SwimmingNePTUNE-3NCT05011591
Swimming Economy in Swimmers and Paraswimmers as a Function of SR(Stroke Rate) and V(Velocity) Manipulations (NePTUNE-3)
A study testing Swimming economy in people with Swimming and Coordination Lack, run by University of Rouen Normandie at 1 site in France.
Trial summary
The competitive swimming and open water swimming events are scheduled for the 2024 Paris Olympic and Paralympian Games. Generally associated with a non-neglectable number of medals in the last Olympics, swimming performance depends on the swimmer's ability to manage his or her Stroke Length and Stroke Rate, where… Read more about this study
- Who is it for?
- Ages 12 to 50 yearsHealthy volunteers can take part
- Conditions the study is for
- Swimming, Coordination Lack, Oxygen Consumption
- What is being tested?
- Swimming economy
- Could I receive a placebo?
- No, everyone receives an active treatment
- How many people
- 58 participants
- Where
- 1 siteFrance
- Study dates
- 1 Sep 2021to 1 Aug 2024
- Phase
- Interventional
- Are there results?
- None posted in the registry
Key requirements
Who can take part, as listed by the sponsor. Only the study team can confirm whether you are eligible, so take this list to your doctor.
- Ages 12 to 50 years
- All sexes
- Healthy volunteers accepted
- Child, Adult
Who may be able to join
- High-level swimmers and para-swimmers on ministerial lists
- Current license to participate in national and international competitions
- Over 12 and under 50 years old
- Signed consent form
- Willingness to participate / cooperate
Who cannot join
- Absence of authorization from legal guardians for the minor athlete at the time of inclusion in the study.
- For disabled athletes: non-union fracture, pressure sore stage 2 or more, infection (CRP > 5, body temperature > 38°C), non-union musculo-tendinous lesion at the time of inclusion.
- Hemophilia, coagulation disorders
- Regular medication intake that may influence the data
- Any metabolic or hormonal disorder. Contraindications to competitive swimming
- Any other condition that the investigating physician considers may pose an individual risk or interfere with the evaluation of the data.
Trial locations and contacts
1 site in 1 country.
France1 site
Institut National du Sport, de l'Expertise et de la Performance
Paris, 75012
About this study
Official title: Effects of Manipulating Swimming Speed and Frequency on Swimming Economy in High-level Swimmers and Para-swimmers
The competitive swimming and open water swimming events are scheduled for the 2024 Paris Olympic and Paralympian Games. Generally associated with a non-neglectable number of medals in the last Olympics, swimming performance depends on the swimmer's ability to manage his or her Stroke Length and Stroke Rate, where Velocity can be defined as the product of SR and SL. The optimisation of this management depends on the swimmer's ability to develop a large motor repertoire and to use the coordination mode (catch-up, opposition, superposition) best suited to the environmental constraints and opponents' adversity. These adaptations may contribute to 1) a modification of the energy expenditure or be dependent on the energy supply necessary for muscular contraction and 2) the preferential use of one or other of the metabolic pathways in the production of this chemical energy, moreover in an aquatic environment inducing particular thermal exchanges.
Read the detailed description
To swim fast, one need to be able to create great propelling forces in addition to minimizing resistance. Propulsion emerged from the appropriate spatial-temporal coordination of the four limbs. The purpose of this study is to determine the motor repertoire (coordination possibilities) of each swimmer and para-swimmer in order to monitor their swimming economy, as a function of their energy expenditure. Crawl coordination has been studied extensively, and recent technologies such as inertial units and machine learning methods may be combined to characterize it automatically. There is a strong need to extend this knowledge to the other three swimming strokes and adapt it to para-swimmers' disabilities to clearly measure the impacts of SR and V manipulations on swimming economy.
Swimming is performed in a complex aquatic environment serving both as a support for propulsion and as a resistance to progress forward. Therefore, to properly behave through water, swimmers coordinate their limbs to increase their velocity (V). Cyclic activities performance, such as swimming, corresponds to the reaching of high speed, defined by the product of stroke length (SL, in m.cycle-1) and stroke frequency (SR, cycles.min-1). Many authors have therefore focused on the behaviors of elite swimmers and they observed a change in arm coordination when values of 1.8 m.s-1 in V and/or 50 cycles.min-1 in SR were reached. Such results are related to the high degree of flexibility in the swimmer's motor behavior , that should not imply an additional energy expenditure that may become detrimental to performance. Studies showed that changes in V and/or SR would influence the value of the energy cost of swimming. These studies, mainly performed in front crawl would be of valuable interest to develop for all other strokes (i.e. breaststroke, butterfly and backstroke) and for multiple group of participants (i.e. para-swimmers).
Two intermittent swimming tests of progressive velocity will be performed in the swimmers' and para-swimmers' specialty with or without prescription of the SR. Coordination and physiological variables will be collected to investigate if changes in motor behaviors are linked to changes in energy expenditure.
The study will be performed in two main centers, with a duration of the inclusion period equals to 3 years. Moreover, the duration of participation of each participant is also fixed to 3 years . One of the objectives is obtaining a landscape of possible motor behaviors for each participant according to the manipulation of swimming frequency and speed. This 'landscape' will show whether, for all participants, the behavioral adaptations are efficient (in reference to their energy expenditure).
- Being tested
- Swimming economy
- Keywords
- swimming economy, Para-swimmers, Athletes, Energetics, coordination
- Medical subject headings
- Ataxia, Hyperlactatemia
What participants receive
What participants receive. In a randomised study each person is assigned to one group by chance.
Swimming economyOther
Detailed in arm's section
| Study group | Role | What they receive |
|---|---|---|
| swimming economy | Experimental | This is a study based on a comparative clinical trial (effect of an imposed V and/or SR on the swimming economy of swimmers or para-swimmers). This longitudinal study is carried out on a representative sample of swimmers and para-swimmers selected for their potential at the Paris 2024 Olympic and Paralympian Games. Following a standardized warm-up, all swimmers will perform intermittent swimming tests of progressive velocity in a 50 m indoor pool in their swimming specialty with or without an imposition of the SR to adopt. During the trials, the swimmers and para-swimmers will be equipped with inertial measurement units, as well as a heart rate monitor and tissue oximeters. The swimming and non-swimming phases will also be filmed continuously. Gas exchanges will be recorded 2 minutes after the warm-up and during the 7 minutes of passive recovery. Micro blood samples will be taken from the earlobe at the end of the warm-up and at 1, 3, 5 and 7 minutes of recovery between each trial. Receives: Other: Swimming economy |
What is being measured
The primary outcome is the main question the study is designed to answer.
Change in index of coordination (IdC) from motor behavior
To observe the effects of a manipulated swimming frequency or velocity on the coordination (this one was quantified in terms of an index of coordination (IdC) based on the lag time between the propulsive phases of each swimming movement) from motor behavior viewpoints in elite level swimmers and para-swimmers.
Measured: each 6 month during 3 years
Secondary outcomes (1)
Change in energy expenditure by contribution of aerobic and anaerobic metabolism.
To observe the effects of a manipulated swimming frequency or velocity on the variation of in the consumption of oxygen and lactic acid in elite level swimmers and para-swimmers.
Measured: each 6 month during 3 years
Timeline
From the start of the study to its completion; the mark is today. Estimated dates are the sponsor’s plan.
- First posted18 Aug 2021
- Study start1 Sep 2021
- Primary completion1 Sep 2022 (estimated)
- Study completion1 Aug 2024 (estimated)
Resources
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govThe registry entry this page is built from, with its full change history.
- Publications (6)Papers the sponsor has linked to this study.
- Other trials for SwimmingStudies of the same condition, open and under way.
- What the trial phases meanHow a treatment moves from first tests in people to approval.
More details
For doctors and researchers: how the study is designed, who runs it, and its registry IDs.
Study design
- Study type
- Interventional
- Phase
- Phase N/A
- Primary purpose
- Basic science
- Allocation
- Not applicable
- Intervention model
- Single group
- Masking
- None (open label)
- Enrolment
- 58 participants (estimated)
Sponsor and investigators
- Lead sponsor
- University of Rouen Normandie
- Sponsor type
- University, hospital or other
- Collaborators
- French Institute of Sport (INSEP), French swimming federation (FFN), French federation of handisport
- Responsible party
- Principal investigator, Letocart Adrien, University of Rouen Normandie
- Investigators
- Seifert Ludovic, Pr., Principal investigator, University of Rouen Normandie
IDs, dates and publications
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT05011591
- Sponsor's protocol ID
- URouenNormandie
- Acronym
- NePTUNE-3
- Status last verified
- May 2022
- First submitted
- 22 Jul 2021
- Last updated
- 18 May 2022
- Results posted
- No
- Data monitoring committee
- Yes
- FDA-regulated drug
- No
- FDA-regulated device
- No
- Individual data sharing
- No
Publications
Thompson KG, Haljand R, MacLaren DP. An analysis of selected kinematic variables in national and elite male and female 100-m and 200-m breaststroke swimmers. J Sports Sci. 2000 Jun;18(6):421-31. doi: 10.1080/02640410050074359.
PubMed 10902677Thompson KG, MacLaren DP, Lees A, Atkinson G. The effects of changing pace on metabolism and stroke characteristics during high-speed breaststroke swimming. J Sports Sci. 2004 Feb;22(2):149-57. doi: 10.1080/02640410310001641467.
PubMed 14998093Seifert L, Chollet D, Rouard A. Swimming constraints and arm coordination. Hum Mov Sci. 2007 Feb;26(1):68-86. doi: 10.1016/j.humov.2006.09.003. Epub 2006 Nov 28.
PubMed 17126942Seifert L, Komar J, Crettenand F, Millet G. Coordination pattern adaptability: energy cost of degenerate behaviors. PLoS One. 2014 Sep 25;9(9):e107839. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0107839. eCollection 2014.
PubMed 25255016Seifert L, Komar J, Araujo D, Davids K. Neurobiological degeneracy: A key property for functional adaptations of perception and action to constraints. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2016 Oct;69:159-65. doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.08.006. Epub 2016 Aug 6.
PubMed 27506266Ribeiro J, Toubekis AG, Figueiredo P, de Jesus K, Toussaint HM, Alves F, Vilas-Boas JP, Fernandes RJ. Biophysical Determinants of Front-Crawl Swimming at Moderate and Severe Intensities. Int J Sports Physiol Perform. 2017 Feb;12(2):241-246. doi: 10.1123/ijspp.2015-0766. Epub 2016 Aug 24.
PubMed 27248207
Study at a glance
From the registry record, last updated by the sponsor on 18 May 2022. Recruitment status is as the sponsor reported it: confirm with the study team.
- Official title
- Effects of Manipulating Swimming Speed and Frequency on Swimming Economy in High-level Swimmers and Para-swimmers
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT05011591
- Acronym / sponsor ID
- NePTUNE-3 / URouenNormandie
- Keywords
- swimming economy, Para-swimmers, Athletes, Energetics, coordination
- Study type
- Interventional
- Recruitment status
- Unknown status
- Enrolment
- 58 participants (estimated)
- Lead sponsor
- University of Rouen NormandieUniversity, hospital or other
- Collaborators
- French Institute of Sport (INSEP), French swimming federation (FFN), French federation of handisport
- Study start
- 1 Sep 2021 (actual)
- Primary completion
- 1 Sep 2022 (estimated)
- Study completion
- 1 Aug 2024 (estimated)
- First posted
- 18 Aug 2021 (actual)
- Results
- Not posted in the source record
Clinical summary
The research question as the sponsor registered it. This describes what the study plans to test, not what it found.
The competitive swimming and open water swimming events are scheduled for the 2024 Paris Olympic and Paralympian Games. Generally associated with a non-neglectable number of medals in the last Olympics, swimming performance depends on the swimmer's ability to manage his or her Stroke Length and Stroke Rate, where Velocity can be defined as the product of SR and SL. The optimisation of this management depends on the swimmer's ability to develop a large motor repertoire and to use the coordination mode (catch-up, opposition, superposition) best suited to the environmental constraints and opponents' adversity. These adaptations may contribute to 1) a modification of the energy expenditure or be dependent on the energy supply necessary for muscular contraction and 2) the preferential use of one or other of the metabolic pathways in the production of this chemical energy, moreover in an aquatic environment inducing particular thermal exchanges.
Detailed description
To swim fast, one need to be able to create great propelling forces in addition to minimizing resistance. Propulsion emerged from the appropriate spatial-temporal coordination of the four limbs. The purpose of this study is to determine the motor repertoire (coordination possibilities) of each swimmer and para-swimmer in order to monitor their swimming economy, as a function of their energy expenditure. Crawl coordination has been studied extensively, and recent technologies such as inertial units and machine learning methods may be combined to characterize it automatically. There is a strong need to extend this knowledge to the other three swimming strokes and adapt it to para-swimmers' disabilities to clearly measure the impacts of SR and V manipulations on swimming economy.
Swimming is performed in a complex aquatic environment serving both as a support for propulsion and as a resistance to progress forward. Therefore, to properly behave through water, swimmers coordinate their limbs to increase their velocity (V). Cyclic activities performance, such as swimming, corresponds to the reaching of high speed, defined by the product of stroke length (SL, in m.cycle-1) and stroke frequency (SR, cycles.min-1). Many authors have therefore focused on the behaviors of elite swimmers and they observed a change in arm coordination when values of 1.8 m.s-1 in V and/or 50 cycles.min-1 in SR were reached. Such results are related to the high degree of flexibility in the swimmer's motor behavior , that should not imply an additional energy expenditure that may become detrimental to performance. Studies showed that changes in V and/or SR would influence the value of the energy cost of swimming. These studies, mainly performed in front crawl would be of valuable interest to develop for all other strokes (i.e. breaststroke, butterfly and backstroke) and for multiple group of participants (i.e. para-swimmers).
Two intermittent swimming tests of progressive velocity will be performed in the swimmers' and para-swimmers' specialty with or without prescription of the SR. Coordination and physiological variables will be collected to investigate if changes in motor behaviors are linked to changes in energy expenditure.
The study will be performed in two main centers, with a duration of the inclusion period equals to 3 years. Moreover, the duration of participation of each participant is also fixed to 3 years . One of the objectives is obtaining a landscape of possible motor behaviors for each participant according to the manipulation of swimming frequency and speed. This 'landscape' will show whether, for all participants, the behavioral adaptations are efficient (in reference to their energy expenditure).
Study design
- Primary purpose
- Basic science
- Allocation
- Not applicable
- Intervention model
- Single group
- Masking
- None (open label)
- Number of arms
- 1
| Arm | Type | Receives |
|---|---|---|
| swimming economy | Experimental | Other: Swimming economyThis is a study based on a comparative clinical trial (effect of an imposed V and/or SR on the swimming economy of swimmers or para-swimmers). This longitudinal study is carried out on a representative sample of swimmers and para-swimmers selected for their potential at the Paris 2024 Olympic and Paralympian Games. Following a standardized warm-up, all swimmers will perform intermittent swimming tests of progressive velocity in a 50 m indoor pool in their swimming specialty with or without an imposition of the SR to adopt. During the trials, the swimmers and para-swimmers will be equipped with inertial measurement units, as well as a heart rate monitor and tissue oximeters. The swimming and non-swimming phases will also be filmed continuously. Gas exchanges will be recorded 2 minutes after the warm-up and during the 7 minutes of passive recovery. Micro blood samples will be taken from the earlobe at the end of the warm-up and at 1, 3, 5 and 7 minutes of recovery between each trial. |
Who may qualify
- Ages
- 12 to 50 years
- Sex
- All
- Healthy volunteers
- Accepted
- Age groups
- Child, Adult
Key inclusion criteria (5 listed)
- High-level swimmers and para-swimmers on ministerial lists
- Current license to participate in national and international competitions
- Over 12 and under 50 years old
- Signed consent form
- Willingness to participate / cooperate
Key exclusion criteria (6 listed)
- Absence of authorization from legal guardians for the minor athlete at the time of inclusion in the study.
- For disabled athletes: non-union fracture, pressure sore stage 2 or more, infection (CRP > 5, body temperature > 38°C), non-union musculo-tendinous lesion at the time of inclusion.
- Hemophilia, coagulation disorders
- Regular medication intake that may influence the data
- Any metabolic or hormonal disorder. Contraindications to competitive swimming
Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening; this overview does not establish that a patient qualifies. Full inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Interventions
| Intervention | Type | Arms |
|---|---|---|
| Swimming economyDetailed in arm's section | Other | swimming economy |
Primary outcome
Change in index of coordination (IdC) from motor behavior
Time frame: each 6 month during 3 years
To observe the effects of a manipulated swimming frequency or velocity on the coordination (this one was quantified in terms of an index of coordination (IdC) based on the lag time between the propulsive phases of each swimming movement) from motor behavior viewpoints in elite level swimmers and para-swimmers.
1 secondary outcome
Change in energy expenditure by contribution of aerobic and anaerobic metabolism.
Time frame: each 6 month during 3 years
Results and safety
Results are not available in the source record.
Research links
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govLast updated by the sponsor 18 May 2022.
- Background: PubMed 10902677Thompson KG, Haljand R, MacLaren DP. An analysis of selected kinematic variables in national and elite male and female 100-m and 200-m breaststroke swimmers. J Sports Sci. 2000 Jun;18(6):421-31. doi: 10.1080/02640410050074359.
- Background: PubMed 14998093Thompson KG, MacLaren DP, Lees A, Atkinson G. The effects of changing pace on metabolism and stroke characteristics during high-speed breaststroke swimming. J Sports Sci. 2004 Feb;22(2):149-57. doi: 10.1080/02640410310001641467.
- Background: PubMed 17126942Seifert L, Chollet D, Rouard A. Swimming constraints and arm coordination. Hum Mov Sci. 2007 Feb;26(1):68-86. doi: 10.1016/j.humov.2006.09.003. Epub 2006 Nov 28.
- Background: PubMed 25255016Seifert L, Komar J, Crettenand F, Millet G. Coordination pattern adaptability: energy cost of degenerate behaviors. PLoS One. 2014 Sep 25;9(9):e107839. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0107839. eCollection 2014.
- Background: PubMed 27506266Seifert L, Komar J, Araujo D, Davids K. Neurobiological degeneracy: A key property for functional adaptations of perception and action to constraints. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2016 Oct;69:159-65. doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.08.006. Epub 2016 Aug 6.
- Background: PubMed 27248207Ribeiro J, Toubekis AG, Figueiredo P, de Jesus K, Toussaint HM, Alves F, Vilas-Boas JP, Fernandes RJ. Biophysical Determinants of Front-Crawl Swimming at Moderate and Severe Intensities. Int J Sports Physiol Perform. 2017 Feb;12(2):241-246. doi: 10.1123/ijspp.2015-0766. Epub 2016 Aug 24.
- Description of the projectLink provided by the sponsor.
- Individual participant dataSharing planned: No
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Referral and contact
AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals. Contact the study team or a site listed below; they decide who can take part. This study is not recruiting at the moment.
Seifert Ludovic, Pr. principal investigator
University of Rouen Normandie
1 site in 1 country: see every site and its status.
Questions about this trial
What is this clinical trial studying?
A study testing Swimming economy in people with Swimming and Coordination Lack, run by University of Rouen Normandie at 1 site in France.
The full registered description is in the About this study section and the official record.
Who may be eligible to take part?
The sponsor lists 5 inclusion and 6 exclusion criteria. Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening, so read the full criteria and contact a listed site.
Is this clinical trial currently recruiting?
The record says: status not confirmed, as of the sponsor's last update on 18 May 2022. Status can change between updates, so confirm with the study contact before making plans.
Where is the study taking place?
The record lists 1 site in France. Whether a site is taking part right now should be confirmed with that site. See every site.
What are the possible benefits and risks?
They depend on the study and the treatment, and no study can promise a benefit. The study team explains the known risks during informed consent, before anyone joins; the record itself does not list them.
Are results available for this study?
Results are not available in the source record.
How can a doctor refer a patient or contact the research team?
The record lists no contact. The official record names the sponsor, who can be asked directly. AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals.
What does the primary outcome measure?
Change in index of coordination (IdC) from motor behavior (time frame: each 6 month during 3 years). It is what the study was designed to measure, not a finding.
Where can I read the original study information?
On the ClinicalTrials.gov record for NCT05011591, which also lists 6 linked publications.
Does a listing mean the treatment is approved or proven to work?
No. A listing means the study is registered. It does not show that the treatment is safe, works, or is approved by a regulator.
How often is this information updated?
AzTrials copies changed records from ClinicalTrials.gov every night and reloads the whole registry every week. The sponsor last updated this record on 18 May 2022.