Maintenance Protocol for Implant Supported Hybrid Prosthesis.

The study population will consist of patients presenting at the periodontology departments of the Universities of Cagliari and who need maintenance for implant-supported hybrid prostheses.

Patients will be excluded from the study if affected by chronic bronchitis or asthma and major systemic illnesses (i.e. diabetes mellitus, cancer, HIV, bone metabolic diseases or disorders that compromise wound healing, radiation or immunosuppressive therapy). Intake of antibiotics or other medication taken within the previous 28 days that may affect the outcome of the study will prevent inclusion in the study as well as confirmed or suspected intolerance to erythritol or chlorhexidine.

The implant-supported fixed complete dental prostheses maintenance protocol will consist in the following steps:

1. One minute rinse with 0.12% chlorhexidine in order to lower the microbial load of the oral cavity
2. Expose peri-apical x-rays with paralleling technique without removing the prosthesis in order to facilitate the alignment (Fig 2)
3. Observe patient oral hygiene maneuvers, use of toothbrush, super floss and inter proximal devices
4. Remove/unscrew the hybrid prosthesis
5. Position the prosthesis on a desk or flat plane with the intaglio surface facing up
6. Take a picture of the intaglio surface of the prosthesis
7. Take a clinical picture of the edentulous arch right after the removal of the prosthesis
8. Apply plaque disclosing agent on the edentulous ridge
9. Show the patient the areas stained by the plaque disclosing agent.
10. Show the patient on a monitor the picture of the intaglio surface of the prosthesis to point out areas where home hygiene can improve.
11. Hand to the patient a printout of the picture of the prosthesis with areas with plaque and calculus highlighted with arrows to better communicate ad reiterate the importance of proper hygiene (Fig 3)
12. Probe dental implants circumferentially using a UNC 15 periodontal probe. Record bleeding on probing (BoP), presence of plaque and probing pocket depth (PPD) at four sites per implant. Asses the tone and consistency of the peri implant soft tissues.
13. Decontaminate oral mucosa, gingiva, cheeks and tongue with the use of supragingival tip and erythritol powder. Set the machine at 50% power, 100% irrigation, keep the tip at 5mm distance form the soft tissues and move it with short back and forth movements at an inclination of 30-60°.
14. Decontaminate secondary implant components. Remove plaque disclosing agent, biofilm and staining with the use of supragingival tip and erythritol powder. Set the machine at 60-100% power, 100% irrigation, keep the tip at 3-5mm distance from the implant component and move it with short back and forth movements at an inclination of 60-90°.
15. Subgingival biofilm removal depends on PPD. Each site is treated specifically. If a site has PPD <5mm, decontaminate with the use of supragingival tip and erythritol powder. Set the machine at 60% power, 100% irrigation, keep the tip at 5mm distance from the peri implant sulcus and move it with short back and forth movements at an inclination of 30-60° and never at 90°. Use the tip 5 seconds per site at most. If a site has PPD >5mm PPD< 10mm, decontaminated with the use of subgingival tip (Perioflow®) and erythritol powder. Set the machine at 20-50% power, 70-100% irrigation (the % depends on peri implant tissue firmness), insert the tip in the peri implant sulcus and move it with short back and forth movements in an apical-coronal direction and is maintain it as parallel as possible to the long axis of the implant. Use the tip 5 consecutive seconds per site at most.
16. Remove, if present, remaining calculus with ultrasonic tip
17. Apply plaque disclosing agent again to double check complete biofilm removal
18. If needed remove remaining biofilm
19. Clean and polish the hybrid prosthesis
20. Reposition/Screw the prosthesis verifying absence of concavities and non-polished areas
21. Review and reinforce oral hygiene instructions
22. Schedule next maintenance visit according to patient's susceptibility

Peri-implants sulci will be probed using a UNC 15 periodontal probe at four sites, mesial, distal, lingual/palatal and buccal and clinical parameters such as plaque index (PlI), probing depth (PD), bleeding on probing (BOP) and peri-implant suppuration (PS) will be recorded immediately after removal of the prosthesis and at one month of follow-up.

Plaque index (PlI) will be evaluated through the use of a disclosing solution, applied with a cotton bud, at the same 4 sites for each implant. Peri-implant bleeding on probing (BOP) will also be evaluated at the same 4 sites for each implant. For both PlI and BOP, values from 0 to 4 will be recorded, depending on the number of implant surfaces presenting plaque/bleeding, respectively. Peri-implant tissue-suppuration (PS) will dichotomously be assessed (present/absent).

The collection of the microbiological sample will be carried out according to the following procedures: the implant will be isolated by suction and the use of cotton rolls, in order to avoid contamination of saliva. Four sterile endodontic paper points will be inserted into the peri-implant sulcus of each implant, placing them in the mesial, distal, lingual/palatal and buccal sites and removed after 30 seconds with tweezers by placing them in a sterile plastic tube which will be sealed immediately. The same procedure will be performed for each implant.

Once the operation is completed, the tubes of each patient (one for each implant and each containing 4 paper points) will be sent for microbiological analysis. The samples will be sent to the Microbiology Laboratory of the Department of Surgical Sciences of the University of Cagliari, in order to analyze the presence of bacteria of the peri-implant sulci. DNA from crevicular fluid samples will then be isolated by centrifugation and analyzed by PCR (polymerase chain reaction). This biomolecular technique is based on an enzymatic reaction, in which a heat-resistant DNA polymerase (Taq Polymerase) catalyzes the specific amplification of known DNA sequences. This procedure will be performed before the hygiene protocol, immediately after and at one month of follow-up.

Power analysis was employed to determine the sample size by using a .05 significance level and a power of 90% based on an effect size of 0.25. Sample size of 130 implants (approximately 25/30 patients carrying implant supported hybrid prostheses) is required to detect significant difference between the parameters measured at the different time points using repeated measures ANOVA. Descriptive statistics will be calculated, including means, standard deviations, medians, and confidence intervals. Microbiological outcomes measured at baseline, immediately post-maintenance and one month will be analyzed using the one-way repeated measures ANOVA test, while the statistical analysis of the PD, BOP, PlI and PS measurements at baseline and one month will be analyzed using McNemar's test. The level of significance is established at 5% (p = 0.05), and the analysis will be carried out using statistical software (SPSS version 26, IBM).