Muscle ArchitectureNCT05558033
Motor Imagery and Muscle Architecture
A study testing Plyometric Exercise and Football Training in people with Muscle Architecture, run by Hacettepe University at 1 site in Turkey (Türkiye).
Trial summary
The aim of this study is to examine the effects of plyometric training on biceps femoris longus (BFl) and vastus lateralis (VL) muscle architecture in healthy football players. Individuals will be randomly placed into training and control groups. Read more about this study
- Who is it for?
- Ages 12 to 19 years, men onlyHealthy volunteers can take part
- Conditions the study is for
- Muscle Architecture
- What is being tested?
- Plyometric Exercise and Football Training
- Could I receive a placebo?
- No, everyone receives an active treatment
- How many people
- 36 participants
- Where
- 1 siteTurkey (Türkiye)
- Study dates
- 21 Nov 2022to 15 Jun 2023
- Phase
- Interventional
- Are there results?
- None posted in the registry
Key requirements
Who can take part, as listed by the sponsor. Only the study team can confirm whether you are eligible, so take this list to your doctor.
- Ages 12 to 19 years
- Men only
- Healthy volunteers accepted
- Child, Adult
Who may be able to join
- Be in the 12-19 age range
- Being actively playing football as licensed
Who cannot join
- Those who have undergone lower extremity surgery
- Those with a history of second and third degree strain type injuries in the hamstring and quadriceps muscle groups
- Those with a history of injury to the lower extremity in the last two years
- Those with a history of congenital, neurological, orthopedic, rheumatological and cardiopulmonary pathologies or anomalies,
- Those with a diagnosis of systemic disease (diabetes, blood pressure, thyroid diseases, etc.)
- Those with acute infection and pain
Show all 10Show fewer
- Those with a diagnosis of joint instability
- Those with a body mass index of 30 and above
- Those who received energy supplements or ergogenic aids during the study or during the 6-month period before the study
- Those who do not follow the research protocol
Trial locations and contacts
1 site in 1 country.
About this study
Official title: The Effects of Motor Imagery and Action Observation-Based Plyometric Training on Vastus Lateralis and Biceps Femoris Muscle Architectures of Adolescent Football Players
The aim of this study is to examine the effects of plyometric training on biceps femoris longus (BFl) and vastus lateralis (VL) muscle architecture in healthy football players. Individuals will be randomly placed into training and control groups. Measurements of muscle architecture will be taken bilaterally from BFl and VL muscles by means of an ultrasound device. Functional performance will be evaluated with the single leg jump test. Following the initial evaluations, individuals in the training group will receive plyometric training. Evaluations of muscle architecture and functional performance will be taken again from the individuals in the training and control groups at the end of the 4th and 8th weeks. The received ultrasound images will be calculated through the MicroDicom software. In-group and between-group comparisons will be analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences program and appropriate tests.
Read the detailed description
The aim of this study is to examine the effects of plyometric training on biceps femoris longus (BFl) and vastus lateralis (VL) muscle architecture (fiber length, penation angle and muscle thickness) in healthy football players. Individuals will be randomly placed into two different groups, the training group and the control group. Imagery ability, self-efficacy and motivation will be evaluated with various questionnaires and scales in order to compare the homogeneity of the groups. Measurements of muscle architecture will be taken bilaterally from BFl and VL muscles by means of an ultrasound device. Functional performance will be evaluated with the single leg jump test. Following the initial evaluations, individuals in the training group will receive plyometric training consisting of ten different exercises for 8 weeks, 3 sessions per week. In this training, individuals will not participate in a real plyometric training. Volunteers will watch videos to be prepared (action observation) and imagine them performing those exercises (motor imagery). All trainings will be given on the basis of telerehabilitation via distance education tools. Cognitive fatigue at the beginning and end of the session; at the end of each session, the technical quality and efficiency of the training will be evaluated. Evaluations of muscle architecture and functional performance will be taken again from the individuals in the control and training groups at the end of the 4th and 8th weeks. The received ultrasound images will be calculated through the MicroDicom software. In-group and between-group comparisons will be analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences program and appropriate tests.
- Conditions
- Muscle Architecture
- Being tested
- Plyometric Exercise, Football Training
- Keywords
- motor imagery, action observation, plyometric training, biceps femoris, vastus lateralis, muscle architecture, fiber length, pennation angle, muscle thickness, function, single leg jump
What participants receive
What participants receive. In a randomised study each person is assigned to one group by chance.
Plyometric ExerciseOther
Plyometric training consisting of ten different exercises [vertical unilateral and bilateral counter movement jump, horizontal unilateral and bilateral counter movement jump, drop jump (30 cm), squat jump, step-hop (20 cm), 180 degree rotation in transverse plane, frontal plane hurdle jump (20 cm) and sagittal plane hurdle jump (20 cm)] for 8 weeks, 3 sessions per week. Individuals will not participate in a real plyometric training. Volunteers will watch videos to be prepared (action observation) and imagine them performing those exercises (motor imagery)
Football TrainingOther
Routine football trainings
| Study group | Role | What they receive |
|---|---|---|
| Plyometric Training Group | Experimental | Individuals in the plyometric training group will receive plyometric training. In this training, individuals will not participate in a real plyometric training. Volunteers will watch videos to be prepared (action observation) and imagine them performing those exercises (motor imagery). All trainings will be given on the basis of telerehabilitation via distance education tools. Receives: Other: Plyometric Exercise |
| Control Group | Active comparator | Athletes in this group will continue their routine training programs like the athletes in the plyometric training group. Receives: Other: Football Training |
What is being measured
The primary outcome is the main question the study is designed to answer.
Muscle Architecture Change-1
Fiber length of the vastus lateralis and biceps femoris longus muscles
Measured: Before, at the end of the fourth week and the eighth week
Muscle Architecture Change-2
Pennation angle of the vastus lateralis and biceps femoris longus muscles
Measured: Before, at the end of the fourth week and the eighth week
Muscle Architecture Change-3
Muscle thickness of the vastus lateralis and biceps femoris longus muscles
Measured: Before, at the end of the fourth week and the eighth week
Secondary outcomes (1)
Functional Performance Change-1
Single leg jump distance
Measured: Before, at the end of the fourth week and the eighth week
Timeline
From the start of the study to its completion; the mark is today. Estimated dates are the sponsor’s plan.
- First posted28 Sep 2022
- Study start21 Nov 2022
- Primary completion15 Mar 2023
- Study completion15 Jun 2023
Resources
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govThe registry entry this page is built from, with its full change history.
- Other trials for Muscle ArchitectureStudies of the same condition, open and under way.
- More trials run by Hacettepe UniversityThe sponsor's other registered studies.
- What the trial phases meanHow a treatment moves from first tests in people to approval.
More details
For doctors and researchers: how the study is designed, who runs it, and its registry IDs.
Study design
- Study type
- Interventional
- Phase
- Phase N/A
- Primary purpose
- Prevention
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Model description
- Parallel group randomized controlled trial
- Masking
- None (open label)
- Enrolment
- 36 participants (actual)
Sponsor and investigators
- Lead sponsor
- Hacettepe University
- Sponsor type
- University, hospital or other
- Responsible party
- Principal investigator, Murat EMİRZEOĞLU, Hacettepe University
- Investigators
- Özlem Ülger, Study director, Hacettepe University
IDs, dates and publications
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT05558033
- Sponsor's protocol ID
- 2022-11475
- Status last verified
- Nov 2022
- First submitted
- 23 Sep 2022
- Last updated
- 18 Sep 2026
- Results posted
- No
- Data monitoring committee
- No
- FDA-regulated drug
- No
- FDA-regulated device
- No
- Individual data sharing
- Undecided
Study at a glance
From the registry record, last updated by the sponsor on 18 Sep 2026. Recruitment status is as the sponsor reported it: confirm with the study team.
- Official title
- The Effects of Motor Imagery and Action Observation-Based Plyometric Training on Vastus Lateralis and Biceps Femoris Muscle Architectures of Adolescent Football Players
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT05558033
- Acronym / sponsor ID
- 2022-11475
- Conditions
- Muscle Architecture
- Keywords
- motor imagery, action observation, plyometric training, biceps femoris, vastus lateralis, muscle architecture, fiber length, pennation angle
- Study type
- Interventional
- Recruitment status
- Completed
- Enrolment
- 36 participants (actual)
- Lead sponsor
- Hacettepe UniversityUniversity, hospital or other
- Study start
- 21 Nov 2022 (actual)
- Primary completion
- 15 Mar 2023 (actual)
- Study completion
- 15 Jun 2023 (actual)
- First posted
- 28 Sep 2022 (actual)
- Results
- Not posted in the source record
Clinical summary
The research question as the sponsor registered it. This describes what the study plans to test, not what it found.
The aim of this study is to examine the effects of plyometric training on biceps femoris longus (BFl) and vastus lateralis (VL) muscle architecture in healthy football players. Individuals will be randomly placed into training and control groups. Measurements of muscle architecture will be taken bilaterally from BFl and VL muscles by means of an ultrasound device. Functional performance will be evaluated with the single leg jump test. Following the initial evaluations, individuals in the training group will receive plyometric training. Evaluations of muscle architecture and functional performance will be taken again from the individuals in the training and control groups at the end of the 4th and 8th weeks. The received ultrasound images will be calculated through the MicroDicom software. In-group and between-group comparisons will be analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences program and appropriate tests.
Detailed description
The aim of this study is to examine the effects of plyometric training on biceps femoris longus (BFl) and vastus lateralis (VL) muscle architecture (fiber length, penation angle and muscle thickness) in healthy football players. Individuals will be randomly placed into two different groups, the training group and the control group. Imagery ability, self-efficacy and motivation will be evaluated with various questionnaires and scales in order to compare the homogeneity of the groups. Measurements of muscle architecture will be taken bilaterally from BFl and VL muscles by means of an ultrasound device. Functional performance will be evaluated with the single leg jump test. Following the initial evaluations, individuals in the training group will receive plyometric training consisting of ten different exercises for 8 weeks, 3 sessions per week. In this training, individuals will not participate in a real plyometric training. Volunteers will watch videos to be prepared (action observation) and imagine them performing those exercises (motor imagery). All trainings will be given on the basis of telerehabilitation via distance education tools. Cognitive fatigue at the beginning and end of the session; at the end of each session, the technical quality and efficiency of the training will be evaluated. Evaluations of muscle architecture and functional performance will be taken again from the individuals in the control and training groups at the end of the 4th and 8th weeks. The received ultrasound images will be calculated through the MicroDicom software. In-group and between-group comparisons will be analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences program and appropriate tests.
Study design
- Primary purpose
- Prevention
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Masking
- None (open label)
- Number of arms
- 2
- Model description
- Parallel group randomized controlled trial
| Arm | Type | Receives |
|---|---|---|
| Plyometric Training Group | Experimental | Other: Plyometric ExerciseIndividuals in the plyometric training group will receive plyometric training. In this training, individuals will not participate in a real plyometric training. Volunteers will watch videos to be prepared (action observation) and imagine them performing those exercises (motor imagery). All trainings will be given on the basis of telerehabilitation via distance education tools. |
| Control Group | Active comparator | Other: Football TrainingAthletes in this group will continue their routine training programs like the athletes in the plyometric training group. |
Who may qualify
- Ages
- 12 to 19 years
- Sex
- Male only
- Healthy volunteers
- Accepted
- Age groups
- Child, Adult
Key inclusion criteria (2 listed)
- Be in the 12-19 age range
- Being actively playing football as licensed
Key exclusion criteria (10 listed)
- Those who have undergone lower extremity surgery
- Those with a history of second and third degree strain type injuries in the hamstring and quadriceps muscle groups
- Those with a history of injury to the lower extremity in the last two years
- Those with a history of congenital, neurological, orthopedic, rheumatological and cardiopulmonary pathologies or anomalies,
- Those with a diagnosis of systemic disease (diabetes, blood pressure, thyroid diseases, etc.)
Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening; this overview does not establish that a patient qualifies. Full inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Interventions
| Intervention | Type | Arms |
|---|---|---|
| Plyometric ExercisePlyometric training consisting of ten different exercises [vertical unilateral and bilateral counter movement jump, horizontal unilateral and bilateral counter movement jump, drop jump (30 cm), squat jump, step-hop (20 cm), 180 degree rotation in transverse plane, frontal plane hurdle jump (20 cm) and sagittal plane hurdle jump (20 cm)] for 8 weeks, 3 sessions per week. Individuals will not participate in a real plyometric training. Volunteers will watch videos to be prepared (action observation) and imagine them performing those exercises (motor imagery) | Other | Plyometric Training Group |
| Football TrainingRoutine football trainings | Other | Control Group |
Primary outcome
Muscle Architecture Change-1
Time frame: Before, at the end of the fourth week and the eighth week
Fiber length of the vastus lateralis and biceps femoris longus muscles
Muscle Architecture Change-2
Time frame: Before, at the end of the fourth week and the eighth week
Pennation angle of the vastus lateralis and biceps femoris longus muscles
Muscle Architecture Change-3
Time frame: Before, at the end of the fourth week and the eighth week
Muscle thickness of the vastus lateralis and biceps femoris longus muscles
1 secondary outcome
Functional Performance Change-1
Time frame: Before, at the end of the fourth week and the eighth week
Results and safety
The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.
Research links
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govLast updated by the sponsor 18 Sep 2026.
- Individual participant dataSharing planned: Undecided
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Referral and contact
AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals. Contact the study team or a site listed below; they decide who can take part. This study is not recruiting at the moment.
Özlem Ülger study director
Hacettepe University
1 site in 1 country: see every site and its status.
Questions about this trial
What is this clinical trial studying?
A study testing Plyometric Exercise and Football Training in people with Muscle Architecture, run by Hacettepe University at 1 site in Turkey (Türkiye).
The full registered description is in the About this study section and the official record.
Who may be eligible to take part?
The sponsor lists 2 inclusion and 10 exclusion criteria. Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening, so read the full criteria and contact a listed site.
Is this clinical trial currently recruiting?
The record says: finished, as of the sponsor's last update on 18 Sep 2026. Status can change between updates, so confirm with the study contact before making plans.
Where is the study taking place?
The record lists 1 site in Turkey (Türkiye). Whether a site is taking part right now should be confirmed with that site. See every site.
What are the possible benefits and risks?
They depend on the study and the treatment, and no study can promise a benefit. The study team explains the known risks during informed consent, before anyone joins; the record itself does not list them.
Are results available for this study?
The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.
How can a doctor refer a patient or contact the research team?
The record lists no contact. The official record names the sponsor, who can be asked directly. AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals.
What does the primary outcome measure?
Muscle Architecture Change-1 (time frame: Before, at the end of the fourth week and the eighth week). The study lists 3 primary outcomes in all. It is what the study was designed to measure, not a finding.
Where can I read the original study information?
Does a listing mean the treatment is approved or proven to work?
No. A listing means the study is registered. It does not show that the treatment is safe, works, or is approved by a regulator.
How often is this information updated?
AzTrials copies changed records from ClinicalTrials.gov every night and reloads the whole registry every week. The sponsor last updated this record on 18 Sep 2026.