Scaling up e-Connect in Juvenile Probation Settings

The proposed study will examine strategies to bolster the successful scale-up of e-Connect, one of the few evidence-based suicide behavior identification and cross-system linkage programs for youth on under community supervision. This proposal is from two PIs with complimentary expertise in the justice system, implementation science, clinical decision support systems, and use of large administrative data sets, and is supported by a strong multi-disciplinary team to achieve study aims. Guided by the gateway provider model (GPM) and the Exploration, Preparation, Implementation Sustainment (EPIS) implementation framework, we now propose to extend our work of e-Connect, to develop and test a "purveyor model" of implementation scale-up (i.e. e-Connect-scaleup). In e-Connect-scaleup, research team leadership will serve as External Facilitators to support Local Facilitators to ensure the successful transfer of knowledge, skill and expertise in delivering e-Connect in a new JJ system and geographic context, utilizing implementation strategies to support the more widespread, sustained and rigorous adoption of e-Connect. Working in 9 Indiana counties, randomly assigned to one of three waves in a stepped-wedge, implementation-effectiveness hybrid type-2 design, the specific aims are to examine the clinical and cost-effectiveness of e-Connect-scaleup on (i) identification of youth service need (SB and BH correlates) in juvenile probationers; (ii) cross-system (probation-BH agency) referral; and (iii) youth BH service use (initial BH contact; primary outcome) by comparing the performance of e-Connect to (a) standard probation officer practice (baseline) and (b) to rates achieved in the prior efficacy trial of e-Connect (Aim 1). We will examine potential mediating or moderating effects of EPIS/GPM inner and outer context factors We will also determine whether, at scale, e-Connect promotes SB/BH service need identification, cross-system referral and youth SB/BH service use as compared with standard probation practice (baseline), for all youth on probation, regardless of youth clinical need or demographic characteristics, which would replicate previous performance of e-Connect in NYS (Aim 2). Finally, we will examine the implementation of e-Connect-scaleup in terms of fidelity and acceptability and compare advancement through the stages of implementation through to sustainment across the 9 counties in order to demonstrate the feasibility of scaling-up e-Connect in probation settings beyond NYS (Aim 3). We will elucidate the inner- and outer-level EPIS- and GPM- derived factors that promote or hinder delivery of implementation strategies and practice change to inform scale up across a variety of contexts.

Settings. The sample for the proposed study will be recruited from probation staff, partnering treatment agency staff, and probation youth from 9 counties in Indiana, which are distributed across the state geographically. The counties range in population density, with 5 qualifying as Rural/Mixed and 4 as Urban. Each county participating in the proposed study is also a member of the Indiana Juvenile Detention Alternatives Initiative, a nationwide juvenile justice reform effort funded by the Annie E. Casey Foundation and adopted in nearly a third of Indiana counties. The focus of JDAI is to limit the unnecessary detainment of low-risk probation youth. Each JDAI county has developed committees of staff and community members that use a data-driven process, one of the JDAI core strategies, to identify targets of intervention, assess effectiveness of the interventions, and continue monitoring progress to develop future interventions. Recognizing the benefits of JDAI, Indiana was the second state to institute a central JDAI office to support statewide expansion. Each JDAI county has a dedicated coordinator who will also act as Local Facilitator for e-Connect. See the map indicating the location of participating sites relative to other JDAI counties and juvenile detention centers.

Design, Sample Size and Randomization. In the proposed cluster randomized stepped-wedge design, 9 Indiana counties will be randomized - stratified by population density/urbanicity (as a proxy for staffing and resource availability) - to one of 3 waves of e-Connect-scale-up at 3-month intervals.

We will examine the clinical and cost-effectiveness of e-Connect-scaleup on (i) identification of youth service need (SB and BH correlates) in juvenile probationers; (ii) cross-system (probation-BH agency) referral; and (iii) youth BH service use (initial BH contact; primary outcome) by comparing the performance of e-Connect to (a) standard probation officer practice (baseline) and (b) to rates achieved in the prior efficacy trial of e-Connect (Aim 1). We will examine potential mediating or moderating effects of EPIS/GPM inner (e.g. staff knowledge, organizational functioning) and outer context factors (e.g. youth age, county rate of SB) on e-Connect-scaleup outcomes. We will also determine whether, at scale, e-Connect promotes SB/BH service need identification, cross-system referral and youth SB/BH service use as compared with standard probation practice (baseline), for all youth on probation, regardless of youth clinical need or demographic characteristics, which would replicate previous performance of e-Connect in NYS (Aim 2). Finally, we will evaluate the implementation of e-Connect-scaleup in two ways (Aim 3). First, we will examine the fidelity and acceptability of e-Connect-scaleup, including facilitation strategies. Second, we will document processes of scaling up e-Connect, comparing advancement through the stages of implementation through to sustainment across the 9 counties in order to demonstrate the feasibility of scaling-up e-Connect in probation settings beyond NYS; we will explore the role of site differences and other EPIS and GPM factors on implementation completion (Aim 3). By randomizing sites to e-Connect-scaleup across time, the control group (which is changing over time) is taken to be the sites that have not yet rolled out e-Connect-scaleup by a particular time, treatment as usual (TAU). Data on these behavioral health care cascade outcomes are collected in each county pre and post randomization to e-Connect-scaleup allowing for within site estimates of change while controlling for secular changes over time. We will also examine potential effect modifiers of e-Connect by youth, staff and county level inner and outer setting factors. To examine impact and success of implementation strategies, we will compare stages of implementation completion as well as feasibility and acceptability cross the 9 new counties, exploring the role of site differences as well as other EPIS factors (outer-, inner-context level) on implementation completion. There are two limitations to cluster randomized deigns: potential of uneven distribution of potentially confounding variables within a cluster (i.e. county) as well as interrelationship between variables. Our proposed stratification plan and use of propensity matching will address issues related to confounding. We calculated our ability to detect an effect of e-Connect-scaleup (i.e. power) using a conservative intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) of .65, denoting a moderate-large positive correlation between outcomes within a county to address issues of interrelationship between variables at the county level.