FrostbiteNCT05777590
Comparison of ICG Microangiography and Conventional Angiography in Severe Frostbite
An observational study of Frostbite, run by HealthPartners Institute at 1 site in United States.
Trial summary
Severe frostbite injury is a significant cause of morbidity in northern climates. Minnesota has some of the highest numbers of severe frostbite injuries in North America. As a result, Regions Hospital has the best opportunity to study this disease process and improve outcomes for frostbite patients. Read more about this study
- Who is it for?
- Ages 18 years and older
- Conditions the study is for
- Frostbite
- What is being tested?
- Indocyanine Green Angiogram
- How many people
- 8 participants
- Where
- 1 siteUnited States
- Study dates
- 3 Feb 2023to 3 Jun 2026
- Phase
- Observational
- Are there results?
- None posted in the registry
Key requirements
Who can take part, as listed by the sponsor. Only the study team can confirm whether you are eligible, so take this list to your doctor.
- Ages 18 years and older
- All sexes
- No healthy volunteers
- Adult, Older adult
Study population: Patients undergoing conventional angiography and thrombolysis for severe frostbite. will be identified by the burn surgeons and advance practice practitioners. They will evaluate the patients to determine whether they meet the inclusion/exclusion criteria of the study.
Who may be able to join
- Adult (>18 years old) patients
- Diagnosed with severe frostbite by conventional angiography
- Undergoing thrombolysis with catheter directed lytics
- Clinically sober at the time of consent
- Cognitively able to provide consent as determined by clinician's best judgement
- Normal kidney function (GFR >60)
Who cannot join
- Pregnant. Pregnancy will be determined by standard of care pregnancy test performed on all female frostbite patients who are receiving lytics.
- Iodine allergy.
Trial locations and contacts
1 site in 1 country.
About this study
Official title: Prospective Comparison of ICG Microangiography and Conventional Angiography in Severe Frostbite
Severe frostbite injury is a significant cause of morbidity in northern climates. Minnesota has some of the highest numbers of severe frostbite injuries in North America. As a result, Regions Hospital has the best opportunity to study this disease process and improve outcomes for frostbite patients. The diagnostic methods for severe frostbite injury vary from institution to institution and there is no standard practice. Commonly utilized methods include conventional angiography, Technetium 99 triple phase bone scans, SPECT studies, Indocyanine Green microangiography, and doppler studies. The proposed pilot study aims to directly compare conventional angiography imaging to ICG microangiography in adult patients with severe frostbite. Severe frostbite is defined as 4th degree: frostbite resulting in vascular occlusion and tissue ischemia. Both imaging modalities have been used for the diagnosis and monitoring of severe frostbite injury but there has never been a study directly comparing these two imaging modalities.
Read the detailed description
Frostbite injury has been a significant cause of morbidity and mortality for as long as humans have experienced cold winters. When frostbite occurs, there are two primary mechanisms through which tissue damage occurs, though the main mechanism focused on here is systemic cooling. Frostbite is a multiphase process that starts with systemic cooling. As the body cools, blood is shunted from the extremities to the core to maintain heat in the vital organs. During this shunting, there is extensive vasospasm in the extremities and the tissue becomes ischemic. Upon further cooling, tissue ice crystals form within the cells and interstitial spaces causing desiccation and cell destruction. This occurs in the soft tissues and also affects the endothelium of the micro- and macro-vasculature. Clots form in the microvasculature, worsening the ischemia. All ischemic tissues release pro-inflammatory factors, which increase inflammation and worsen clotting.
Upon rewarming of the frozen tissues, the reperfusion can worsen the inflammatory state as these factors released by the ischemic tissue are now able to circulate. Rapid rewarming is used as a tool to mitigate this reperfusion injury, but it does not eliminate the damage. After rapid rewarming, the tissue is assessed for the extent of damage to determine next treatment steps. Diagnosis varies by institution, but the main goal of all diagnostic modalities is to determine if there is a vascular cutoff causing tissue ischemia.
At Regions Hospital, the main diagnostic method that has been used for over 20 years is conventional angiography. This clearly demonstrates the microvasculature of the tissues and allows the intra-arterial catheter directed sheaths to be placed to start thrombolytics, heparin, and vasodilators to treat the tissue ischemia. Other diagnostic modalities used elsewhere include Technetium 99 triple phase bone scans, SPECT imaging, and indocyanine green (ICG) microangiography. All of these imaging modalities demonstrate the perfusion of the affected tissue but do not allow for directed delivery of thrombolytics. In institutions that use these imaging techniques, thrombolytics are typically delivered in an intravenous fashion rather than intra-arterial.
ICG microangiography is a technology that has had rapidly expanding applications in recent decades. These have included retinal imaging, determining perfusion of colorectal anastomoses, biliary imaging, and assessing the blood supply of tissue flaps. It has recently been used in diagnosis of frostbite with good correlation with severe final amputation levels. It is easy to use, non-radiating, can be performed at the bedside, and cheaper than other imaging modalities.
Given that every hospital has different diagnostic and treatment algorithms, these different imaging modalities have rarely been compared in the same patient. The current best metric is comparing the imaging modality with the amount of tissue that is amputated as demonstrated in prior studies cited here. This research application provides a unique opportunity to compare two imaging modalities head-to-head in the same patient and determine their concordance or discordance.
- Conditions
- Frostbite
- Being tested
- Indocyanine Green Angiogram
- Keywords
- Frostbite, Angiogram, Indocyanine Green, ICG
- Medical subject headings
- Frostbite
What participants receive
What participants receive. In a randomised study each person is assigned to one group by chance.
Indocyanine Green AngiogramDrug
Also called ICG
Angiogram using ICG dye the occurs directly after conventional angiogram in assessment of frostbite patients undergoing thrombolysis
What is being measured
The primary outcome is the main question the study is designed to answer.
Assessment of Angiography and ICG microangiography imaging demonstrating ischemic tissue present in severe frostbite scored by Hennepin Frostbite Score.
Hypothesize that these two imaging modalities (ICG (indocyanine green) and conventional angiography) will be concordant at demonstrating the ischemic tissue present in severe frostbite.
Measured: Through study completion, an average of 2 years
Secondary outcomes (1)
Safety of indocyanine green when delivered in close association with contrast dye (used in conventional angiography) measured by number of adverse events
Contrast dye used in conventional angiography is associated with nephrotoxicity and other risks. Indocyanine green dye is generally considered to be a highly safe product with minimal risks associated with administration. It has been used for decades with minimal side effects. It is hypothesized that ICG dye will not result in any increase in risk to the patient when delivered in temporal proximity to conventional dye.
Measured: Through study completion, an average of 2 years
Timeline
From the start of the study to its completion; the mark is today. Estimated dates are the sponsor’s plan.
- First posted21 Mar 2023
- Study start3 Feb 2023
- Primary completion1 Feb 2025
- Study completion3 Jun 2026
Resources
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govThe registry entry this page is built from, with its full change history.
- Publications (19)Papers the sponsor has linked to this study.
- Other trials for FrostbiteStudies of the same condition, open and under way.
- What the trial phases meanHow a treatment moves from first tests in people to approval.
More details
For doctors and researchers: how the study is designed, who runs it, and its registry IDs.
Study design
- Study type
- Observational
- Observational model
- Cohort
- Time perspective
- Prospective
- Enrolment
- 8 participants (actual)
Sponsor and investigators
- Lead sponsor
- HealthPartners Institute
- Sponsor type
- University, hospital or other
- Responsible party
- Sponsor
- Investigators
- Alexandra Lacey, MD, Principal investigator, Regions Hospital
IDs, dates and publications
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT05777590
- Sponsor's protocol ID
- A22-321
- Status last verified
- Jul 2026
- First submitted
- 14 Jan 2023
- Last updated
- 30 Jul 2026
- Results posted
- No
- Data monitoring committee
- No
- FDA-regulated drug
- Yes
- FDA-regulated device
- No
- Individual data sharing
- No
Publications
Lacey AM, Rogers C, Endorf FW, Fey RM, Gayken JR, Schmitz KR, Punjabi GV, Whitley AB, Masters TC, Moore JC, Nygaard RM. An Institutional Protocol for the Treatment of Severe Frostbite Injury-A 6-Year Retrospective Analysis. J Burn Care Res. 2021 Aug 4;42(4):817-820. doi: 10.1093/jbcr/irab008.
PubMed 33484248Gonzaga T, Jenabzadeh K, Anderson CP, Mohr WJ, Endorf FW, Ahrenholz DH. Use of Intra-arterial Thrombolytic Therapy for Acute Treatment of Frostbite in 62 Patients with Review of Thrombolytic Therapy in Frostbite. J Burn Care Res. 2016 Jul-Aug;37(4):e323-34. doi: 10.1097/BCR.0000000000000245.
PubMed 25950290Gao Y, Wang F, Zhou W, Pan S. Research progress in the pathogenic mechanisms and imaging of severe frostbite. Eur J Radiol. 2021 Apr;137:109605. doi: 10.1016/j.ejrad.2021.109605. Epub 2021 Feb 17.
PubMed 33621855Millet JD, Brown RK, Levi B, Kraft CT, Jacobson JA, Gross MD, Wong KK. Frostbite: Spectrum of Imaging Findings and Guidelines for Management. Radiographics. 2016 Nov-Dec;36(7):2154-2169. doi: 10.1148/rg.2016160045. Epub 2016 Aug 5.
PubMed 27494386Twomey JA, Peltier GL, Zera RT. An open-label study to evaluate the safety and efficacy of tissue plasminogen activator in treatment of severe frostbite. J Trauma. 2005 Dec;59(6):1350-4; discussion 1354-5. doi: 10.1097/01.ta.0000195517.50778.2e.
PubMed 16394908Heard J, Shamrock A, Galet C, Pape KO, Laroia S, Wibbenmeyer L. Thrombolytic Use in Management of Frostbite Injuries: Eight Year Retrospective Review at a Single Institution. J Burn Care Res. 2020 May 2;41(3):722-726. doi: 10.1093/jbcr/iraa028.
PubMed 32030427Masters T, Omodt S, Gayken J, Logue C, Westgard B, Hendriksen S, Walter J, Nygaard R. Microangiography to Monitor Treatment Outcomes Following Severe Frostbite Injury to the Hands. J Burn Care Res. 2018 Jan 1;39(1):162-167. doi: 10.1097/BCR.0000000000000526.
PubMed 28328661Lacey AM, Fey RM, Gayken JR, Endorf FW, Schmitz KR, Punjabi GV, Masters TC, Nygaard RM. Microangiography: An Alternative Tool for Assessing Severe Frostbite Injury. J Burn Care Res. 2019 Aug 14;40(5):566-569. doi: 10.1093/jbcr/irz112.
PubMed 31298700WEATHERLEY-WHITE RC, SJOSTROM B, PATON BC. EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES IN COLD INJURY. II. THE PATHOGENESIS OF FROSTBITE. J Surg Res. 1964 Jan;4:17-22. doi: 10.1016/s0022-4804(64)80004-4. No abstract available.
PubMed 14106388Rohrer MJ, Natale AM. Effect of hypothermia on the coagulation cascade. Crit Care Med. 1992 Oct;20(10):1402-5. doi: 10.1097/00003246-199210000-00007.
PubMed 1395660Zook N, Hussmann J, Brown R, Russell R, Kucan J, Roth A, Suchy H. Microcirculatory studies of frostbite injury. Ann Plast Surg. 1998 Mar;40(3):246-53; discussion 254-5. doi: 10.1097/00000637-199803000-00009.
PubMed 9523607Bourne MH, Piepkorn MW, Clayton F, Leonard LG. Analysis of microvascular changes in frostbite injury. J Surg Res. 1986 Jan;40(1):26-35. doi: 10.1016/0022-4804(86)90141-1.
PubMed 3941548Robson MC, Heggers JP. Evaluation of hand frostbite blister fluid as a clue to pathogenesis. J Hand Surg Am. 1981 Jan;6(1):43-7. doi: 10.1016/s0363-5023(81)80010-x.
PubMed 7204918McCauley RL, Hing DN, Robson MC, Heggers JP. Frostbite injuries: a rational approach based on the pathophysiology. J Trauma. 1983 Feb;23(2):143-7.
PubMed 6827634Rogers C, Lacey AM, Endorf FW, Punjabi G, Whitley A, Gayken J, Fey R, Schmitz K, Nygaard RM. The Effects of Rapid Rewarming on Tissue Salvage in Severe Frostbite Injury. J Burn Care Res. 2022 Jul 1;43(4):906-911. doi: 10.1093/jbcr/irab218.
PubMed 34791315
Study at a glance
From the registry record, last updated by the sponsor on 30 Jul 2026. Recruitment status is as the sponsor reported it: confirm with the study team.
- Official title
- Prospective Comparison of ICG Microangiography and Conventional Angiography in Severe Frostbite
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT05777590
- Acronym / sponsor ID
- A22-321
- Conditions
- Frostbite
- Keywords
- Frostbite, Angiogram, Indocyanine Green, ICG
- Study type
- Observational
- Recruitment status
- Completed
- Enrolment
- 8 participants (actual)
- Lead sponsor
- HealthPartners InstituteUniversity, hospital or other
- Study start
- 3 Feb 2023 (actual)
- Primary completion
- 1 Feb 2025 (actual)
- Study completion
- 3 Jun 2026 (actual)
- First posted
- 21 Mar 2023 (actual)
- Results
- Not posted in the source record
Clinical summary
The research question as the sponsor registered it. This describes what the study plans to test, not what it found.
Severe frostbite injury is a significant cause of morbidity in northern climates. Minnesota has some of the highest numbers of severe frostbite injuries in North America. As a result, Regions Hospital has the best opportunity to study this disease process and improve outcomes for frostbite patients. The diagnostic methods for severe frostbite injury vary from institution to institution and there is no standard practice. Commonly utilized methods include conventional angiography, Technetium 99 triple phase bone scans, SPECT studies, Indocyanine Green microangiography, and doppler studies. The proposed pilot study aims to directly compare conventional angiography imaging to ICG microangiography in adult patients with severe frostbite. Severe frostbite is defined as 4th degree: frostbite resulting in vascular occlusion and tissue ischemia. Both imaging modalities have been used for the diagnosis and monitoring of severe frostbite injury but there has never been a study directly comparing these two imaging modalities.
Detailed description
Frostbite injury has been a significant cause of morbidity and mortality for as long as humans have experienced cold winters. When frostbite occurs, there are two primary mechanisms through which tissue damage occurs, though the main mechanism focused on here is systemic cooling. Frostbite is a multiphase process that starts with systemic cooling. As the body cools, blood is shunted from the extremities to the core to maintain heat in the vital organs. During this shunting, there is extensive vasospasm in the extremities and the tissue becomes ischemic. Upon further cooling, tissue ice crystals form within the cells and interstitial spaces causing desiccation and cell destruction. This occurs in the soft tissues and also affects the endothelium of the micro- and macro-vasculature. Clots form in the microvasculature, worsening the ischemia. All ischemic tissues release pro-inflammatory factors, which increase inflammation and worsen clotting.
Upon rewarming of the frozen tissues, the reperfusion can worsen the inflammatory state as these factors released by the ischemic tissue are now able to circulate. Rapid rewarming is used as a tool to mitigate this reperfusion injury, but it does not eliminate the damage. After rapid rewarming, the tissue is assessed for the extent of damage to determine next treatment steps. Diagnosis varies by institution, but the main goal of all diagnostic modalities is to determine if there is a vascular cutoff causing tissue ischemia.
At Regions Hospital, the main diagnostic method that has been used for over 20 years is conventional angiography. This clearly demonstrates the microvasculature of the tissues and allows the intra-arterial catheter directed sheaths to be placed to start thrombolytics, heparin, and vasodilators to treat the tissue ischemia. Other diagnostic modalities used elsewhere include Technetium 99 triple phase bone scans, SPECT imaging, and indocyanine green (ICG) microangiography. All of these imaging modalities demonstrate the perfusion of the affected tissue but do not allow for directed delivery of thrombolytics. In institutions that use these imaging techniques, thrombolytics are typically delivered in an intravenous fashion rather than intra-arterial.
ICG microangiography is a technology that has had rapidly expanding applications in recent decades. These have included retinal imaging, determining perfusion of colorectal anastomoses, biliary imaging, and assessing the blood supply of tissue flaps. It has recently been used in diagnosis of frostbite with good correlation with severe final amputation levels. It is easy to use, non-radiating, can be performed at the bedside, and cheaper than other imaging modalities.
Given that every hospital has different diagnostic and treatment algorithms, these different imaging modalities have rarely been compared in the same patient. The current best metric is comparing the imaging modality with the amount of tissue that is amputated as demonstrated in prior studies cited here. This research application provides a unique opportunity to compare two imaging modalities head-to-head in the same patient and determine their concordance or discordance.
Study design
- Observational model
- Cohort
- Time perspective
- Prospective
Who may qualify
- Ages
- 18 years and older
- Sex
- All
- Healthy volunteers
- Not accepted
- Age groups
- Adult, Older adult
- Study population
- Patients undergoing conventional angiography and thrombolysis for severe frostbite. will be identified by the burn surgeons and advance practice practitioners. They will evaluate the patients to determine whether they meet the inclusion/exclusion criteria of the study.
Key inclusion criteria (6 listed)
- Adult (>18 years old) patients
- Diagnosed with severe frostbite by conventional angiography
- Undergoing thrombolysis with catheter directed lytics
- Clinically sober at the time of consent
- Cognitively able to provide consent as determined by clinician's best judgement
Key exclusion criteria (2 listed)
- Pregnant. Pregnancy will be determined by standard of care pregnancy test performed on all female frostbite patients who are receiving lytics.
- Iodine allergy.
Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening; this overview does not establish that a patient qualifies. Full inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Interventions
| Intervention | Type | Arms |
|---|---|---|
| Indocyanine Green AngiogramAlso: ICGAngiogram using ICG dye the occurs directly after conventional angiogram in assessment of frostbite patients undergoing thrombolysis | Drug | – |
Primary outcome
Assessment of Angiography and ICG microangiography imaging demonstrating ischemic tissue present in severe frostbite scored by Hennepin Frostbite Score.
Time frame: Through study completion, an average of 2 years
Hypothesize that these two imaging modalities (ICG (indocyanine green) and conventional angiography) will be concordant at demonstrating the ischemic tissue present in severe frostbite.
1 secondary outcome
Safety of indocyanine green when delivered in close association with contrast dye (used in conventional angiography) measured by number of adverse events
Time frame: Through study completion, an average of 2 years
Results and safety
The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.
Research links
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govLast updated by the sponsor 30 Jul 2026.
- Background: PubMed 33484248Lacey AM, Rogers C, Endorf FW, Fey RM, Gayken JR, Schmitz KR, Punjabi GV, Whitley AB, Masters TC, Moore JC, Nygaard RM. An Institutional Protocol for the Treatment of Severe Frostbite Injury-A 6-Year Retrospective Analysis. J Burn Care Res. 2021 Aug 4;42(4):817-820. doi: 10.1093/jbcr/irab008.
- Background: PubMed 25950290Gonzaga T, Jenabzadeh K, Anderson CP, Mohr WJ, Endorf FW, Ahrenholz DH. Use of Intra-arterial Thrombolytic Therapy for Acute Treatment of Frostbite in 62 Patients with Review of Thrombolytic Therapy in Frostbite. J Burn Care Res. 2016 Jul-Aug;37(4):e323-34. doi: 10.1097/BCR.0000000000000245.
- Background: PubMed 33621855Gao Y, Wang F, Zhou W, Pan S. Research progress in the pathogenic mechanisms and imaging of severe frostbite. Eur J Radiol. 2021 Apr;137:109605. doi: 10.1016/j.ejrad.2021.109605. Epub 2021 Feb 17.
- Background: PubMed 27494386Millet JD, Brown RK, Levi B, Kraft CT, Jacobson JA, Gross MD, Wong KK. Frostbite: Spectrum of Imaging Findings and Guidelines for Management. Radiographics. 2016 Nov-Dec;36(7):2154-2169. doi: 10.1148/rg.2016160045. Epub 2016 Aug 5.
- Background: PubMed 16394908Twomey JA, Peltier GL, Zera RT. An open-label study to evaluate the safety and efficacy of tissue plasminogen activator in treatment of severe frostbite. J Trauma. 2005 Dec;59(6):1350-4; discussion 1354-5. doi: 10.1097/01.ta.0000195517.50778.2e.
- Background: PubMed 32030427Heard J, Shamrock A, Galet C, Pape KO, Laroia S, Wibbenmeyer L. Thrombolytic Use in Management of Frostbite Injuries: Eight Year Retrospective Review at a Single Institution. J Burn Care Res. 2020 May 2;41(3):722-726. doi: 10.1093/jbcr/iraa028.
- Background: PubMed 28328661Masters T, Omodt S, Gayken J, Logue C, Westgard B, Hendriksen S, Walter J, Nygaard R. Microangiography to Monitor Treatment Outcomes Following Severe Frostbite Injury to the Hands. J Burn Care Res. 2018 Jan 1;39(1):162-167. doi: 10.1097/BCR.0000000000000526.
- Background: PubMed 31298700Lacey AM, Fey RM, Gayken JR, Endorf FW, Schmitz KR, Punjabi GV, Masters TC, Nygaard RM. Microangiography: An Alternative Tool for Assessing Severe Frostbite Injury. J Burn Care Res. 2019 Aug 14;40(5):566-569. doi: 10.1093/jbcr/irz112.
- Background: PubMed 14106388WEATHERLEY-WHITE RC, SJOSTROM B, PATON BC. EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES IN COLD INJURY. II. THE PATHOGENESIS OF FROSTBITE. J Surg Res. 1964 Jan;4:17-22. doi: 10.1016/s0022-4804(64)80004-4. No abstract available.
- Background: PubMed 1395660Rohrer MJ, Natale AM. Effect of hypothermia on the coagulation cascade. Crit Care Med. 1992 Oct;20(10):1402-5. doi: 10.1097/00003246-199210000-00007.
- Background: PubMed 9523607Zook N, Hussmann J, Brown R, Russell R, Kucan J, Roth A, Suchy H. Microcirculatory studies of frostbite injury. Ann Plast Surg. 1998 Mar;40(3):246-53; discussion 254-5. doi: 10.1097/00000637-199803000-00009.
- Background: PubMed 3941548Bourne MH, Piepkorn MW, Clayton F, Leonard LG. Analysis of microvascular changes in frostbite injury. J Surg Res. 1986 Jan;40(1):26-35. doi: 10.1016/0022-4804(86)90141-1.
- Individual participant dataSharing planned: No
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Referral and contact
AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals. Contact the study team or a site listed below; they decide who can take part. This study is not recruiting at the moment.
Alexandra Lacey, MD principal investigator
Regions Hospital
1 site in 1 country: see every site and its status.
Questions about this trial
What is this clinical trial studying?
An observational study of Frostbite, run by HealthPartners Institute at 1 site in United States.
The full registered description is in the About this study section and the official record.
Who may be eligible to take part?
The sponsor lists 6 inclusion and 2 exclusion criteria. Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening, so read the full criteria and contact a listed site.
Is this clinical trial currently recruiting?
The record says: finished, as of the sponsor's last update on 30 Jul 2026. Status can change between updates, so confirm with the study contact before making plans.
Where is the study taking place?
The record lists 1 site in United States. Whether a site is taking part right now should be confirmed with that site. See every site.
What are the possible benefits and risks?
They depend on the study and the treatment, and no study can promise a benefit. The study team explains the known risks during informed consent, before anyone joins; the record itself does not list them.
Are results available for this study?
The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.
How can a doctor refer a patient or contact the research team?
The record lists no contact. The official record names the sponsor, who can be asked directly. AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals.
What does the primary outcome measure?
Assessment of Angiography and ICG microangiography imaging demonstrating ischemic tissue present in severe frostbite scored by Hennepin Frostbite Score. (time frame: Through study completion, an average of 2 years). It is what the study was designed to measure, not a finding.
Where can I read the original study information?
On the ClinicalTrials.gov record for NCT05777590, which also lists 19 linked publications.
Does a listing mean the treatment is approved or proven to work?
No. A listing means the study is registered. It does not show that the treatment is safe, works, or is approved by a regulator.
How often is this information updated?
AzTrials copies changed records from ClinicalTrials.gov every night and reloads the whole registry every week. The sponsor last updated this record on 30 Jul 2026.