Speech Sound DisorderPhase 2NCT04858022

Visual Acoustic Biofeedback for RSE Via Telepractice

A Phase 2 study testing Visual-Acoustic Biofeedback Treatment and No Treatment in people with Speech Sound Disorder, run by Montclair State University at 1 site in United States.

Completed

Finished. The study has ended and is not enrolling. Results may be posted on the official record.

Official record

Search all trials

Trial summary

This research will meet a public health need by evaluating the efficacy of speech intervention supplemented with real-time visual-acoustic biofeedback when delivered using remote technologies. Read more about this study

Who is it for?: Ages 9 to 15 yearsHealthy volunteers can take part
Conditions the study is for: Speech Sound Disorder
What is being tested?: Visual-Acoustic Biofeedback Treatment and No Treatment
Type of treatment: Lifestyle or therapy programme
Could I receive a placebo?: No, everyone receives an active treatment
How many people: 40 participants
Where: 1 siteUnited States
Study dates: 15 Jan 2022to 15 Apr 2024
Phase: Phase 2
Are there results?: Yes, posted in the registrySummary in the doctors' view

Key requirements

Who can take part, as listed by the sponsor. Only the study team can confirm whether you are eligible, so take this list to your doctor.

Ages 9 to 15 years
All sexes
Healthy volunteers accepted
Child

Who may be able to join

Must be between 9;0 and 15;11 years of age at the time of enrollment.
Must speak English as the dominant language (i.e., must have begun learning English by age 2, per parent report).
Must speak a rhotic dialect of English.
Must pass a pure-tone hearing screening at 20dB hearing level.
Must pass a brief examination of oral structure and function.
Must exhibit less than 30% accuracy, based on consensus across 2 trained listeners, on a probe list eliciting rhotics in various phonetic contexts at the word level.
Must exhibit no more than 3 sounds other than /r/ in error on the Goldman-Fristoe Test of Articulation-3 (GFTA-3).

Who cannot join

Must not receive a T score more than 1.3 SD below the mean on the Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence-2 (WASI-2) Matrix Reasoning
Must not receive a scaled score of 7 or higher on the Recalling Sentences and Formulated Sentences subtests of the Clinical Evaluation of Language Fundamentals-5 (CELF-5).
Must not have an existing diagnosis of developmental disability or major neurobehavioral syndrome such as cerebral palsy, Down Syndrome, or Autism Spectrum Disorder

Trial locations and contacts

1 site in 1 country.

United States1 site

Montclair State University
Upper Montclair, New Jersey, 07403

Other trials in United States

About this study

Official title: Online Assessment and Enhancement of Auditory Perception for Speech Sound Errors: Visual Acoustic Biofeedback for RSE Via Telepractice

This research will meet a public health need by evaluating the efficacy of speech intervention supplemented with real-time visual-acoustic biofeedback when delivered using remote technologies.

Read the detailed description

In a crossover design, participants will be randomly assigned to receive 10 weeks/20 sessions of visual-acoustic biofeedback treatment via telepractice followed by a 10-week period of no treatment, or the same two conditions in the reverse order. Production accuracy will be assessed with standard probes (20 syllables, 30 words, and 10 sentences containing /r/ in various phonetic contexts) administered prior to the beginning of treatment (baseline), after the first 10-week phase, and again at the end of the study.

Conditions: Speech Sound Disorder
Being tested: Visual-Acoustic Biofeedback Treatment, No Treatment
Keywords: speech, articulation, auditory perception
Medical subject headings: Speech Sound Disorder, Speech

What participants receive

What participants receive. In a randomised study each person is assigned to one group by chance.

Visual-Acoustic Biofeedback TreatmentBehavioural
In visual-acoustic biofeedback treatment, the elements of traditional articulatory treatment (i.e., auditory models and verbal descriptions of articulator placement) are enhanced with a dynamic display of the speech signal in the form of the real-time LPC (Linear Predictive Coding) spectrum. Because correct vs incorrect productions of /r/ contrast acoustically in the frequency of the third formant (F3), participants will be cued to make their real-time LPC spectrum match a visual target characterized by a low F3 frequency. They will be encouraged to attend to the visual display while adjusting the placement of their articulators and observing how those adjustments impact F3.
No TreatmentOther
10-week period of no treatment

Study groups in NCT04858022
Study group	Role	What they receive
Visual-Acoustic Biofeedback Treatment via Telepractice Followed by No Treatment	Experimental	Condition1: Treatment phase followed by no-treatment Children with RSE and typical perception will be allocated to a randomized controlled trial measuring the efficacy of online visual-acoustic biofeedback treatment. Twenty children with RSE will receive 10 weeks of visual-acoustic biofeedback training via video call. Receives: Behavioral: Visual-Acoustic Biofeedback Treatment; Other: No Treatment
No Treatment Followed by Visual-Acoustic Biofeedback Treatment via Telepractice	Experimental	Condition 2: No treatment followed by treatment phase Following the initial evaluation, 20 children with RSE will be allocated to a 10 week no treatment condition. Receives: Behavioral: Visual-Acoustic Biofeedback Treatment; Other: No Treatment

What is being measured

The primary outcome is the main question the study is designed to answer.

Rhotic Accuracy (/r/)
To evaluate the generalization of treatment effects to untreated words, participants will complete standardized word probes comprising 50 target words. The primary outcome measure is the proportion of words rated as "correct" across all tokens, reflecting perceptual accuracy of the participant's responses.
Measured: BL - (Initial Assessments:1-2 weeks), MP-(Midpoint assessment -1 day following First Period (10 weeks), MN - (Maintenance Assessment -1 day following Second Period (10 weeks).

Secondary outcomes (1)

Change in Social-emotional Well-being
An 11-item survey was developed to assess parent perceptions of the impact of their child's /r/-related speech sound disorder on life participation and satisfaction. Each survey item was mapped to the most relevant chapter within the Activities and Participation domain of the World Health Organization's International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) framework. Most items corresponded to chapters on interpersonal interactions and relationships, and major life areas; two items were categorized under communication. Each item was rated on a 5-point Likert scale (1 = strongly disagree to 5 = strongly agree), with higher average scores indicating greater perceived negative impact of the speech sound disorder.
Measured: Survey completed at BL ( evaluation) and MN ( 1 day following Second period duration). Same for both groups.

Timeline

From the start of the study to its completion; the mark is today. Estimated dates are the sponsor’s plan.

15 Jan 202215 Apr 2024

First posted23 Apr 2021
Study start15 Jan 2022
Primary completion15 Apr 2024
Study completion15 Apr 2024

Resources

Official record on ClinicalTrials.govThe registry entry this page is built from, with its full change history.
Posted resultsParticipant flow, outcome measures and adverse events reported by the sponsor.
Publications (19)Papers the sponsor has linked to this study.
Other trials for Speech Sound DisorderStudies of the same condition, open and under way.
What the trial phases meanHow a treatment moves from first tests in people to approval.

More details

For doctors and researchers: how the study is designed, who runs it, and its registry IDs.

Study design

Study type: Interventional
Phase: Phase 2
Primary purpose: Treatment
Allocation: Randomised
Intervention model: Crossover
Model description: This is a randomized, two-period crossover trial. Participants will be randomly assigned to one of two sequences: (1) 10 weeks (20 sessions) of visual-acoustic biofeedback treatment via telepractice followed by 10 weeks of no treatment, or (2) 10 weeks of no treatment followed by 10 weeks (20 sessions) of biofeedback treatment. Outcomes will be assessed at baseline (before the first phase), after 10 weeks (post-Period 1), and after 20 weeks (post-Period 2). The primary outcome is production accuracy, measured using standardized probes with 50 words containing the target /r/ sound in various phonetic contexts. Randomization determines the order of treatment and control phases for each participant.
Masking: Single blind
Who is masked: Outcomes assessor
Enrolment: 40 participants (actual)

IDs, dates and publications

ClinicalTrials.gov ID: NCT04858022
Sponsor's protocol ID: 20-21-2137-Study 2
Other IDs: R15DC019775-01
Status last verified: Jan 2026
First submitted: 5 Apr 2021
Last updated: 17 Feb 2026
Results posted: Yes, on ClinicalTrials.gov
Data monitoring committee: Yes
FDA-regulated drug: No
FDA-regulated device: No
Individual data sharing: No

Publications

Preston JL, Hitchcock ER, Leece MC. Auditory Perception and Ultrasound Biofeedback Treatment Outcomes for Children With Residual /ɹ/ Distortions: A Randomized Controlled Trial. J Speech Lang Hear Res. 2020 Feb 26;63(2):444-455. doi: 10.1044/2019_JSLHR-19-00060. Epub 2020 Feb 26.
PubMed 32097058
Byun TM, Hitchcock ER. Investigating the use of traditional and spectral biofeedback approaches to intervention for /r/ misarticulation. Am J Speech Lang Pathol. 2012 Aug;21(3):207-21. doi: 10.1044/1058-0360(2012/11-0083). Epub 2012 Mar 21.
PubMed 22442281
McAllister Byun T. Efficacy of Visual-Acoustic Biofeedback Intervention for Residual Rhotic Errors: A Single-Subject Randomization Study. J Speech Lang Hear Res. 2017 May 24;60(5):1175-1193. doi: 10.1044/2016_JSLHR-S-16-0038.
PubMed 28389677
Byun TM, Campbell H, Carey H, Liang W, Park TH, Svirsky M. Enhancing Intervention for Residual Rhotic Errors Via App-Delivered Biofeedback: A Case Study. J Speech Lang Hear Res. 2017 Jun 22;60(6S):1810-1817. doi: 10.1044/2017_JSLHR-S-16-0248.
PubMed 28655050
McAllister Byun T, Harel D, Halpin PF, Szeredi D. Deriving gradient measures of child speech from crowdsourced ratings. J Commun Disord. 2016 Nov-Dec;64:91-102. doi: 10.1016/j.jcomdis.2016.07.001. Epub 2016 Jul 6.
PubMed 27481555
Harel D, Hitchcock ER, Szeredi D, Ortiz J, McAllister Byun T. Finding the experts in the crowd: Validity and reliability of crowdsourced measures of children's gradient speech contrasts. Clin Linguist Phon. 2017;31(1):104-117. doi: 10.3109/02699206.2016.1174306. Epub 2016 Jun 7.
PubMed 27267258
Preston JL, Benway NR, Leece MC, Hitchcock ER, McAllister T. Tutorial: Motor-Based Treatment Strategies for /r/ Distortions. Lang Speech Hear Serv Sch. 2020 Oct 2;51(4):966-980. doi: 10.1044/2020_LSHSS-20-00012. Epub 2020 Aug 12.
PubMed 32783706
Byun TM, Hitchcock ER, Swartz MT. Retroflex versus bunched in treatment for rhotic misarticulation: evidence from ultrasound biofeedback intervention. J Speech Lang Hear Res. 2014 Dec;57(6):2116-30. doi: 10.1044/2014_JSLHR-S-14-0034.
PubMed 25088034
Hitchcock, ER, Cabbage, KL, T. Swartz, M, Carrell, TD. Measuring Speech Perception Using the Wide-Range Acoustic Accuracy Scale: Preliminary Findings. Perspectives of the ASHA Special Interest Groups, 5(4):1098-1112, 2020.
Dugan SH, Silbert N, McAllister T, Preston JL, Sotto C, Boyce SE. Modelling category goodness judgments in children with residual sound errors. Clin Linguist Phon. 2019;33(4):295-315. doi: 10.1080/02699206.2018.1477834. Epub 2018 May 24.
PubMed 29792525
McAllister Byun T, Tiede M. Perception-production relations in later development of American English rhotics. PLoS One. 2017 Feb 16;12(2):e0172022. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0172022. eCollection 2017.
PubMed 28207800
McAllister T, Preston JL, Hitchcock ER, Hill J. Protocol for Correcting Residual Errors with Spectral, ULtrasound, Traditional Speech therapy Randomized Controlled Trial (C-RESULTS RCT). BMC Pediatr. 2020 Feb 11;20(1):66. doi: 10.1186/s12887-020-1941-5.
PubMed 32046671
Hitchcock ER, Byun TM. Enhancing generalisation in biofeedback intervention using the challenge point framework: a case study. Clin Linguist Phon. 2015 Jan;29(1):59-75. doi: 10.3109/02699206.2014.956232. Epub 2014 Sep 12.
PubMed 25216375
McAllister Byun T, Swartz MT, Halpin PF, Szeredi D, Maas E. Direction of attentional focus in biofeedback treatment for /r/ misarticulation. Int J Lang Commun Disord. 2016 Jul;51(4):384-401. doi: 10.1111/1460-6984.12215. Epub 2016 Mar 6.
PubMed 26947142
Byun TM, Hitchcock ER, Ferron J. Masked Visual Analysis: Minimizing Type I Error in Visually Guided Single-Case Design for Communication Disorders. J Speech Lang Hear Res. 2017 Jun 10;60(6):1455-1466. doi: 10.1044/2017_JSLHR-S-16-0344.
PubMed 28595354

Want to know more?

The sponsor has not listed a contact. The official record may have more details.

Talk to your doctor first and take this page with you. Only the study team can confirm whether you can join.

Questions to ask the study team

What is the study trying to find out?
What would I need to do, and how often would I visit?
Could I receive a placebo instead of the treatment?
What are the possible risks and benefits for me?
Will it cost me anything? Are travel or time paid for?
Can I keep seeing my own doctor during the study?
What happens when the study ends?

See locations

Recruiting
Feasibility and Preliminary Effects of a Therapeutic Approach Using Ultrasound Visual Biofeedback in Children With AFI: a Pilot Randomized Clinical Trial.
Childhood Apraxia of Speech, Speech Sound Disorders
Recruiting
Improving Spatial Perception and Speech Understanding in Multitalker Mixtures
Hearing Loss
Recruiting
BiOfeedback, Online for Sibilant Treatment
Speech Sound Disorder
Recruiting
Online Rotating Delivery of Perception/Production Enhanced Treatment for Rhotics
Speech Sound Disorder
Recruiting
High-intensity vs Low-intensity Speech Intervention in Children With Phonological Speech Sound Disorders
Speech Therapy, Speech Disorders in Children

All Speech Sound Disorder trials

Study at a glance

From the registry record, last updated by the sponsor on 17 Feb 2026. Recruitment status is as the sponsor reported it: confirm with the study team.

Official title: Online Assessment and Enhancement of Auditory Perception for Speech Sound Errors: Visual Acoustic Biofeedback for RSE Via Telepractice
ClinicalTrials.gov ID: NCT04858022
Acronym / sponsor ID: 20-21-2137-Study 2
Conditions: Speech Sound Disorder
Keywords: speech, articulation, auditory perception
Phase: Phase 2
Study type: Interventional
Recruitment status: Completed
Enrolment: 40 participants (actual)
Lead sponsor: Montclair State UniversityUniversity, hospital or other
Collaborators: National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD), New York University, Syracuse University
Study start: 15 Jan 2022 (actual)
Primary completion: 15 Apr 2024 (actual)
Study completion: 15 Apr 2024 (actual)
First posted: 23 Apr 2021 (actual)
Results: Posted 17 Feb 2026

Clinical summary

The research question as the sponsor registered it. This describes what the study plans to test, not what it found.

This research will meet a public health need by evaluating the efficacy of speech intervention supplemented with real-time visual-acoustic biofeedback when delivered using remote technologies.

Detailed description

Study design

Primary purpose: Treatment
Allocation: Randomised
Intervention model: Crossover
Masking: Single blind (outcomes assessor)
Number of arms: 2
Model description: This is a randomized, two-period crossover trial. Participants will be randomly assigned to one of two sequences: (1) 10 weeks (20 sessions) of visual-acoustic biofeedback treatment via telepractice followed by 10 weeks of no treatment, or (2) 10 weeks of no treatment followed by 10 weeks (20 sessions) of biofeedback treatment. Outcomes will be assessed at baseline (before the first phase), after 10 weeks (post-Period 1), and after 20 weeks (post-Period 2). The primary outcome is production accuracy, measured using standardized probes with 50 words containing the target /r/ sound in various phonetic contexts. Randomization determines the order of treatment and control phases for each participant.

Arm	Type	Receives
Visual-Acoustic Biofeedback Treatment via Telepractice Followed by No Treatment	Experimental	Behavioral: Visual-Acoustic Biofeedback Treatment, Other: No TreatmentCondition1: Treatment phase followed by no-treatment Children with RSE and typical perception will be allocated to a randomized controlled trial measuring the efficacy of online visual-acoustic biofeedback treatment. Twenty children with RSE will receive 10 weeks of visual-acoustic biofeedback training via video call.
No Treatment Followed by Visual-Acoustic Biofeedback Treatment via Telepractice	Experimental	Behavioral: Visual-Acoustic Biofeedback Treatment, Other: No TreatmentCondition 2: No treatment followed by treatment phase Following the initial evaluation, 20 children with RSE will be allocated to a 10 week no treatment condition.

Who may qualify

Ages: 9 to 15 years
Sex: All
Healthy volunteers: Accepted
Age groups: Child

Key inclusion criteria (7 listed)

Must be between 9;0 and 15;11 years of age at the time of enrollment.
Must speak English as the dominant language (i.e., must have begun learning English by age 2, per parent report).
Must speak a rhotic dialect of English.
Must pass a pure-tone hearing screening at 20dB hearing level.
Must pass a brief examination of oral structure and function.

Key exclusion criteria (3 listed)

Must not receive a T score more than 1.3 SD below the mean on the Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence-2 (WASI-2) Matrix Reasoning
Must not receive a scaled score of 7 or higher on the Recalling Sentences and Formulated Sentences subtests of the Clinical Evaluation of Language Fundamentals-5 (CELF-5).
Must not have an existing diagnosis of developmental disability or major neurobehavioral syndrome such as cerebral palsy, Down Syndrome, or Autism Spectrum Disorder

Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening; this overview does not establish that a patient qualifies. Full inclusion and exclusion criteria.

Interventions

Intervention	Type	Arms
Visual-Acoustic Biofeedback TreatmentIn visual-acoustic biofeedback treatment, the elements of traditional articulatory treatment (i.e., auditory models and verbal descriptions of articulator placement) are enhanced with a dynamic display of the speech signal in the form of the real-time LPC (Linear Predictive Coding) spectrum. Because correct vs incorrect productions of /r/ contrast acoustically in the frequency of the third formant (F3), participants will be cued to make their real-time LPC spectrum match a visual target characterized by a low F3 frequency. They will be encouraged to attend to the visual display while adjusting the placement of their articulators and observing how those adjustments impact F3.	Behavioural	No Treatment Followed by Visual-Acoustic Biofeedback Treatment via Telepractice, Visual-Acoustic Biofeedback Treatment via Telepractice Followed by No Treatment
No Treatment10-week period of no treatment	Other	No Treatment Followed by Visual-Acoustic Biofeedback Treatment via Telepractice, Visual-Acoustic Biofeedback Treatment via Telepractice Followed by No Treatment

Primary outcome

Rhotic Accuracy (/r/)
Time frame: BL - (Initial Assessments:1-2 weeks), MP-(Midpoint assessment -1 day following First Period (10 weeks), MN - (Maintenance Assessment -1 day following Second Period (10 weeks).
To evaluate the generalization of treatment effects to untreated words, participants will complete standardized word probes comprising 50 target words. The primary outcome measure is the proportion of words rated as "correct" across all tokens, reflecting perceptual accuracy of the participant's responses.

1 secondary outcome

Change in Social-emotional Well-being
Time frame: Survey completed at BL ( evaluation) and MN ( 1 day following Second period duration). Same for both groups.

Results and safety

Results posted to the registry on 17 Feb 2026, as reported by the sponsor. Figures are copied from the record, not re-analysed. Full results on ClinicalTrials.gov.

Participant flow

Group	Started	Completed
Visual-acoustic Biofeedback Treatment Via Telepractice First, Then No Treatment	19	19
No Treatment First, Then Visual-acoustic Biofeedback Treatment Via Telepractice	21	21

Primary outcome: Rhotic Accuracy (/r/)

Time frame: BL - (Initial Assessments:1-2 weeks), MP-(Midpoint assessment -1 day following First Period (10 weeks), MN - (Maintenance Assessment -1 day following Second Period (10 weeks).. Mean (Standard Deviation). Unit: mean difference in percent correct

Measure	Visual-acoustic Biofeedback Treatment Via Telepractice Followed by No Treatment n = 19	No Treatment Followed by Visual-acoustic Biofeedback Treatment Via Telepractice n = 21
Visual-acoustic biofeedback treatment via Telepractice	30.55 (29.20)	28.60 (30.33)
No treatment	9.54 (11.12)	-.78 (8.85)

Visual-acoustic Biofeedback Treatment Via Telepractice Followed by No Treatment: Cohen's d Effect Size: 1.41
No Treatment Followed by Visual-acoustic Biofeedback Treatment Via Telepractice: Cohen's d Effect Size: 1.83

Population analysed: In this crossover design, all participants receive both visual-acoustic biofeedback via telepractice and a no-treatment period, but in different orders. This means both arms experience both interventions. Describing both conditions in each arm is necessary: the only difference is the sequence-one arm receives treatment first, the other receives it second. Thus, reporting is combined because every participant has exposure to both study phases.

1 secondary outcome is reported in the full results.

Adverse events

Time frame: 23 weeks. Other adverse events reported at 0% frequency or more

Group	Serious adverse events	Other adverse events	Deaths
Visual-Acoustic Biofeedback Treatment Via Telepractice Followed by No Treatment	0 of 19 (0%)	0 of 19 (0%)	0 of 19
No Treatment Followed by Visual-Acoustic Biofeedback Treatment Via Telepractice	0 of 21 (0%)	0 of 21 (0%)	0 of 21

Loading the posted results from ClinicalTrials.gov…

Research links

Official record on ClinicalTrials.govLast updated by the sponsor 17 Feb 2026.
Posted resultsParticipant flow, baseline, all outcome measures and adverse events.
Background: PubMed 32097058Preston JL, Hitchcock ER, Leece MC. Auditory Perception and Ultrasound Biofeedback Treatment Outcomes for Children With Residual /ɹ/ Distortions: A Randomized Controlled Trial. J Speech Lang Hear Res. 2020 Feb 26;63(2):444-455. doi: 10.1044/2019_JSLHR-19-00060. Epub 2020 Feb 26.
Background: PubMed 22442281Byun TM, Hitchcock ER. Investigating the use of traditional and spectral biofeedback approaches to intervention for /r/ misarticulation. Am J Speech Lang Pathol. 2012 Aug;21(3):207-21. doi: 10.1044/1058-0360(2012/11-0083). Epub 2012 Mar 21.
Background: PubMed 28389677McAllister Byun T. Efficacy of Visual-Acoustic Biofeedback Intervention for Residual Rhotic Errors: A Single-Subject Randomization Study. J Speech Lang Hear Res. 2017 May 24;60(5):1175-1193. doi: 10.1044/2016_JSLHR-S-16-0038.
Background: PubMed 28655050Byun TM, Campbell H, Carey H, Liang W, Park TH, Svirsky M. Enhancing Intervention for Residual Rhotic Errors Via App-Delivered Biofeedback: A Case Study. J Speech Lang Hear Res. 2017 Jun 22;60(6S):1810-1817. doi: 10.1044/2017_JSLHR-S-16-0248.
Background: PubMed 27481555McAllister Byun T, Harel D, Halpin PF, Szeredi D. Deriving gradient measures of child speech from crowdsourced ratings. J Commun Disord. 2016 Nov-Dec;64:91-102. doi: 10.1016/j.jcomdis.2016.07.001. Epub 2016 Jul 6.
Background: PubMed 27267258Harel D, Hitchcock ER, Szeredi D, Ortiz J, McAllister Byun T. Finding the experts in the crowd: Validity and reliability of crowdsourced measures of children's gradient speech contrasts. Clin Linguist Phon. 2017;31(1):104-117. doi: 10.3109/02699206.2016.1174306. Epub 2016 Jun 7.
Background: PubMed 32783706Preston JL, Benway NR, Leece MC, Hitchcock ER, McAllister T. Tutorial: Motor-Based Treatment Strategies for /r/ Distortions. Lang Speech Hear Serv Sch. 2020 Oct 2;51(4):966-980. doi: 10.1044/2020_LSHSS-20-00012. Epub 2020 Aug 12.
Background: PubMed 25088034Byun TM, Hitchcock ER, Swartz MT. Retroflex versus bunched in treatment for rhotic misarticulation: evidence from ultrasound biofeedback intervention. J Speech Lang Hear Res. 2014 Dec;57(6):2116-30. doi: 10.1044/2014_JSLHR-S-14-0034.
BackgroundHitchcock, ER, Cabbage, KL, T. Swartz, M, Carrell, TD. Measuring Speech Perception Using the Wide-Range Acoustic Accuracy Scale: Preliminary Findings. Perspectives of the ASHA Special Interest Groups, 5(4):1098-1112, 2020.
Background: PubMed 29792525Dugan SH, Silbert N, McAllister T, Preston JL, Sotto C, Boyce SE. Modelling category goodness judgments in children with residual sound errors. Clin Linguist Phon. 2019;33(4):295-315. doi: 10.1080/02699206.2018.1477834. Epub 2018 May 24.
Background: PubMed 28207800McAllister Byun T, Tiede M. Perception-production relations in later development of American English rhotics. PLoS One. 2017 Feb 16;12(2):e0172022. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0172022. eCollection 2017.
Background: PubMed 32046671McAllister T, Preston JL, Hitchcock ER, Hill J. Protocol for Correcting Residual Errors with Spectral, ULtrasound, Traditional Speech therapy Randomized Controlled Trial (C-RESULTS RCT). BMC Pediatr. 2020 Feb 11;20(1):66. doi: 10.1186/s12887-020-1941-5.
Individual participant dataSharing planned: No

Related trials for Speech Sound Disorder

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Feasibility and Preliminary Effects of a Therapeutic Approach Using Ultrasound Visual Biofeedback in Children With AFI: a Pilot Randomized Clinical Trial.
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Referral and contact

AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals. Contact the study team or a site listed below; they decide who can take part. This study is not recruiting at the moment.

Elaine R. Hitchcock, PhD principal investigator

Montclair State University

1 site in 1 country: see every site and its status.

Questions about this trial

What is this clinical trial studying?

A Phase 2 study testing Visual-Acoustic Biofeedback Treatment and No Treatment in people with Speech Sound Disorder, run by Montclair State University at 1 site in United States.

The full registered description is in the About this study section and the official record.

Who may be eligible to take part?

The sponsor lists 7 inclusion and 3 exclusion criteria. Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening, so read the full criteria and contact a listed site.

Is this clinical trial currently recruiting?

The record says: finished, as of the sponsor's last update on 17 Feb 2026. Status can change between updates, so confirm with the study contact before making plans.

Where is the study taking place?

The record lists 1 site in United States. Whether a site is taking part right now should be confirmed with that site. See every site.

What are the possible benefits and risks?

They depend on the study and the treatment, and no study can promise a benefit. The study team explains the known risks during informed consent, before anyone joins; the record itself does not list them.

What does this phase mean?

Phase 2 studies give the treatment to a larger group to see whether it has the intended effect and to keep checking safety.

Not every study follows the same path, and some studies (observational studies, device studies) have no phase.

Are results available for this study?

Yes. Results are posted in the registry (first posted 17 Feb 2026). A summary is in the For doctors view, and the full results are on ClinicalTrials.gov.

How can a doctor refer a patient or contact the research team?

The record lists no contact. The official record names the sponsor, who can be asked directly. AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals.

What does the primary outcome measure?

Rhotic Accuracy (/r/) (time frame: BL - (Initial Assessments:1-2 weeks), MP-(Midpoint assessment -1 day following First Period (10 weeks), MN - (Maintenance Assessment -1 day following Second Period (10 weeks).). It is what the study was designed to measure, not a finding.

Where can I read the original study information?

On the ClinicalTrials.gov record for NCT04858022, which also lists 19 linked publications.

Does a listing mean the treatment is approved or proven to work?

No. A listing means the study is registered. It does not show that the treatment is safe, works, or is approved by a regulator.

How often is this information updated?

AzTrials copies changed records from ClinicalTrials.gov every night and reloads the whole registry every week. The sponsor last updated this record on 17 Feb 2026.