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Mild Cognitive ImpairmentPhase 2VALMCINCT04710030

Valacyclovir for Mild Cognitive Impairment

A Phase 2 study testing Valacyclovir hydrochloride 500mg caplet in people with Mild Cognitive Impairment and Herpes Simplex 1, run by New York State Psychiatric Institute at 1 site in United States.

Completed

Finished. The study has ended and is not enrolling. Results may be posted on the official record.

Official record
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Trial summary

Anti-viral treatment in Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) is a Phase II, placebo-controlled, 52-week trial using oral valacyclovir 4 g/day in 50 HSV seropositive, AD biomarker-positive, amnestic mild cognitive impairment (MCI) patients (eMCI and lMCI). Read more about this study

Who is it for?
Ages 50 to 95 years
What is being tested?
Valacyclovir hydrochloride 500mg caplet
Type of treatment
Pill or oral medicine
Could I receive a placebo?
Yes, some participants may receive a placebo
How many people
50 participants
Where
1 siteUnited States
Study dates
1 Feb 2021to 23 Dec 2024
Phase
Phase 2
Are there results?
Yes, posted in the registrySummary in the doctors' view

Key requirements

Who can take part, as listed by the sponsor. Only the study team can confirm whether you are eligible, so take this list to your doctor.

  • Ages 50 to 95 years
  • All sexes
  • No healthy volunteers
  • Adult, Older adult

Who may be able to join

  • Males and females ages 50-95. Females must be postmenopausal, defined as 12 consecutive months without menstruation. (Patient Report)
  • Diagnosis of MCI (includes eMCI and lMCI by ADNI criteria)(Neuropsychological Evaluation)
  • Folstein Mini Mental State (MMSE) greater than or equal to 23/30. (Neuropsychological Evaluation)
  • Patient retains capacity to consent for him/herself. (Physician Evaluation)
  • At screening, patients must test positive for serum antibodies to HSV1 or HSV2. (Laboratory Tests)
  • Use of cholinesterase inhibitors or memantine is not required but will be permitted. If already prescribed, doses of these medications must be stable for 1 month prior to study entry. Patients are permitted to receive cholinesterase inhibitors and/or memantine throughout the duration of the study. Any changes to the medication will be documented in the participant research chart. Medications given for other medical reasons, e.g., antidiabetic or anti-hypertensive medications, will not be altered for the purposes of this trial and the patient's primary physician may adjust such medications as medically indicated throughout the trial. Details of concomitant medication use will be documented at all visits and will be available for statistical analysis.(Patient Report)
  • Either PET amyloid scan positivity at screening, or prior CSF biomarker positive for AD. (Medical Records or through completing a PET scan as part of screening)

Who cannot join

  • Current clinical diagnosis of schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, other psychosis, bipolar disorder or current major depression by DSM-5 criteria. Prior history of major depression will not be exclusionary. (Physician Evaluation)
  • Active suicidal intent or plan based on clinical assessment. (SRMP Assessment by Study Physician)
  • Current or recent (past 6 months) alcohol or substance use disorder (DSM-5 criteria). (Physician Evaluation)
  • Current diagnosis of other major neurological disorders, including Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis,CNS infection, Huntington's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. (Physician Evaluation)
  • Clinical stroke with residual clinical deficits. MRI findings of cerebrovascular disease (small infarcts, lacunes, periventricular disease) in the absence of clinical stroke with residual neurological deficits will not lead to exclusion. (Physician Evaluation)
  • Acute, severe, unstable medical illness. For cancer, patients with active illness or metastases in the last 12 months will be excluded, but past history of successfully treated cancer will not lead to exclusion. (Physician Evaluation)
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  • Sitting blood pressure > 160/100 mm Hg. (Physician Evaluation)
  • Renal failure as determined by an estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) < 44 ml/min/1.73m2. (Laboratory Report)
  • Serum vitamin B12 levels below the normal range. (Laboratory Report)
  • Patients with thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) levels above 4.94 mlU/L. (Laboratory Report)
  • Use of benzodiazepines in lorazepam equivalent doses equal to or greater than 2 mg daily. (Patient Report)
  • For MRI, metal implants and pacemaker, and claustrophobia such that the patient refuses MRI. (Patient Report)
  • Radiation exposure in the prior 12 months that, together with 18F- Florbetapir will be above the FDA annual radiation exposure threshold. (Patient Report and Physician Evaluation)
  • Severe vision or hearing impairment that would prevent the participant from performing the psychometric tests accurately. This will be a clinical determination by the study physician without formal testing or audiometry.(Physician Evaluation)

Trial locations and contacts

1 site in 1 country.

United States1 site
  • New York State Psychiatric Institute

    New York, New York, 10032

Other trials in United States

About this study

Official title: Anti Viral Treatment in Mild Cognitive Impairment

Anti-viral treatment in Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) is a Phase II, placebo-controlled, 52-week trial using oral valacyclovir 4 g/day in 50 HSV seropositive, AD biomarker-positive, amnestic mild cognitive impairment (MCI) patients (eMCI and lMCI). The trial will directly address the long-standing viral etiology hypothesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) which posits that viruses, particularly the very common herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV1) and herpes simplex virus-2 (HSV2), may be etiologic or contribute to the pathology of AD. This trial will intervene at an earlier stage (MCI). We will compare the repurposed drug valacyclovir to placebo in patients with amnestic MCI (eMCI and lMCI) in a randomized, double-blind, two-arm parallel group 52-week pilot trial. Our Phase II trial will be the first antiviral drug trial conducted in MCI.

Read the detailed description

Many viruses are latent for decades before being reactivated in the brain by stress, immune compromise, or other factors. After the initial oral infection, herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV1) becomes latent in the trigeminal ganglion and can later enter the brain via retrograde axonal transport, often targeting the temporal lobes.

HSV1 can also enter the brain via olfactory neurons directly. HSV1 (oral herpes) and HSV2 (genital herpes) are known to trigger amyloid aggregation and their DNA is commonly found in amyloid plaques. Anti-HSV drugs reduce Aβ and p-tau accumulation in brains of infected mice. HSV1 reactivation is associated with tau hyperphosphorylation in mice and may play a role in tau propagation across neurons. In humans, recurrent reactivation with newly produced HSV1 particles, 'drop by drop,' may produce neuronal damage and eventually lead to neurodegeneration and Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology, partly due to effects on amyloid and tau. Clinical studies show cognitive impairment in HSV seropositive patients in different patient groups and in healthy adults, and antiviral treatments show robust efficacy against peripheral HSV infection. The study team will conduct the first-ever clinical trial to directly address the long-standing viral etiology hypothesis of AD which posits that viruses, particularly the very common HSV1 and HSV2, may be etiologic or contribute to the pathology of AD.This trial will intervene at an earlier stage (MCI).

In AD biomarker positive patients with Mild Cognitive Impairment (eMCI and lMCI) who test positive for serum antibodies to HSV1 or HSV2, the generic antiviral drug valacyclovir will be compared at oral doses of 4 grams per day, to matching placebo in the treatment of 50 patients (25 valacyclovir, 25 placebo) in a randomized, double-blind, 52-week Phase II proof of concept trial.

Patients treated with valacyclovir are hypothesized to show smaller decline in cognition and functioning compared to placebo, and, using 18F-Florbetapir PET imaging, to show less amyloid accumulation than placebo over the 52-week trial.

We will explore apolipoprotein E e4 genotype as a moderator, and changes in global clinical status, viral antibodies and proteomic assays, AD signature of MRI regional and whole brain cortical thinning, and plasma total tau, p-tau epitopes and neurofilament light (Nfl) protein markers for neurodegeneration as exploratory hypotheses.

Apolipoprotein biomarker testing will be completed preferably at Week 0 (may be completed at any alternative site visit if necessary), MRI scans at Week 0 and Week 52, PET scans at Screening and Week 52.

This innovative Phase II proof of concept trial clearly has exceptionally high reward potential for the treatment of MCI.

Being tested
Valacyclovir hydrochloride 500mg caplet, Placebo sugar pill caplet
Keywords
Valacyclovir, Anti-viral treatment
Medical subject headings
Cognitive Dysfunction

What participants receive

What participants receive. In a randomised study each person is assigned to one group by chance.

  • Valacyclovir hydrochloride 500mg capletDrug

    Also called Valtrex

    Active Comparator

  • Placebo sugar pill capletDrug

    Also called Placebo

    Placebo Comparator

Study groups in NCT04710030
Study groupRoleWhat they receive
ValacyclovirActive comparatorOral valacyclovir will be distributed in 500mg caplets. Patients will take 8 caplets per day (total dose: 4 grams per day) for 52 weeks.
Receives: Drug: Valacyclovir hydrochloride 500mg caplet
PlaceboPlacebo comparatorThe oral placebo (sugar pill) will be distributed in 500mg caplets. Patients will take 8 caplets per day for 52 weeks.
Receives: Drug: Placebo sugar pill caplet

What is being measured

The primary outcome is the main question the study is designed to answer.

  1. Change in Standardized Uptake Value Ratio (SUVR) of (18F-Florbetapir PET) From Week 0 to Week 52.

    18F-Florbetapir PET imaging is hypothesized to show amyloid accumulation in sum of six ROIs (cerebellar gray matter reference) that are known to show increased uptake in AD: medial orbital frontal, anterior cingulate, parietal, temporal, posterior cingulate, precuneus.

    Measured: Week 0 to Week 52

Secondary outcomes (3)
  1. Change From Week 0 to Week 52 in the Alzheimer's Disease Cooperative Study-Preclinical Alzheimer Cognitive Composite (PACC) Z-score

    The ADCS-PACC combines four paper-and-pencil cognitive tests: list-learning task from the Free and Cued Selective Reminding Test (FCSRT), paragraph recall test from the Wechsler Memory Scale, Digit Symbol Substitution Test and the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE). z-scores are generated from the combination of these test scores. The z-score range is from -5 to +5 with higher scores indicating less deficit and lower scores indicating greater deficit.

    Measured: Assessed by Change in Least Square Means from Week 0 to Week 52 (measure in Outcome Measure Data Table), covarying for baseline score, age, sex and apolipoprotein E e4 status.

  2. Change From Week 0 to Week 52 in the Alzheimer's Disease Cooperative Study-Activities of Daily Living Scale-Prevention Instrument (ADCS-ADL-PI)

    The ADCS-ADL-PI will be administered to the informant for the assessment of impairments of instrumental and related activities of daily living in patients with MCI. The sum score of the first 15 items in the instrument that indicate impairments in function related to cognition is the outcome. Scores range from 0-45 with lower scores indicating greater functional deficit and higher scores indicating less functional deficit.

    Measured: Assessed by Change in Least Square Means from Week 0 to Week 52 (measure in Outcome Measure Data Table), covarying for baseline score, age, sex and apolipoprotein E e4 status.

  3. Change From Week 0 to Week 52 in Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR) Sum of Boxes

    The Clinical Dementia Rating is an assessment that evaluates and stages the severity of dementia by scoring a patient's cognitive and functional abilities in six domains. Each domain is rated from 0 (no impairment) to 3 (severe impairment). The total score ranges from 0 to 18 with 0 indicating no impairment and 18 indicating severe impairment.

    Measured: Assessed by Change in Least Square Means from Week 0 to Week 52 (measure in Outcome Measure Data Table), covarying for baseline score, age, sex and apolipoprotein E e4 status.

Timeline

From the start of the study to its completion; the mark is today. Estimated dates are the sponsor’s plan.

  1. First posted14 Jan 2021
  2. Study start1 Feb 2021
  3. Primary completion23 Oct 2024
  4. Study completion23 Dec 2024

Resources

More details

For doctors and researchers: how the study is designed, who runs it, and its registry IDs.

Study design
Study type
Interventional
Phase
Phase 2
Primary purpose
Treatment
Allocation
Randomised
Intervention model
Parallel groups
Model description
Parallel Assignment
Masking
Triple blind
Who is masked
Participant, Care provider, Investigator
Enrolment
50 participants (actual)
IDs, dates and publications
ClinicalTrials.gov ID
NCT04710030
Sponsor's protocol ID
8089
Acronym
VALMCI
Status last verified
Mar 2026
First submitted
13 Jan 2021
Last updated
31 Mar 2026
Data monitoring committee
Yes
FDA-regulated drug
Yes
FDA-regulated device
No
Individual data sharing
No

Questions about this trial

What is this clinical trial studying?

A Phase 2 study testing Valacyclovir hydrochloride 500mg caplet in people with Mild Cognitive Impairment and Herpes Simplex 1, run by New York State Psychiatric Institute at 1 site in United States.

The full registered description is in the About this study section and the official record.

Who may be eligible to take part?

The sponsor lists 7 inclusion and 14 exclusion criteria. Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening, so read the full criteria and contact a listed site.

Is this clinical trial currently recruiting?

The record says: finished, as of the sponsor's last update on 31 Mar 2026. Status can change between updates, so confirm with the study contact before making plans.

Where is the study taking place?

The record lists 1 site in United States. Whether a site is taking part right now should be confirmed with that site. See every site.

What are the possible benefits and risks?

They depend on the study and the treatment, and no study can promise a benefit. Some participants in this study may receive a placebo. The study team explains the known risks during informed consent, before anyone joins; the record itself does not list them.

What does this phase mean?

Phase 2 studies give the treatment to a larger group to see whether it has the intended effect and to keep checking safety.

Not every study follows the same path, and some studies (observational studies, device studies) have no phase.

Are results available for this study?

Yes. Results are posted in the registry (first posted 31 Mar 2026). A summary is in the For doctors view, and the full results are on ClinicalTrials.gov.

How can a doctor refer a patient or contact the research team?

The record lists no contact. The official record names the sponsor, who can be asked directly. AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals.

What does the primary outcome measure?

Change in Standardized Uptake Value Ratio (SUVR) of (18F-Florbetapir PET) From Week 0 to Week 52. (time frame: Week 0 to Week 52). It is what the study was designed to measure, not a finding.

Where can I read the original study information?
Does a listing mean the treatment is approved or proven to work?

No. A listing means the study is registered. It does not show that the treatment is safe, works, or is approved by a regulator.

How often is this information updated?

AzTrials copies changed records from ClinicalTrials.gov every night and reloads the whole registry every week. The sponsor last updated this record on 31 Mar 2026.

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