Pain, ProceduralNCT04848350
Use of Inhaler Aromatherapy During SWL
A study testing Lavender essential oil in people with Pain, Procedural and Aromatherapy, run by Mersin Training and Research Hospital at 1 site in Turkey (Türkiye).
Trial summary
The study aims to determine the effects of inhalation aromatherapy on pain and anxiety during the SWL protocol. This study included 120 patients who were scheduled to undergo SWL. Patients were randomly assigned a control placebo group 1 (n=40), the lavender group 2 (n=40), and the frankincense group 3 (n=40). Read more about this study
- Who is it for?
- Ages 18 to 60 yearsHealthy volunteers can take part
- Conditions the study is for
- Pain, Procedural, Aromatherapy, Anxiety
- What is being tested?
- Lavender essential oil
- Could I receive a placebo?
- Yes, some participants may receive a placebo
- How many people
- 120 participants
- Where
- 1 siteTurkey (Türkiye)
- Study dates
- 1 Jun 2020to 1 Sep 2020
- Phase
- Interventional
- Are there results?
- None posted in the registry
Key requirements
Who can take part, as listed by the sponsor. Only the study team can confirm whether you are eligible, so take this list to your doctor.
- Ages 18 to 60 years
- All sexes
- Healthy volunteers accepted
- Adult
Who may be able to join
- Patients undergoing SWL
- Ages between 18-60
Who cannot join
- Patients with pain before the procedure (VAS value is non-zero)
- Patients with respiratory disease (lung cancer, asthma, bronchitis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, etc.),
- patients using painkillers in the last 3 hours,
- patients who were disturbed by the smell of used essential oils
- patients with a known allergy to used essential oils with a history of contact dermatitis against cosmetic odor.
- Patients who used anxiolytic agents and narcotics were excluded
Trial locations and contacts
1 site in 1 country.
About this study
Official title: The Effect of Inhaler Lavender and Frankincense Aromatherapy on Pain and Anxiety in Patients Undergoing SWL.
The study aims to determine the effects of inhalation aromatherapy on pain and anxiety during the SWL protocol. This study included 120 patients who were scheduled to undergo SWL. Patients were randomly assigned a control placebo group 1 (n=40), the lavender group 2 (n=40), and the frankincense group 3 (n=40). The nebulizer (a rate of 2%) was prepared and operated on in the SWL room before the procedure. Data were collected using the visual analog scale (VAS) and the State Anxiety Inventory (STAI-I).
Read the detailed description
Shock Wave Lithotripsy (SWL) is widely and effectively used in the treatment of urinary tract stone disease. In the first applied lithotriptors, the energy density and maximum energy application at the skin level revealed the need for anesthesia in terms of pain. Later, with the development of new devices, the physics parameters were changed and shock was applied with lower energy levels, using large ellipsoids, the area where shock waves enter the skin is reduced and anesthesia is restricted. During the SWL procedure, patients can identify pain in the form of a subjective sensation that is difficult to identify. Pain occurs for two reasons. The first is the trauma caused by shock waves moving towards the kidney as they pass through the skin and muscles, and the second is the deep organ pain due to the trauma caused by shock waves in the kidney Also, various patient-related and environmental factors affecting pain should be considered. The sedation of patients greatly facilitates SWL tolerance. However, it has been noted in various studies that patients with anxiety experience more pain during SWL. Aromatherapy is a TAT (Tapas Acupressure technique) method in which essential oils created from fragrant parts of plants are absorbed from the body and show their effects. The therapeutic, disease-relieving or preventive properties of essential oils are utilized. Essential oils can be applied to the body by topical, internal, oral, and inhalation methods. The fastest and easiest way of entry of essential oils into the body is inhalation. When applied through breathing, evaporating molecules reach the olfactory bulb through the nose and the limbic system in the brain. Aromatherapy provides control of pain and anxiety by affecting the amygdala and hippocampus, which regulate fear and aggressive behaviors in the limbic system. Aromatherapy by Inhaler is used in hemodialysis, dental procedures, intrauterine contraceptive placement, pain and anxiety control in patients with arthritis. The literature shows that Lavender (lavandula officinalis) and Frankincense (Boswellia) essential oils are used in pain and anxiety management in procedural pain and anxiety control.
- Conditions
- Pain, Procedural, Aromatherapy, Anxiety
- Being tested
- Lavender essential oil
- Keywords
- aromatherapy, lavender, frankincense
- Medical subject headings
- Pain, Procedural, Anxiety Disorders
What participants receive
What participants receive. In a randomised study each person is assigned to one group by chance.
Lavender essential oilOther
Also called frankincense essential oil
Aromatherapy agents were added to the nebulizer at a rate of 2% (120 ml of water).The nebulizer was prepared and operated on in the SWL room before the procedure, The patients were taken to the room 5 minutes before the procedure and the nebulizer was operated on during the procedure
| Study group | Role | What they receive |
|---|---|---|
| placebo group | Placebo comparator | Only a saline solution was applied to the placebo group Receives: Other: Lavender essential oil |
| lavender group | Active comparator | The lavender essential oil was added to the nebulizer and operated on in the SWL room before the procedure, Receives: Other: Lavender essential oil |
| frankincense group | Active comparator | The frankincense essential oil was added to the nebulizer and operated on in the SWL room before the procedure, Receives: Other: Lavender essential oil |
What is being measured
The primary outcome is the main question the study is designed to answer.
VAS score
Patients ' pain levels were measured using the VAS pain scale. This is a horizontal scale, ranging from 0 (no pain) on the left side to 10 (most severe pain) on the right side. Pain intensity can be categorized as mild (score, 1-3), moderate (score, 4-6), and severe (score, 7-10) according to the scale.
Measured: 10 minutes
Discomfort Intolerance Scale-Revised (DIS-R)
The scala assesses the perceived inability to tolerate physical discomfort, beliefs about physical discomfort, and responses to feelings of physical discomfort. The DIS-R consists of nine items (e.g., "I can't handle feeling physical discomfort") rated on a 7-point Likert-type scale (0=not at all like me to 6=extremely like me) with higher scores indicating greater discomfort intolerance. Confirmatory factor analysis revealed that the revised 9-item version was a good fit to the data and demonstrated good construct validity in both symptomatic (i.e., clinically-elevated levels of depression or anxiety) and non-symptomatic samples.
Measured: 10 minutes
STAI form
The STAI form was used to determine the transitory emotional state and anxiety level of the participants after the procedure. This scale, consisting of 20 items, uses a 4-point Likert scale in which items are scored from 1 (not at all) to 4 (very much). The assessment of the inventory is based on the total score ranging from 20 to 80. A score from1 to 20 is considered to indicate no anxiety, a score of 21 to 40 indicates mild anxiety, a score of 41 to 60 indicates moderate anxiety, and a score of 61 and higher indicates severe anxiety
Measured: 10 minutes
Timeline
From the start of the study to its completion; the mark is today. Estimated dates are the sponsor’s plan.
- First posted19 Apr 2021
- Study start1 Jun 2020
- Primary completion1 Aug 2020
- Study completion1 Sep 2020
Resources
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govThe registry entry this page is built from, with its full change history.
- Publications (6)Papers the sponsor has linked to this study.
- Other trials for Pain, ProceduralStudies of the same condition, open and under way.
- What the trial phases meanHow a treatment moves from first tests in people to approval.
More details
For doctors and researchers: how the study is designed, who runs it, and its registry IDs.
Study design
- Study type
- Interventional
- Phase
- Phase N/A
- Primary purpose
- Supportive care
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Masking
- None (open label)
- Enrolment
- 120 participants (actual)
Sponsor and investigators
- Lead sponsor
- Mersin Training and Research Hospital
- Sponsor type
- Other government
- Responsible party
- Principal investigator, Barıs Saylam, Mersin Training and Research Hospital
- Investigators
- Erim Erdem, Prof., Principal investigator, Mersin University Scholl of Medicine
IDs, dates and publications
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT04848350
- Sponsor's protocol ID
- 2020376
- Status last verified
- Apr 2021
- First submitted
- 9 Apr 2021
- Last updated
- 19 Apr 2021
- Results posted
- No
- Data monitoring committee
- No
- FDA-regulated drug
- No
- FDA-regulated device
- No
- Individual data sharing
- No
Publications
Barati F, Nasiri A, Akbari N, Sharifzadeh G. The Effect of Aromatherapy on Anxiety in Patients. Nephrourol Mon. 2016 Jul 31;8(5):e38347. doi: 10.5812/numonthly.38347. eCollection 2016 Sep.
PubMed 27878109Cai H, Xi P, Zhong L, Chen J, Liang X. Efficacy of aromatherapy on dental anxiety: A systematic review of randomised and quasi-randomised controlled trials. Oral Dis. 2021 May;27(4):829-847. doi: 10.1111/odi.13346. Epub 2020 May 26.
PubMed 32267044Tabatabaeichehr M, Mortazavi H. The Effectiveness of Aromatherapy in the Management of Labor Pain and Anxiety: A Systematic Review. Ethiop J Health Sci. 2020 May;30(3):449-458. doi: 10.4314/ejhs.v30i3.16.
PubMed 32874088Jaruzel CB, Gregoski M, Mueller M, Faircloth A, Kelechi T. Aromatherapy for Preoperative Anxiety: A Pilot Study. J Perianesth Nurs. 2019 Apr;34(2):259-264. doi: 10.1016/j.jopan.2018.05.007. Epub 2018 Sep 8.
PubMed 30205934Ozkaraman A, Dugum O, Ozen Yilmaz H, Usta Yesilbalkan O. Aromatherapy: The Effect of Lavender on Anxiety and Sleep Quality in Patients Treated With Chemotherapy. Clin J Oncol Nurs. 2018 Apr 1;22(2):203-210. doi: 10.1188/18.CJON.203-210.
PubMed 29547610Gong M, Dong H, Tang Y, Huang W, Lu F. Effects of aromatherapy on anxiety: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Affect Disord. 2020 Sep 1;274:1028-1040. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2020.05.118. Epub 2020 May 26.
PubMed 32663929
Study at a glance
From the registry record, last updated by the sponsor on 19 Apr 2021. Recruitment status is as the sponsor reported it: confirm with the study team.
- Official title
- The Effect of Inhaler Lavender and Frankincense Aromatherapy on Pain and Anxiety in Patients Undergoing SWL.
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT04848350
- Acronym / sponsor ID
- 2020376
- Conditions
- Pain, Procedural, Aromatherapy, Anxiety
- Keywords
- aromatherapy, lavender, frankincense
- Study type
- Interventional
- Recruitment status
- Completed
- Enrolment
- 120 participants (actual)
- Lead sponsor
- Mersin Training and Research HospitalOther government
- Study start
- 1 Jun 2020 (actual)
- Primary completion
- 1 Aug 2020 (actual)
- Study completion
- 1 Sep 2020 (actual)
- First posted
- 19 Apr 2021 (actual)
- Results
- Not posted in the source record
Clinical summary
The research question as the sponsor registered it. This describes what the study plans to test, not what it found.
The study aims to determine the effects of inhalation aromatherapy on pain and anxiety during the SWL protocol. This study included 120 patients who were scheduled to undergo SWL. Patients were randomly assigned a control placebo group 1 (n=40), the lavender group 2 (n=40), and the frankincense group 3 (n=40). The nebulizer (a rate of 2%) was prepared and operated on in the SWL room before the procedure. Data were collected using the visual analog scale (VAS) and the State Anxiety Inventory (STAI-I).
Detailed description
Shock Wave Lithotripsy (SWL) is widely and effectively used in the treatment of urinary tract stone disease. In the first applied lithotriptors, the energy density and maximum energy application at the skin level revealed the need for anesthesia in terms of pain. Later, with the development of new devices, the physics parameters were changed and shock was applied with lower energy levels, using large ellipsoids, the area where shock waves enter the skin is reduced and anesthesia is restricted. During the SWL procedure, patients can identify pain in the form of a subjective sensation that is difficult to identify. Pain occurs for two reasons. The first is the trauma caused by shock waves moving towards the kidney as they pass through the skin and muscles, and the second is the deep organ pain due to the trauma caused by shock waves in the kidney Also, various patient-related and environmental factors affecting pain should be considered. The sedation of patients greatly facilitates SWL tolerance. However, it has been noted in various studies that patients with anxiety experience more pain during SWL. Aromatherapy is a TAT (Tapas Acupressure technique) method in which essential oils created from fragrant parts of plants are absorbed from the body and show their effects. The therapeutic, disease-relieving or preventive properties of essential oils are utilized. Essential oils can be applied to the body by topical, internal, oral, and inhalation methods. The fastest and easiest way of entry of essential oils into the body is inhalation. When applied through breathing, evaporating molecules reach the olfactory bulb through the nose and the limbic system in the brain. Aromatherapy provides control of pain and anxiety by affecting the amygdala and hippocampus, which regulate fear and aggressive behaviors in the limbic system. Aromatherapy by Inhaler is used in hemodialysis, dental procedures, intrauterine contraceptive placement, pain and anxiety control in patients with arthritis. The literature shows that Lavender (lavandula officinalis) and Frankincense (Boswellia) essential oils are used in pain and anxiety management in procedural pain and anxiety control.
Study design
- Primary purpose
- Supportive care
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Masking
- None (open label)
- Number of arms
- 3
| Arm | Type | Receives |
|---|---|---|
| placebo group | Placebo comparator | Other: Lavender essential oilOnly a saline solution was applied to the placebo group |
| lavender group | Active comparator | Other: Lavender essential oilThe lavender essential oil was added to the nebulizer and operated on in the SWL room before the procedure, |
| frankincense group | Active comparator | Other: Lavender essential oilThe frankincense essential oil was added to the nebulizer and operated on in the SWL room before the procedure, |
Who may qualify
- Ages
- 18 to 60 years
- Sex
- All
- Healthy volunteers
- Accepted
- Age groups
- Adult
Key inclusion criteria (2 listed)
- Patients undergoing SWL
- Ages between 18-60
Key exclusion criteria (6 listed)
- Patients with pain before the procedure (VAS value is non-zero)
- Patients with respiratory disease (lung cancer, asthma, bronchitis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, etc.),
- patients using painkillers in the last 3 hours,
- patients who were disturbed by the smell of used essential oils
- patients with a known allergy to used essential oils with a history of contact dermatitis against cosmetic odor.
Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening; this overview does not establish that a patient qualifies. Full inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Interventions
| Intervention | Type | Arms |
|---|---|---|
| Lavender essential oilAlso: frankincense essential oilAromatherapy agents were added to the nebulizer at a rate of 2% (120 ml of water).The nebulizer was prepared and operated on in the SWL room before the procedure, The patients were taken to the room 5 minutes before the procedure and the nebulizer was operated on during the procedure | Other | frankincense group, lavender group, placebo group |
Primary outcome
VAS score
Time frame: 10 minutes
Patients ' pain levels were measured using the VAS pain scale. This is a horizontal scale, ranging from 0 (no pain) on the left side to 10 (most severe pain) on the right side. Pain intensity can be categorized as mild (score, 1-3), moderate (score, 4-6), and severe (score, 7-10) according to the scale.
Discomfort Intolerance Scale-Revised (DIS-R)
Time frame: 10 minutes
The scala assesses the perceived inability to tolerate physical discomfort, beliefs about physical discomfort, and responses to feelings of physical discomfort. The DIS-R consists of nine items (e.g., "I can't handle feeling physical discomfort") rated on a 7-point Likert-type scale (0=not at all like me to 6=extremely like me) with higher scores indicating greater discomfort intolerance. Confirmatory factor analysis revealed that the revised 9-item version was a good fit to the data and demonstrated good construct validity in both symptomatic (i.e., clinically-elevated levels of depression or anxiety) and non-symptomatic samples.
STAI form
Time frame: 10 minutes
The STAI form was used to determine the transitory emotional state and anxiety level of the participants after the procedure. This scale, consisting of 20 items, uses a 4-point Likert scale in which items are scored from 1 (not at all) to 4 (very much). The assessment of the inventory is based on the total score ranging from 20 to 80. A score from1 to 20 is considered to indicate no anxiety, a score of 21 to 40 indicates mild anxiety, a score of 41 to 60 indicates moderate anxiety, and a score of 61 and higher indicates severe anxiety
Results and safety
The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.
Research links
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govLast updated by the sponsor 19 Apr 2021.
- Background: PubMed 27878109Barati F, Nasiri A, Akbari N, Sharifzadeh G. The Effect of Aromatherapy on Anxiety in Patients. Nephrourol Mon. 2016 Jul 31;8(5):e38347. doi: 10.5812/numonthly.38347. eCollection 2016 Sep.
- Background: PubMed 32267044Cai H, Xi P, Zhong L, Chen J, Liang X. Efficacy of aromatherapy on dental anxiety: A systematic review of randomised and quasi-randomised controlled trials. Oral Dis. 2021 May;27(4):829-847. doi: 10.1111/odi.13346. Epub 2020 May 26.
- Background: PubMed 32874088Tabatabaeichehr M, Mortazavi H. The Effectiveness of Aromatherapy in the Management of Labor Pain and Anxiety: A Systematic Review. Ethiop J Health Sci. 2020 May;30(3):449-458. doi: 10.4314/ejhs.v30i3.16.
- Results publication: PubMed 30205934Jaruzel CB, Gregoski M, Mueller M, Faircloth A, Kelechi T. Aromatherapy for Preoperative Anxiety: A Pilot Study. J Perianesth Nurs. 2019 Apr;34(2):259-264. doi: 10.1016/j.jopan.2018.05.007. Epub 2018 Sep 8.
- Results publication: PubMed 29547610Ozkaraman A, Dugum O, Ozen Yilmaz H, Usta Yesilbalkan O. Aromatherapy: The Effect of Lavender on Anxiety and Sleep Quality in Patients Treated With Chemotherapy. Clin J Oncol Nurs. 2018 Apr 1;22(2):203-210. doi: 10.1188/18.CJON.203-210.
- Results publication: PubMed 32663929Gong M, Dong H, Tang Y, Huang W, Lu F. Effects of aromatherapy on anxiety: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Affect Disord. 2020 Sep 1;274:1028-1040. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2020.05.118. Epub 2020 May 26.
- Individual participant dataSharing planned: No
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Referral and contact
AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals. Contact the study team or a site listed below; they decide who can take part. This study is not recruiting at the moment.
Erim Erdem, Prof. principal investigator
Mersin University Scholl of Medicine
1 site in 1 country: see every site and its status.
Questions about this trial
What is this clinical trial studying?
A study testing Lavender essential oil in people with Pain, Procedural and Aromatherapy, run by Mersin Training and Research Hospital at 1 site in Turkey (Türkiye).
The full registered description is in the About this study section and the official record.
Who may be eligible to take part?
The sponsor lists 2 inclusion and 6 exclusion criteria. Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening, so read the full criteria and contact a listed site.
Is this clinical trial currently recruiting?
The record says: finished, as of the sponsor's last update on 19 Apr 2021. Status can change between updates, so confirm with the study contact before making plans.
Where is the study taking place?
The record lists 1 site in Turkey (Türkiye). Whether a site is taking part right now should be confirmed with that site. See every site.
What are the possible benefits and risks?
They depend on the study and the treatment, and no study can promise a benefit. Some participants in this study may receive a placebo. The study team explains the known risks during informed consent, before anyone joins; the record itself does not list them.
Are results available for this study?
The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.
How can a doctor refer a patient or contact the research team?
The record lists no contact. The official record names the sponsor, who can be asked directly. AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals.
What does the primary outcome measure?
VAS score (time frame: 10 minutes). The study lists 3 primary outcomes in all. It is what the study was designed to measure, not a finding.
Where can I read the original study information?
On the ClinicalTrials.gov record for NCT04848350, which also lists 6 linked publications.
Does a listing mean the treatment is approved or proven to work?
No. A listing means the study is registered. It does not show that the treatment is safe, works, or is approved by a regulator.
How often is this information updated?
AzTrials copies changed records from ClinicalTrials.gov every night and reloads the whole registry every week. The sponsor last updated this record on 19 Apr 2021.