Rehabilitation With Biofeedback in Neurology

Activities of daily living were assessed using Barthel Index. The subjects could score the maximum of 100 points.

A maximum of 100 points can be obtained on the Barthel scale. There are three assessment ranges: getting from 0 to 20 points. means total dependence, from 20 to 80 points. means that to some extent the patient needs help from others, and the assessment in the border is 80 to 100 points. means that with a little help the patient can function alone.

0-20 points patient's condition "light" 21-85 points - "medium-heavy" patient condition 86-100 points - patient condition "very heavy"

Activities of daily living were assessed using Barthel Index. The subjects could score the maximum of 100 points.

A maximum of 100 points can be obtained on the Barthel scale. There are three assessment ranges: getting from 0 to 20 points. means total dependence, from 20 to 80 points. means that to some extent the patient needs help from others, and the assessment in the border is 80 to 100 points. means that with a little help the patient can function alone.

0-20 points patient's condition "light" 21-85 points - "medium-heavy" patient condition 86-100 points - patient condition "very heavy"

Balance was assessed using Berg balance scale (BBS)

Berg Balance Scale

Description:

14-item scale designed to measure balance

(1. Sitting to standing 2. Standing unsupported 3. Sitting unsupported 4. Standing to sitting 5. Transfers 6. Standing with eyes closed 7. Standing with feet together 8. Reaching forward with outstretched arm 9. Retrieving object from floor 10. Turning to look behind 11. Turning 360 degrees 12. Placing alternate foot on stool 13. Standing with one foot in front 14. Standing on one foot)

Scoring: A five-point ordinal scale, ranging from 0-4. "0" indicates the lowest level of function and "4" the highest level of function. Score the LOWEST performance. Total Score = 56

Interpretation: 41-56 = independent 21-40 = walking with assistance 0 -20 = wheelchair bound

Balance was assessed using Berg balance scale (BBS)

Berg Balance Scale

Description:

14-item scale designed to measure balance

(1. Sitting to standing 2. Standing unsupported 3. Sitting unsupported 4. Standing to sitting 5. Transfers 6. Standing with eyes closed 7. Standing with feet together 8. Reaching forward with outstretched arm 9. Retrieving object from floor 10. Turning to look behind 11. Turning 360 degrees 12. Placing alternate foot on stool 13. Standing with one foot in front 14. Standing on one foot)

Scoring: A five-point ordinal scale, ranging from 0-4. "0" indicates the lowest level of function and "4" the highest level of function. Score the LOWEST performance. Total Score = 56

Interpretation: 41-56 = independent 21-40 = walking with assistance 0 -20 = wheelchair bound

Increased muscle tone (spasticity) was examined with modified Ashworth scale. This is a six-point scale modified to include grade 1.

0: No increase in muscle tone

1. Slight increase in muscle tone, manifested by a catch and release or by minimal resistance at the end of the range of motion when the affected part(s) is moved in flexion or extension 1+: Slight increase in muscle tone, manifested by a catch, followed by minimal resistance throughout the remainder (less than half) of the ROM
2. More marked increase in muscle tone through most of the ROM, but affected part(s) easily moved
3. Considerable increase in muscle tone, passive movement difficult
4. Affected part(s) rigid in flexion or extension

Increased muscle tone (spasticity) was examined with modified Ashworth scale. This is a six-point scale modified to include grade 1.

0: No increase in muscle tone

1. Slight increase in muscle tone, manifested by a catch and release or by minimal resistance at the end of the range of motion when the affected part(s) is moved in flexion or extension 1+: Slight increase in muscle tone, manifested by a catch, followed by minimal resistance throughout the remainder (less than half) of the ROM
2. More marked increase in muscle tone through most of the ROM, but affected part(s) easily moved
3. Considerable increase in muscle tone, passive movement difficult
4. Affected part(s) rigid in flexion or extension

Motor performance (function) of extremities was assessed using Brunnström scale. This is a six-point scale designed to assess performance (function) of paretic extremities

Motor performance (function) of extremities was assessed using Brunnström scale. This is a six-point scale designed to assess performance (function) of paretic extremities

Assessment of disability using the modified Rankin scale (MRS)

Score Description 0 - No symptoms at all

1- No significant disability despite symptoms; able to carry out all usual duties and activities 2 - Slight disability; unable to carry out all previous activities, but able to look after own affairs without assistance 3 - Moderate disability; requiring some help, but able to walk without assistance 4 - Moderately severe disability; unable to walk without assistance and unable to attend to own bodily needs without assistance 5 - Severe disability; bedridden, incontinent and requiring constant nursing care and attention 6 - Dead TOTAL (0-6): _______

Assessment of disability using the modified Rankin scale (MRS)

Score Description 0 - No symptoms at all

1- No significant disability despite symptoms; able to carry out all usual duties and activities 2 - Slight disability; unable to carry out all previous activities, but able to look after own affairs without assistance 3 - Moderate disability; requiring some help, but able to walk without assistance 4 - Moderately severe disability; unable to walk without assistance and unable to attend to own bodily needs without assistance 5 - Severe disability; bedridden, incontinent and requiring constant nursing care and attention 6 - Dead TOTAL (0-6): _______

The test uses a wooden box, divided into two equal parts by a partition, as well as 150 blocks. The subject moves as many blocks as possible from one part of the box to the other during 60 seconds.

The test uses a wooden box, divided into two equal parts by a partition, as well as 150 blocks. The subject moves as many blocks as possible from one part of the box to the other during 60 seconds.

The scale consists of 7 tasks (pass/fail grading); the patient is awarded 1 point for each activity performed successfully, or 0 points for a failure to perform. The maximum score of seven points may be achieved for the performance of the tasks. Higher score corresponds to better manual skills. The scale measures the proximal control of the upper limb and the manual skills.

The scale consists of 7 tasks (pass/fail grading); the patient is awarded 1 point for each activity performed successfully, or 0 points for a failure to perform. The maximum score of seven points may be achieved for the performance of the tasks. Higher score corresponds to better manual skills. The scale measures the proximal control of the upper limb and the manual skills.

Fugl-Meyer Motor Assessment Scale for Upper Extremity is a comprehensive tool enabling measurement of motor function; it comprises 33 motor tasks, designed to assess general movements, precision movements, grip, coordination and speed. It is also possible to perform H subgroup tests - assessing superficial and deep sensibility, and J subgroup tests - for range of passive motion and pain induced by such movements.

Individual tasks are assessed on a scale 0-2 0 - impossible task

1. - task partially completed,
2. - task completed correctly The higher the score, the better.

Fugl-Meyer Motor Assessment Scale for Upper Extremity is a comprehensive tool enabling measurement of motor function; it comprises 33 motor tasks, designed to assess general movements, precision movements, grip, coordination and speed. It is also possible to perform H subgroup tests - assessing superficial and deep sensibility, and J subgroup tests - for range of passive motion and pain induced by such movements.

Individual tasks are assessed on a scale 0-2 0 - impossible task

1. - task partially completed,
2. - task completed correctly The higher the score, the better.

the GMFCS is a 5-step assessment system for functioning and mobility in daily life.

the GMFCS is a 5-step assessment system for functioning and mobility in daily life.

The Manual Ability Classification System (MACS) describes how children with cerebral palsy use their hands when handling objects in everyday life. The MACS includes five levels. The assignment of a specific level to a child is based on the child's initiated activity during which they use objects, and whether the child needs the help of another person or the adaptation of equipment to be able to use them in everyday activities. The MACS booklet also describes the differences between adjacent levels to make it easier to determine which level best describes the child's ability to use objects.

The Manual Ability Classification System (MACS) describes how children with cerebral palsy use their hands when handling objects in everyday life. The MACS includes five levels. The assignment of a specific level to a child is based on the child's initiated activity during which they use objects, and whether the child needs the help of another person or the adaptation of equipment to be able to use them in everyday activities. The MACS booklet also describes the differences between adjacent levels to make it easier to determine which level best describes the child's ability to use objects.

Blood for the tests was drawn from basilic vein by medical personnel at the Rehabilitation Clinic.

HDL level:

Men:

Less than 35 mg / dL (0.9 mmol / L) high risk of heart disease.

Women:

Lower than 45 mg / dL (1.2 mmol / L) high risk of heart disease. 60 mg / dL (1.56 mmol / L) and above. High HDL cholesterol.

Blood for the tests was drawn from basilic vein by medical personnel at the Rehabilitation Clinic.

HDL level:

Men:

Less than 35 mg / dL (0.9 mmol / L) high risk of heart disease.

Women:

Lower than 45 mg / dL (1.2 mmol / L) high risk of heart disease. 60 mg / dL (1.56 mmol / L) and above. High HDL cholesterol.

Blood for the tests was drawn from basilic vein by medical personnel at the Rehabilitation Clinic.

LDL level:

Less than 100 mg / dL (2.6 mmol / L) Norm 100 - 129 mg / dL (2.63.34 mmol / L) Above the norm 130 - 159 mg / dL (3.36 - 4.13 mmol / L) Limit 160 - 189 mg / dL (4.14 - 4.90 mmol / L) High 190 mg / dL (4.91 mmol / L) and above Very high

Blood for the tests was drawn from basilic vein by medical personnel at the Rehabilitation Clinic.

LDL level:

Less than 100 mg / dL (2.6 mmol / L) Norm 100 - 129 mg / dL (2.63.34 mmol / L) Above the norm 130 - 159 mg / dL (3.36 - 4.13 mmol / L) Limit 160 - 189 mg / dL (4.14 - 4.90 mmol / L) High 190 mg / dL (4.91 mmol / L) and above Very high

Blood for the tests was drawn from basilic vein by medical personnel at the Rehabilitation Clinic.

Total Cholesterol level:

Less than 200 mg / dL (5.17 mmol / L) Norm 200 - 239 mg / dL (5.17 - 6.18 mmol / L) Elevated level 240 mg / dL (6.21 mmol / L) High risk of heart disease

Blood for the tests was drawn from basilic vein by medical personnel at the Rehabilitation Clinic.

Total Cholesterol level:

Less than 200 mg / dL (5.17 mmol / L) Norm 200 - 239 mg / dL (5.17 - 6.18 mmol / L) Elevated level 240 mg / dL (6.21 mmol / L) High risk of heart disease

The type of obesity is assessed with the so-called waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), which shows the proportion of waist circumference and hip circumference. WHR specifies the location of excessive fat and makes it possible to identify two main types of obesity: visceral obesity (characteristic for men), connected with accumulation of fat in the abdominal cavity and upper part of the body, and gynoid obesity (gluteal-femoral), more common in women.

The type of obesity is assessed with the so-called waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), which shows the proportion of waist circumference and hip circumference. WHR specifies the location of excessive fat and makes it possible to identify two main types of obesity: visceral obesity (characteristic for men), connected with accumulation of fat in the abdominal cavity and upper part of the body, and gynoid obesity (gluteal-femoral), more common in women.

Metabolic syndrome (polymetabolic syndrome, syndrome X, insulin resistance syndrome, Reaven syndrome) - a set of interrelated factors significantly increasing the risk of atherosclerosis and type 2 diabetes, as well as their vascular complications.

Abdominal (central) obesity

At least three of the following five abnormalities must be identified to formulate a diagnosis:

abdominal obesity (waist circumference in men from Europe ≥ 94 cm, and in women ≥ 80 cm) and additionally co-existing two of the following abnormalities: triglycerides ≥ 150 mg/dl or dyslipidaemia related treatment cholesterol HDL < 40 mg/dl in males < 50 mg/dl in females or dyslipidaemia related treatment arterial pressure ≥ 130/85 mm Hg or arterial pressure related treatment fasting glycaemia ≥ 100 mg/dl or type 2 diabetes treatment

Metabolic syndrome (polymetabolic syndrome, syndrome X, insulin resistance syndrome, Reaven syndrome) - a set of interrelated factors significantly increasing the risk of atherosclerosis and type 2 diabetes, as well as their vascular complications.

Abdominal (central) obesity

At least three of the following five abnormalities must be identified to formulate a diagnosis:

abdominal obesity (waist circumference in men from Europe ≥ 94 cm, and in women ≥ 80 cm) and additionally co-existing two of the following abnormalities: triglycerides ≥ 150 mg/dl or dyslipidaemia related treatment cholesterol HDL < 40 mg/dl in males < 50 mg/dl in females or dyslipidaemia related treatment arterial pressure ≥ 130/85 mm Hg or arterial pressure related treatment fasting glycaemia ≥ 100 mg/dl or type 2 diabetes treatment

Blood for the tests was drawn from basilic vein by medical personnel at the Rehabilitation Clinic.

TG level:

Below 150mg / dL (1.69mmol / L) Norm 150 - 199 mg / dL (1.69 - 2.25 mmol / L) Limit 200 - 499 mg / dL (2.26 - 5.63 mmol / L) High Above 500 mg / dL (5.64 mmol / L) Very high

Blood for the tests was drawn from basilic vein by medical personnel at the Rehabilitation Clinic.

TG level:

Below 150mg / dL (1.69mmol / L) Norm 150 - 199 mg / dL (1.69 - 2.25 mmol / L) Limit 200 - 499 mg / dL (2.26 - 5.63 mmol / L) High Above 500 mg / dL (5.64 mmol / L) Very high

Blood for the tests was drawn from basilic vein by medical personnel at the Rehabilitation Clinic.

atherogenic index level

• in men below 4.5 (below 3.5 after myocardial infarction)
• in women below 4.0 (below 3.0 after myocardial infarction)

Blood for the tests was drawn from basilic vein by medical personnel at the Rehabilitation Clinic.

atherogenic index level

• in men below 4.5 (below 3.5 after myocardial infarction)
• in women below 4.0 (below 3.0 after myocardial infarction)

Blood for the tests was drawn from basilic vein by medical personnel at the Rehabilitation Clinic.

CRP level:

• CRP below 5 mg / l (up to 10 mg / l - in obese people with hypertension) norm
• CRP above 40 mg / l - may indicate a mild viral infection or pregnancy;
• CRP above 200 mg / l - bacterial inflammation develops in the body;
• CRP above 500 mg / l - takes place in the situation of very serious infections with basic and bacterial infections and burns.

Blood for the tests was drawn from basilic vein by medical personnel at the Rehabilitation Clinic.

CRP level:

• CRP below 5 mg / l (up to 10 mg / l - in obese people with hypertension) norm
• CRP above 40 mg / l - may indicate a mild viral infection or pregnancy;
• CRP above 200 mg / l - bacterial inflammation develops in the body;
• CRP above 500 mg / l - takes place in the situation of very serious infections with basic and bacterial infections and burns.

Blood for the tests was drawn from basilic vein by medical personnel at the Rehabilitation Clinic.

serum glucose level: From 70 to 99 mg / dL (from 3.9 to 5.5 mmol / L) Normal glucose level From 100 to 125 mg / dL (from 5.6 to 6.9 mmol / L) Abnormal fasting glucose (pre-diabetes) From 126 mg / dL (7.0 mmol / L) Diabetes

Blood for the tests was drawn from basilic vein by medical personnel at the Rehabilitation Clinic.

serum glucose level: From 70 to 99 mg / dL (from 3.9 to 5.5 mmol / L) Normal glucose level From 100 to 125 mg / dL (from 5.6 to 6.9 mmol / L) Abnormal fasting glucose (pre-diabetes) From 126 mg / dL (7.0 mmol / L) Diabetes