PainNCT04682080
Pain Perception With a Comfort-ın Jet Injection and Conventional Dental Injection
A study testing Needle-free injection in people with Pain and Local Infiltration, run by Tokat Gaziosmanpasa University at 1 site in Turkey (Türkiye).
Trial summary
The investigators aimed to compare the effectiveness of the Comfort-in system, which is a jet injection type, and infiltrative anesthesia with a traditional injector, and to measure the effect of children's anxiety on the severity of pain. Read more about this study
- Who is it for?
- Ages 4 to 10 yearsHealthy volunteers can take part
- Conditions the study is for
- Pain, Local Infiltration, Anesthesia
- What is being tested?
- Needle-free injection
- Type of treatment
- Injection or infusion, Lifestyle or therapy programme
- Could I receive a placebo?
- No, everyone receives an active treatment
- How many people
- 94 participants
- Where
- 1 siteTurkey (Türkiye)
- Study dates
- 20 Jun 2018to 20 Jun 2019
- Phase
- Interventional
- Are there results?
- None posted in the registry
Key requirements
Who can take part, as listed by the sponsor. Only the study team can confirm whether you are eligible, so take this list to your doctor.
- Ages 4 to 10 years
- All sexes
- Healthy volunteers accepted
- Child
Who may be able to join
- Aged between 4-10 years
- Having no developmental or systemic disorder or no history of allergy
- Having "positive" or "definitely positive" cooperation level according to the Frankl Behavior Scale
- Having sufficient mouth opening
- Operation only on primary teeth
- Having decayed teeth that require anesthesia
Who cannot join
- Patients younger than four years, older than 10 years,
- Patients with systemic or developmental disorders
- Children with an allergy history
- 'Negative' or 'definitly negative' behavior rating according to the Frankl scale
- Patients whose mouth opening is not sufficient for dental treatment
- Operating only on permanent teeth
- Teeth that are beyond the treatment stage
- When pain occurred during treatment, supplemental anesthetics administrated, and these children were excluded.
Trial locations and contacts
1 site in 1 country.
Turkey (Türkiye)1 site
Tokat Gaziosmanpasa University, Faculty of Dentistry
Tokat Province, Center, 60250
About this study
Official title: Comparative Evaluation of Pain Perception With a Comfort-in Jet Injection and Convantional Dental Injection in Children: a Randomized, Split-mouth, Clinical Trial
The investigators aimed to compare the effectiveness of the Comfort-in system, which is a jet injection type, and infiltrative anesthesia with a traditional injector, and to measure the effect of children's anxiety on the severity of pain.
Read the detailed description
Among the children between the ages of 4 and 10 who were admitted to clinic between 2018-2020, whose clinical and radiographic examinations were completed; Patients with deciduous teeth that needed the same dental treatment (filling or amputation) with symmetrical local anesthesia application and positive (3) or definitely positive (4) according to the Frankl Behavior Evaluation Scale were included in the study. In study with a split-mouth design, infiltration anesthesia was applied with a conventional dental injector to one of the symmetrical teeth requiring the same treatment, while the Comfort-in jet injection system was applied to the other by the same physician. Patients were randomized into two grups according to the injection technique.
Group1: Needle-free injection system(Comofrt-In) 2:Dental injection method. The pain intensity was assessed during anesthesia(Pain 1), during treatment(Pain 2), at the end of the treatment(Pain 3) and on the postoperative 1st day (Pain 4)by the specially 7 colors (white, yellow, green, blue, magenta, red, black) using the Wong-Baker facial expressions and pain grading scale.Anxiety levels were recorded using the Modified Children's Dental Anxiety Scale face version.
The data were analyzed by IBM SPSS Statistics 19, the significance level was taken as p <0.05.The datas were analyzed with a three-way variance method in repeated.
- Conditions
- Pain, Local Infiltration, Anesthesia, Fear, Anxiety, Needle Phobia
- Being tested
- Needle-free injection
- Keywords
- Comfort-in jet injection system, needle-free injection, dental pain, dental anxiety and fear, color of pain
- Medical subject headings
- Pain, Anxiety Disorders, Toothache
What participants receive
What participants receive. In a randomised study each person is assigned to one group by chance.
Needle-free injectionBehavioural
Also called Dental injection
This study was performed among children aged 4-10 years who required dental treatment and were treated at the Department of Pedodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Gaziosmanpasa University. A total of 120 patients were evaluated in accordance with the exclusion criteria and 94 children (39 girls and 55 boys) were included in this study. Children who needed dental treatment were randomly divided into two groups. All dental injections were administered by the same operator (MB), a pediatric dentist with two years of experience in using the Comfort-In system.
In both groups, the children were asked to rate their pain intensity by choosing the closest statement on the colorful Wong-Baker Pain Scale at four time points: immediately after injection (Pain 1), during treatment (Pain 2), at the end of the treatment (Pain 3) and postoperative first day.Anxiety levels were recorded using the Modified Children's Dental Anxiety Scale face version
| Study group | Role | What they receive |
|---|---|---|
| Needle-free injection group | Active comparator | In needle-free injection techniques, 4% articaine with 1/100.000 epinephrine (Ultracaine DS forte) was injected using the Comfort-In system. Pain intensity and anxiety levels of patients were measured. Receives: Behavioral: Needle-free injection |
| Dental injection group | Active comparator | In the conventional dental-injection method, 4% articaine with 1/100.000 epinephrine (Ultracaine DS forte) was injected using a 27G, 50-mm, disposable syringe with a needle. Pain intensity and anxiety levels of patients were measured. Receives: Behavioral: Needle-free injection |
What is being measured
The primary outcome is the main question the study is designed to answer.
Pain at different anesthesia methods
The pain perception scores in the two anesthesia methods were assessed with Wong-Baker Pain Scale (Wong-Baker Scale is pain assessment method.It consists of 6 facial expressions that are evaluated from 0 to 10 according to the severity of the pain. Values between 0-4 indicate mild pain, values between 4-6 indicate moderate pain, values between 6-8 indicate severe pain and values between 8-10 indicate unbearable pain).
Measured: after dental treatments to 24 hour
Anxiety level of children
Anxiety level of children were assesed with Modified Child Dental Anxiety Scale (Modified Child Dental Anxiety Scale is anxiety assessment method. It consist of 8 questions about dental procedures. Each questions are evaluated 5 faces from smiles to cries according to the severity of tne anxiety. Patients with a Modified Child Dental Anxiety Scale value below 26 have less anxiety, and patients with a value of 26 and above have a high level of anxiety.
Measured: after dental treatments(40 minutes)
Color of pain during anesthesia.
The pain perception scores in the two anesthesia methods were assessed with 7 colorful (white,yellow, green, blue, purple, red and black) Wong-Baker Pain Scale (Wong-Baker Scale is pain assessment method.It consists of 6 facial expressions that are evaluated from 0 to 10 according to the severity of the pain. Values between 0-4 indicate mild pain, values between 4-6 indicate moderate pain, values between 6-8 indicate severe pain and values between 8-10 indicate unbearable pain)
Measured: immediately after injection(2 minutes),
Children's preferred anesthesia method
Children's preferred anesthesia method was asked for children after two different injection tecniques used.
Measured: After using each dental injection method(2 weeks).
Timeline
From the start of the study to its completion; the mark is today. Estimated dates are the sponsor’s plan.
- First posted23 Dec 2020
- Study start20 Jun 2018
- Primary completion20 Jun 2019
- Study completion20 Jun 2019
Resources
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govThe registry entry this page is built from, with its full change history.
- Publications (14)Papers the sponsor has linked to this study.
- Other trials for PainStudies of the same condition, open and under way.
- What the trial phases meanHow a treatment moves from first tests in people to approval.
More details
For doctors and researchers: how the study is designed, who runs it, and its registry IDs.
Study design
- Study type
- Interventional
- Phase
- Phase N/A
- Primary purpose
- Treatment
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Masking
- None (open label)
- Enrolment
- 94 participants (actual)
Sponsor and investigators
- Lead sponsor
- Tokat Gaziosmanpasa University
- Sponsor type
- University, hospital or other
- Responsible party
- Principal investigator, Halenur Altan, Tokat Gaziosmanpasa University
- Investigators
- Halenur Altan, Assoc Prof., Principal investigator, Tokat Gaziosmanpasa University, Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Pediatric Dentistry
IDs, dates and publications
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT04682080
- Sponsor's protocol ID
- 2018/33
- Status last verified
- Dec 2020
- First submitted
- 13 Dec 2020
- Last updated
- 23 Dec 2020
- Results posted
- No
- FDA-regulated drug
- No
- FDA-regulated device
- No
Publications
Altan H, Cevik H, Dogru S, Cosgun A, Suren M, Okan I. The pain colour of children with toothache in Turkish population. BMC Oral Health. 2019 Apr 18;19(1):59. doi: 10.1186/s12903-019-0756-y.
PubMed 30999904Arapostathis KN, Dabarakis NN, Coolidge T, Tsirlis A, Kotsanos N. Comparison of acceptance, preference, and efficacy between jet injection INJEX and local infiltration anesthesia in 6 to 11 year old dental patients. Anesth Prog. 2010 Spring;57(1):3-12. doi: 10.2344/0003-3006-57.1.3.
PubMed 20331333Oliveira ACA, Amorim KS, Nascimento Junior EMD, Duarte ACB, Groppo FC, Takeshita WM, Souza LMA. Assessment of anesthetic properties and pain during needleless jet injection anesthesia: a randomized clinical trial. J Appl Oral Sci. 2019 Jan 14;27:e20180195. doi: 10.1590/1678-7757-2018-0195.
PubMed 30673030Armfield JM. Development and psychometric evaluation of the Index of Dental Anxiety and Fear (IDAF-4C+). Psychol Assess. 2010 Jun;22(2):279-87. doi: 10.1037/a0018678.
PubMed 20528055Burkitt E, Barrett M, Davis A. Children's colour choices for completing drawings of affectively characterised topics. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2003 Mar;44(3):445-55. doi: 10.1111/1469-7610.00134.
PubMed 12635973Howard KE, Freeman R. Reliability and validity of a faces version of the Modified Child Dental Anxiety Scale. Int J Paediatr Dent. 2007 Jul;17(4):281-8. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-263X.2007.00830.x.
PubMed 17559456Khatri A, Kalra N. A comparison of two pain scales in the assessment of dental pain in East delhi children. ISRN Dent. 2012;2012:247351. doi: 10.5402/2012/247351. Epub 2012 Feb 14.
PubMed 22461986Langthasa M, Yeluri R, Jain AA, Munshi AK. Comparison of the pain perception in children using comfort control syringe and a conventional injection technique during pediatric dental procedures. J Indian Soc Pedod Prev Dent. 2012 Oct-Dec;30(4):323-8. doi: 10.4103/0970-4388.108931.
PubMed 23514685Makade CS, Shenoi PR, Gunwal MK. Comparison of acceptance, preference and efficacy between pressure anesthesia and classical needle infiltration anesthesia for dental restorative procedures in adult patients. J Conserv Dent. 2014 Mar;17(2):169-74. doi: 10.4103/0972-0707.128063.
PubMed 24778516Ocak H, Akkoyun EF, Colpak HA, Demetoglu U, Yucesoy T, Kilic E, Alkan A. Is the jet injection effective for teeth extraction? J Stomatol Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2020 Feb;121(1):19-24. doi: 10.1016/j.jormas.2019.05.001. Epub 2019 May 8.
PubMed 31077857Munshi AK, Hegde A, Bashir N. Clinical evaluation of the efficacy of anesthesia and patient preference using the needle-less jet syringe in pediatric dental practice. J Clin Pediatr Dent. 2001 Winter;25(2):131-6. doi: 10.17796/jcpd.25.2.q6426p853266q575.
PubMed 11314212Saravia ME, Bush JP. The needleless syringe: efficacy of anesthesia and patient preference in child dental patients. J Clin Pediatr Dent. 1991 Winter;15(2):109-12.
PubMed 1931745Sermet Elbay U, Elbay M, Yildirim S, Kaya E, Kaya C, Ugurluel C, BaydemIr C. Evaluation of the injection pain with the use of DentalVibe injection system during supraperiosteal anaesthesia in children: a randomised clinical trial. Int J Paediatr Dent. 2016 Sep;26(5):336-45. doi: 10.1111/ipd.12204. Epub 2015 Sep 15.
PubMed 26369274Wogelius P, Poulsen S, Sorensen HT. Prevalence of dental anxiety and behavior management problems among six to eight years old Danish children. Acta Odontol Scand. 2003 Jun;61(3):178-83. doi: 10.1080/00016350310003468.
PubMed 12868693
Study at a glance
From the registry record, last updated by the sponsor on 23 Dec 2020. Recruitment status is as the sponsor reported it: confirm with the study team.
- Official title
- Comparative Evaluation of Pain Perception With a Comfort-in Jet Injection and Convantional Dental Injection in Children: a Randomized, Split-mouth, Clinical Trial
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT04682080
- Acronym / sponsor ID
- 2018/33
- Conditions
- Pain, Local Infiltration, Anesthesia, Fear, Anxiety, Needle Phobia
- Keywords
- Comfort-in jet injection system, needle-free injection, dental pain, dental anxiety and fear, color of pain
- Study type
- Interventional
- Recruitment status
- Completed
- Enrolment
- 94 participants (actual)
- Lead sponsor
- Tokat Gaziosmanpasa UniversityUniversity, hospital or other
- Study start
- 20 Jun 2018 (actual)
- Primary completion
- 20 Jun 2019 (actual)
- Study completion
- 20 Jun 2019 (actual)
- First posted
- 23 Dec 2020 (actual)
- Results
- Not posted in the source record
Clinical summary
The research question as the sponsor registered it. This describes what the study plans to test, not what it found.
The investigators aimed to compare the effectiveness of the Comfort-in system, which is a jet injection type, and infiltrative anesthesia with a traditional injector, and to measure the effect of children's anxiety on the severity of pain.
Detailed description
Among the children between the ages of 4 and 10 who were admitted to clinic between 2018-2020, whose clinical and radiographic examinations were completed; Patients with deciduous teeth that needed the same dental treatment (filling or amputation) with symmetrical local anesthesia application and positive (3) or definitely positive (4) according to the Frankl Behavior Evaluation Scale were included in the study. In study with a split-mouth design, infiltration anesthesia was applied with a conventional dental injector to one of the symmetrical teeth requiring the same treatment, while the Comfort-in jet injection system was applied to the other by the same physician. Patients were randomized into two grups according to the injection technique.
Group1: Needle-free injection system(Comofrt-In) 2:Dental injection method. The pain intensity was assessed during anesthesia(Pain 1), during treatment(Pain 2), at the end of the treatment(Pain 3) and on the postoperative 1st day (Pain 4)by the specially 7 colors (white, yellow, green, blue, magenta, red, black) using the Wong-Baker facial expressions and pain grading scale.Anxiety levels were recorded using the Modified Children's Dental Anxiety Scale face version.
The data were analyzed by IBM SPSS Statistics 19, the significance level was taken as p <0.05.The datas were analyzed with a three-way variance method in repeated.
Study design
- Primary purpose
- Treatment
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Masking
- None (open label)
- Number of arms
- 2
| Arm | Type | Receives |
|---|---|---|
| Needle-free injection group | Active comparator | Behavioral: Needle-free injectionIn needle-free injection techniques, 4% articaine with 1/100.000 epinephrine (Ultracaine DS forte) was injected using the Comfort-In system. Pain intensity and anxiety levels of patients were measured. |
| Dental injection group | Active comparator | Behavioral: Needle-free injectionIn the conventional dental-injection method, 4% articaine with 1/100.000 epinephrine (Ultracaine DS forte) was injected using a 27G, 50-mm, disposable syringe with a needle. Pain intensity and anxiety levels of patients were measured. |
Who may qualify
- Ages
- 4 to 10 years
- Sex
- All
- Healthy volunteers
- Accepted
- Age groups
- Child
Key inclusion criteria (6 listed)
- Aged between 4-10 years
- Having no developmental or systemic disorder or no history of allergy
- Having "positive" or "definitely positive" cooperation level according to the Frankl Behavior Scale
- Having sufficient mouth opening
- Operation only on primary teeth
Key exclusion criteria (8 listed)
- Patients younger than four years, older than 10 years,
- Patients with systemic or developmental disorders
- Children with an allergy history
- 'Negative' or 'definitly negative' behavior rating according to the Frankl scale
- Patients whose mouth opening is not sufficient for dental treatment
Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening; this overview does not establish that a patient qualifies. Full inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Interventions
| Intervention | Type | Arms |
|---|---|---|
| Needle-free injectionAlso: Dental injectionThis study was performed among children aged 4-10 years who required dental treatment and were treated at the Department of Pedodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Gaziosmanpasa University. A total of 120 patients were evaluated in accordance with the exclusion criteria and 94 children (39 girls and 55 boys) were included in this study. Children who needed dental treatment were randomly divided into two groups. All dental injections were administered by the same operator (MB), a pediatric dentist with two years of experience in using the Comfort-In system. In both groups, the children were asked to rate their pain intensity by choosing the closest statement on the colorful Wong-Baker Pain Scale at four time points: immediately after injection (Pain 1), during treatment (Pain 2), at the end of the treatment (Pain 3) and postoperative first day.Anxiety levels were recorded using the Modified Children's Dental Anxiety Scale face version | Behavioural | Dental injection group, Needle-free injection group |
Primary outcome
Pain at different anesthesia methods
Time frame: after dental treatments to 24 hour
The pain perception scores in the two anesthesia methods were assessed with Wong-Baker Pain Scale (Wong-Baker Scale is pain assessment method.It consists of 6 facial expressions that are evaluated from 0 to 10 according to the severity of the pain. Values between 0-4 indicate mild pain, values between 4-6 indicate moderate pain, values between 6-8 indicate severe pain and values between 8-10 indicate unbearable pain).
Anxiety level of children
Time frame: after dental treatments(40 minutes)
Anxiety level of children were assesed with Modified Child Dental Anxiety Scale (Modified Child Dental Anxiety Scale is anxiety assessment method. It consist of 8 questions about dental procedures. Each questions are evaluated 5 faces from smiles to cries according to the severity of tne anxiety. Patients with a Modified Child Dental Anxiety Scale value below 26 have less anxiety, and patients with a value of 26 and above have a high level of anxiety.
Color of pain during anesthesia.
Time frame: immediately after injection(2 minutes),
The pain perception scores in the two anesthesia methods were assessed with 7 colorful (white,yellow, green, blue, purple, red and black) Wong-Baker Pain Scale (Wong-Baker Scale is pain assessment method.It consists of 6 facial expressions that are evaluated from 0 to 10 according to the severity of the pain. Values between 0-4 indicate mild pain, values between 4-6 indicate moderate pain, values between 6-8 indicate severe pain and values between 8-10 indicate unbearable pain)
Children's preferred anesthesia method
Time frame: After using each dental injection method(2 weeks).
Children's preferred anesthesia method was asked for children after two different injection tecniques used.
Results and safety
The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.
Research links
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govLast updated by the sponsor 23 Dec 2020.
- Background: PubMed 30999904Altan H, Cevik H, Dogru S, Cosgun A, Suren M, Okan I. The pain colour of children with toothache in Turkish population. BMC Oral Health. 2019 Apr 18;19(1):59. doi: 10.1186/s12903-019-0756-y.
- Background: PubMed 20331333Arapostathis KN, Dabarakis NN, Coolidge T, Tsirlis A, Kotsanos N. Comparison of acceptance, preference, and efficacy between jet injection INJEX and local infiltration anesthesia in 6 to 11 year old dental patients. Anesth Prog. 2010 Spring;57(1):3-12. doi: 10.2344/0003-3006-57.1.3.
- Background: PubMed 30673030Oliveira ACA, Amorim KS, Nascimento Junior EMD, Duarte ACB, Groppo FC, Takeshita WM, Souza LMA. Assessment of anesthetic properties and pain during needleless jet injection anesthesia: a randomized clinical trial. J Appl Oral Sci. 2019 Jan 14;27:e20180195. doi: 10.1590/1678-7757-2018-0195.
- Background: PubMed 20528055Armfield JM. Development and psychometric evaluation of the Index of Dental Anxiety and Fear (IDAF-4C+). Psychol Assess. 2010 Jun;22(2):279-87. doi: 10.1037/a0018678.
- Background: PubMed 12635973Burkitt E, Barrett M, Davis A. Children's colour choices for completing drawings of affectively characterised topics. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2003 Mar;44(3):445-55. doi: 10.1111/1469-7610.00134.
- Background: PubMed 17559456Howard KE, Freeman R. Reliability and validity of a faces version of the Modified Child Dental Anxiety Scale. Int J Paediatr Dent. 2007 Jul;17(4):281-8. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-263X.2007.00830.x.
- Background: PubMed 22461986Khatri A, Kalra N. A comparison of two pain scales in the assessment of dental pain in East delhi children. ISRN Dent. 2012;2012:247351. doi: 10.5402/2012/247351. Epub 2012 Feb 14.
- Background: PubMed 23514685Langthasa M, Yeluri R, Jain AA, Munshi AK. Comparison of the pain perception in children using comfort control syringe and a conventional injection technique during pediatric dental procedures. J Indian Soc Pedod Prev Dent. 2012 Oct-Dec;30(4):323-8. doi: 10.4103/0970-4388.108931.
- Background: PubMed 24778516Makade CS, Shenoi PR, Gunwal MK. Comparison of acceptance, preference and efficacy between pressure anesthesia and classical needle infiltration anesthesia for dental restorative procedures in adult patients. J Conserv Dent. 2014 Mar;17(2):169-74. doi: 10.4103/0972-0707.128063.
- Background: PubMed 31077857Ocak H, Akkoyun EF, Colpak HA, Demetoglu U, Yucesoy T, Kilic E, Alkan A. Is the jet injection effective for teeth extraction? J Stomatol Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2020 Feb;121(1):19-24. doi: 10.1016/j.jormas.2019.05.001. Epub 2019 May 8.
- Background: PubMed 11314212Munshi AK, Hegde A, Bashir N. Clinical evaluation of the efficacy of anesthesia and patient preference using the needle-less jet syringe in pediatric dental practice. J Clin Pediatr Dent. 2001 Winter;25(2):131-6. doi: 10.17796/jcpd.25.2.q6426p853266q575.
- Background: PubMed 1931745Saravia ME, Bush JP. The needleless syringe: efficacy of anesthesia and patient preference in child dental patients. J Clin Pediatr Dent. 1991 Winter;15(2):109-12.
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Referral and contact
AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals. Contact the study team or a site listed below; they decide who can take part. This study is not recruiting at the moment.
Halenur Altan, Assoc Prof. principal investigator
Tokat Gaziosmanpasa University, Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Pediatric Dentistry
1 site in 1 country: see every site and its status.
Questions about this trial
What is this clinical trial studying?
A study testing Needle-free injection in people with Pain and Local Infiltration, run by Tokat Gaziosmanpasa University at 1 site in Turkey (Türkiye).
The full registered description is in the About this study section and the official record.
Who may be eligible to take part?
The sponsor lists 6 inclusion and 8 exclusion criteria. Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening, so read the full criteria and contact a listed site.
Is this clinical trial currently recruiting?
The record says: finished, as of the sponsor's last update on 23 Dec 2020. Status can change between updates, so confirm with the study contact before making plans.
Where is the study taking place?
The record lists 1 site in Turkey (Türkiye). Whether a site is taking part right now should be confirmed with that site. See every site.
What are the possible benefits and risks?
They depend on the study and the treatment, and no study can promise a benefit. The study team explains the known risks during informed consent, before anyone joins; the record itself does not list them.
Are results available for this study?
The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.
How can a doctor refer a patient or contact the research team?
The record lists no contact. The official record names the sponsor, who can be asked directly. AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals.
What does the primary outcome measure?
Pain at different anesthesia methods (time frame: after dental treatments to 24 hour). The study lists 4 primary outcomes in all. It is what the study was designed to measure, not a finding.
Where can I read the original study information?
On the ClinicalTrials.gov record for NCT04682080, which also lists 14 linked publications.
Does a listing mean the treatment is approved or proven to work?
No. A listing means the study is registered. It does not show that the treatment is safe, works, or is approved by a regulator.
How often is this information updated?
AzTrials copies changed records from ClinicalTrials.gov every night and reloads the whole registry every week. The sponsor last updated this record on 23 Dec 2020.