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StrokeNCT05163210

Effectiveness of AOT Based on Virtual Reality in Stroke Rehabilitation.

A study testing AO+VR and CO+VR in people with Stroke and Hemiplegia, run by Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Parma at 2 sites in Italy.

Completed

Finished. The study has ended and is not enrolling. Results may be posted on the official record.

Official record
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Trial summary

Rehabilitation of paretic stroke patients, aimed to improve function of the impaired upper limb, uses a wide range of intervention programs. A new rehabilitative approach, called Action Observation Therapy (AOT), based on the discovery of mirror neurons, has been used to improve motor functions of adult stroke… Read more about this study

Who is it for?
Ages 18 to 80 years
Conditions the study is for
Stroke, Hemiplegia, Hemiparesis
What is being tested?
AO+VR and CO+VR
Could I receive a placebo?
Yes, some participants may receive a placebo
How many people
48 participants
Where
2 sitesItaly
Study dates
24 Sep 2021to 24 Sep 2024
Phase
Interventional
Are there results?
None posted in the registry

Key requirements

Who can take part, as listed by the sponsor. Only the study team can confirm whether you are eligible, so take this list to your doctor.

  • Ages 18 to 80 years
  • All sexes
  • No healthy volunteers
  • Adult, Older adult

Who may be able to join

  • primarily motor symptoms with unilateral upper limb paresis (controlled via standard neurological examination);
  • residual movement ability of the paretic upper limb, controlled by Medical Research Council (MRC) index > 2 and < 4, active use of the hemiplegic limb, from minimal (mainly for assistance tasks to the preserved limb) to discrete (characterized by coarse manipulation and an inability to perform precision grip);
  • sufficient cooperation and cognitive understanding to participate in the activities, controlled by the investigator recruiting the patient.

Who cannot join

  • severe cognitive impairment (score <20 on MMSE);
  • presence of severe forms of unilateral spatial neglect (Bells Test, cut-off =/> 50% ).
  • presence of severe anosognosia;
  • presence of severe language comprehension deficits assessed by clinical examination;
  • presence of severe untreated psychiatric disorders;
  • sensory impairment hindering participation and/or not compensated visual deficits of central origin;
  • drug-resistant epilepsy;
  • presence of cognitive disability (IQ < 65) controlled by administration of Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale IV (WAIS-IV) (Wechsler, 2008).

Trial locations and contacts

2 sites in 1 country.

Italy2 sites

  • Istituto Clinico Quarenghi

    Bergamo, Lombardy, I-24016

  • Centro Cardinal Ferrari, Gruppo S. Stefano Riabilitazione

    Parma, Emilia-Romagna, I-43012

Other trials in Italy

About this study

Official title: Effectiveness of Action Observation Therapy Based on Virtual Reality Technology in Motor Rehabilitation of Paretic Stroke Patients: a Randomized Clinical Trial

Rehabilitation of paretic stroke patients, aimed to improve function of the impaired upper limb, uses a wide range of intervention programs. A new rehabilitative approach, called Action Observation Therapy (AOT), based on the discovery of mirror neurons, has been used to improve motor functions of adult stroke patients and children with cerebral palsy. Recently, Virtual Reality (VR) provided the potential to increase the frequency and the effectiveness of rehabilitation treatment and offered challenging and motivating tasks. The purpose of the present project is to design a randomized, controlled, six-month follow-up trial (RCT) for evaluating whether action observation (AO) added to standard VR (AO+VR) is effective in improving upper limb function in patients with stroke, compared with a control treatment consisting in observation of naturalistic scenes (CO) devoid of action content, followed by VR training (CO+VR). The AO+VR treatment may represent an extension of the current rehabilitative interventions available for recovery after stroke and the outcome of the project could allow to include this treatment within the standard sensorimotor training or in individualized tele-rehabilitation.

Read the detailed description

Stroke is the leading cause of disability among adults, and more than 60% of stroke survivors have motor deficits, particularly related to the upper limb. Stroke rehabilitation usually involves intensive motor training aimed to promote adaptive plasticity, by reducing motor deficits and developing new motor learning strategies. It has recently been proposed that the systematic use of action observation (AO) followed by imitation (Action Observation Therapy - AOT) is an effective way to improve motor functions and to promote upper limb recovery in patients with motor disorders. During a typical AOT session, a series of daily life actions (e.g., grasping a key and inserting it into a lock) are practiced for about 2/5 weeks (with a frequency of 3-5 daily sessions per week). During each rehabilitation session, patients are instructed by the therapist to observe a specific action performed by an actor, presented as a short video-clip on a monitor, and afterwards to reproduce the previously observed action with the paretic limb. In each video, a single motor act is usually presented as observed from different perspectives (e.g., subjective, front or side view). This therapy is based on the neural model of the Mirror Neuron System (MNS), originally discovered in the monkey premotor and parietal cortex, formed by visuomotor neurons that become active both when a monkey performs a goal-directed motor act and when it simply observes the same o a similar motor act performed by the experimenter. A comparable MNS has also been identified in humans using different electrophysiological and neuroimaging techniques. In humans, the two main nodes of the MNS are the inferior parietal lobule (IPL) and the ventral premotor cortex (PMv), plus the caudal part of the inferior frontal gyrus (IFG).

AOT is considered particularly useful for activating the motor system in those conditions in which intensive motor training is not feasible, because of the severity of the impairment of motor functions or due to the presence of pain, inflammation, muscle fatigue. In the last years, new Virtual Reality-based (VR) rehabilitation treatments have been introduced, in order to present rehabilitation exercises in more practical and friendly setting. These treatments are generally well accepted by the patients because they offer several advantages: relatively low cost (in particular for semi-immersive versions), engaging environment, real-time personalization of exercises and greater adaptability to the patient's clinical features and progress, as well as possibility to record motor performance and to acquire and provide feedback to the patient in real time. Furthermore, VR exercises usually require a minimal therapist supervision, thereby facilitating home-based form of rehabilitation.

Several studies support the application of VR methods in the rehabilitation of the hemiplegic upper limb in patients with stroke. Recent literature reviews provided evidence for improvement of upper limb motor function and daily life activity after VR-based training, as compared to vicarious standard interventions. However, clinical evidence based on rigorous RCT on the effect of combined use of observation of actions followed by their immediate imitation in a VR environment (AO+VR therapy) are lacking, especially in the case of rehabilitation applied during the chronic phase after the stroke.

The main hypothesis is that, for the recovery of motor function of hemiplegic stroke patients, the combined rehabilitation treatment (AO+VR therapy) is more effective than a control treatment (Control Observation - CO) based on observation of videos without motor content (e.g., environmental natural scenes ), followed by the execution of actions in VR (CO+VR control therapy),.

In sum, the planned trial will examine the following hypotheses:

  1. AO+VR is an effective tool to promote upper limb control in paretic stroke patients, and its effects are higher than CO+VR control treatment.
  2. motor performance, cognitive level, and structural brain damage assessed before treatment are correlated to the degree of improvement determined by the AO+VR intervention;
  3. AO+VR intervention determines, as compared to CO+VR control treatment, plastic functional changes of the MNS activity.
Being tested
AO+VR, CO+VR
Keywords
action observation therapy, mirror neuron system, stroke, virtual reality, motor learning
Medical subject headings
Stroke, Hemiplegia, Paresis

What participants receive

What participants receive. In a randomised study each person is assigned to one group by chance.

  • AO+VRBehavioural

    The experimental treatment will consist of 15 hours (min. 15, max. 20), and will be carried out 4 days/week for a total duration of 5 weeks. During the rehabilitation sessions, the patient will be instructed to carefully watch videos lasting about 1.5 minutes, presented on Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) monitor, consisting in unimanual or bimanual actions performed by an actor, from a lateral perspective. Subsequently, the patient will be asked to imitate the actions presented for at least 3 consecutive times, within a time window of 3 min., using the same objects observed in the video, in a virtual scenario (VR), through the Khymeia Virtual Reality Rehabilitation System (VRRS).

  • CO+VRBehavioural

    Patients of the control group will be required to observe videos depicting naturalistic scenes, without motor contents, for 1.5 min. Then, they will receive a motor training in the VR environment, performing the same type of exercises included in the above-described experimental treatment, prompted by the verbal instructions of an expert therapist. Thus, the general setting for carrying out the rehabilitation sessions will be identical to that of the experimental treatment, except for the fact that the control group will not be involved in action observation before preforming the exercises. Thus, the control treatment is not based on action imitation, but on purely motor execution.

Study groups in NCT05163210
Study groupRoleWhat they receive
AO+VRExperimentalParticipants of the experimental group will undergo a treatment based on observation of actions followed by their immediate reproduction in VR (AO+VR treatment).
Receives: Behavioral: AO+VR
CO+VRPlacebo comparatorParticipants randomly assigned to the control group will receive an equal number of rehabilitation sessions, as the experimental group. Differently from the latter, patients of the control group will be required to observe videos depicting naturalistic scenes, without motor contents, for 1.5 min. Then, they will receive a motor training in the VR environment, performing the same type of exercises included in the above-described experimental treatment, prompted by the verbal instructions of an expert therapist.
Receives: Behavioral: CO+VR

What is being measured

The primary outcome is the main question the study is designed to answer.

  1. Change in Box and Block test (BBT) score between three time points

    BBT is a timed test for assessing upper limb dexterity and motor coordination. The test consists of 150 small wooden cubes (25 mm side) contained in a wooden box. The box is split in two equal compartments. The BBT administration consists of asking the client to move, one by one, the maximum number of blocks from one compartment to the other, within 60 seconds.

    The score is calculated as the number of blocks moved by the patient within 1 min, with the paretic hand. Score=0-100. Higher BBT scores between time points indicate a better outcome.

    Measured: Baseline (T0), after 5 weeks of treatment (T1) and after 6 months (T2).

Secondary outcomes (4)

  1. Change in Modified Ashworth scale (MAS) score between three time points

    Modified Ashworth Scale (MAS) is used to assess spasticity in patients with stroke. It is performed by extending the patients limb from a position of maximal possible flexion to maximal possible extension. Afterwards, the MAS is assessed while moving from extension to flexion.

    Scoring: 0=No increase in tone. 1=Slight increase in tone giving a catch when slight increase in muscle tone, manifested by the limb was moved in flexion or extension. 2=Slight increase in muscle tone, manifested by a catch followed by minimal resistance throughout (ROM ). 3=More marked increase in tone but more marked increased in muscle tone through most limb easily flexed. 4=Considerable increase in tone, passive movement difficult. 5=Limb rigid in flexion or extension. Lower scores between time points indicate a better outcome.

    Measured: Baseline (T0), after 5 weeks of treatment (T1) and after 6 months (T2).

  2. Change in Motricity Index (MI) score between three time points

    The Motricity Index is used to measure strength in upper and lower extremities after stroke. Minimum score: 0. Maximum score: 100. Higher scores between time points indicate a better outcome.

    Measured: Baseline (T0), after 5 weeks of treatment (T1) and after 6 months (T2).

  3. Change in Rankin Scale (RS) score between three time points

    The Rankin Scale measures the degree of disability or dependence in the daily activities of people who have suffered a stroke or other causes of neurological disability. Score: 0=No symptoms at all. 1=No significant disability despite symptoms. able to carry out all usual duties and activities. 2=Slight disability, unable to carry out all previous activities, but able to look after own affairs without assistance. 3=Moderate disability; requiring some help, but able to walk without assistance. 4=Moderately severe disability; unable to walk and attend to bodily needs without assistance. 5=Severe disability, bedridden, incontinent and requiring constant nursing care and attention. Lower scores between time points indicate a better outcome.

    Measured: Baseline (T0), after 5 weeks of treatment (T1) and after 6 months (T2).

  4. Change in Barthel Index (BI) score between three time points

    The Barthel Scale/Index is an ordinal scale used to measure performance in activities of daily living (ADL). Ten variables describing ADL and mobility are scored, a higher number being a reflection of greater ability to function independently following hospital discharge.Time taken and physical assistance required to perform each item are used in determining the assigned value of each item. Score: 0-20= "total" dependency. 21-60="severe" dependency. 61-90= "moderate" dependency. 91-99="slight" dependency.

    Higher scores between time points indicate a better outcome.

    Measured: Baseline (T0), after 5 weeks of treatment (T1) and after 6 months (T2).

Timeline

From the start of the study to its completion; the mark is today. Estimated dates are the sponsor’s plan.

  1. First posted20 Dec 2021
  2. Study start24 Sep 2021
  3. Primary completion1 Sep 2024
  4. Study completion24 Sep 2024

Resources

More details

For doctors and researchers: how the study is designed, who runs it, and its registry IDs.

Study design
Study type
Interventional
Phase
Phase N/A
Primary purpose
Treatment
Allocation
Randomised
Intervention model
Parallel groups
Model description
This study will consist in a multicentric, randomized, allocation concealed (waitlist-controlled) and evaluator-blinded clinical trial (RCT) with two investigative arms, using an intensive rehabilitation program based on the combined use of AO followed by imitation in VR (AO+VR) (experimental intervention) compared to a control treatment based on observation of control videos followed by action execution in VR (CO+VR) (control intervention).
Masking
Double blind
Who is masked
Participant, Outcomes assessor
Enrolment
48 participants (actual)
IDs, dates and publications
ClinicalTrials.gov ID
NCT05163210
Sponsor's protocol ID
SG-2019-12370506
Status last verified
May 2025
First submitted
23 Nov 2021
Last updated
22 May 2025
Results posted
No
Data monitoring committee
Yes
FDA-regulated drug
No
FDA-regulated device
No
Individual data sharing
No

Publications

  • Buchignani B, Beani E, Pomeroy V, Iacono O, Sicola E, Perazza S, Bieber E, Feys H, Klingels K, Cioni G, Sgandurra G. Action observation training for rehabilitation in brain injuries: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Neurol. 2019 Dec 27;19(1):344. doi: 10.1186/s12883-019-1533-x.

    PubMed 31881854

  • Ertelt D, Small S, Solodkin A, Dettmers C, McNamara A, Binkofski F, Buccino G. Action observation has a positive impact on rehabilitation of motor deficits after stroke. Neuroimage. 2007;36 Suppl 2:T164-73. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2007.03.043. Epub 2007 Mar 31.

    PubMed 17499164

  • Rizzolatti G, Cattaneo L, Fabbri-Destro M, Rozzi S. Cortical mechanisms underlying the organization of goal-directed actions and mirror neuron-based action understanding. Physiol Rev. 2014 Apr;94(2):655-706. doi: 10.1152/physrev.00009.2013.

    PubMed 24692357

  • Laver KE, Lange B, George S, Deutsch JE, Saposnik G, Crotty M. Virtual reality for stroke rehabilitation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Nov 20;11(11):CD008349. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD008349.pub4.

    PubMed 29156493

  • Errante A, Saviola D, Cantoni M, Iannuzzelli K, Rubertelli C, Ziccarelli S, Togni F, Simonini M, Malchiodi C, Bertoni D, Inzaghi MG, Bozzetti F, Quarenghi A, Quarenghi P, Bosone D, Fogassi L, Salvi G, De Tanti A. Action Observation Combined With Virtual Reality Promotes Motor Recovery After Stroke: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Stroke. 2026 May;57(5):1136-1148. doi: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.125.054101. Epub 2026 Mar 18.

    PubMed 41847766

  • Errante A, Saviola D, Cantoni M, Iannuzzelli K, Ziccarelli S, Togni F, Simonini M, Malchiodi C, Bertoni D, Inzaghi MG, Bozzetti F, Menozzi R, Quarenghi A, Quarenghi P, Bosone D, Fogassi L, Salvi GP, De Tanti A. Effectiveness of action observation therapy based on virtual reality technology in the motor rehabilitation of paretic stroke patients: a randomized clinical trial. BMC Neurol. 2022 Mar 22;22(1):109. doi: 10.1186/s12883-022-02640-2.

    PubMed 35317736

Questions about this trial

What is this clinical trial studying?

A study testing AO+VR and CO+VR in people with Stroke and Hemiplegia, run by Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Parma at 2 sites in Italy.

The full registered description is in the About this study section and the official record.

Who may be eligible to take part?

The sponsor lists 3 inclusion and 8 exclusion criteria. Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening, so read the full criteria and contact a listed site.

Is this clinical trial currently recruiting?

The record says: finished, as of the sponsor's last update on 22 May 2025. Status can change between updates, so confirm with the study contact before making plans.

Where is the study taking place?

The record lists 2 sites in Italy. Whether a site is taking part right now should be confirmed with that site. See every site.

What are the possible benefits and risks?

They depend on the study and the treatment, and no study can promise a benefit. Some participants in this study may receive a placebo. The study team explains the known risks during informed consent, before anyone joins; the record itself does not list them.

Are results available for this study?

The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.

How can a doctor refer a patient or contact the research team?

The record lists no contact. The official record names the sponsor, who can be asked directly. AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals.

What does the primary outcome measure?

Change in Box and Block test (BBT) score between three time points (time frame: Baseline (T0), after 5 weeks of treatment (T1) and after 6 months (T2).). It is what the study was designed to measure, not a finding.

Where can I read the original study information?

On the ClinicalTrials.gov record for NCT05163210, which also lists 6 linked publications.

Does a listing mean the treatment is approved or proven to work?

No. A listing means the study is registered. It does not show that the treatment is safe, works, or is approved by a regulator.

How often is this information updated?

AzTrials copies changed records from ClinicalTrials.gov every night and reloads the whole registry every week. The sponsor last updated this record on 22 May 2025.

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