scoring systems, the Tegner score, the Rasmussen score (clinical part), the Oxford knee score the Munich knee questionnaire and the Lysholm score. To measure the patient satisfaction the investigators used the SF36 (36-Item Short-Form Health Survey) Besides the clinical data the primary outcome measurements also included standardized, blinded radiological evaluation. The investigators conducted X-ray examinations in two plains (AP, lateral view) and examined them for signs of screw misplacement, primary/secondary loss of reduction, non-union and malalignment.

Statistics The statistical analysis was performed with the program GraphPad Prism 6 (GraphPad Software Inc., La Jolla, CA, USA). To check the data for standard distribution the investigators used the D'Agostino omnibus K2 test. For continuous parametric variables the investigators used the Student's t-test, for non-parametric variables the Mann-Whitney U test and for binominal variables the Fisher's exact test. In all analysis the significance level was set at a p-value <0,05, the investigators plotted the data as mean values ± SEM.