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Child BehaviorNCT05891067

The Effectiveness of a Classroom-based Intervention Promoting a Prosocial Classroom Climate in Children

A study testing SterkWerk and Treatment-as-usual in people with Child Behavior, run by Utrecht University at 1 site in Netherlands.

Completed

Finished. The study has ended and is not enrolling. Results may be posted on the official record.

Official record
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Trial summary

The purpose of this study is to investigate whether a classroom-based program promoting a prosocial classroom climate is more effective than treatment-as-usual (control condition). Read more about this study

Who is it for?
Any ageHealthy volunteers can take part
Conditions the study is for
Child Behavior
What is being tested?
SterkWerk and Treatment-as-usual
Could I receive a placebo?
No, everyone receives an active treatment
How many people
2,337 participants
Where
1 siteNetherlands
Study dates
11 May 2023to 30 Sep 2025
Phase
Interventional
Are there results?
None posted in the registry

Key requirements

Who can take part, as listed by the sponsor. Only the study team can confirm whether you are eligible, so take this list to your doctor.

  • Ages Any age
  • All sexes
  • Healthy volunteers accepted
  • Child, Adult, Older adult

Who may be able to join

  • Primary school children of grades 5-8 (mostly aged between 8-12 years)
  • Teachers and school leaders of participating schools (no age limit)

Who cannot join

  • No exclusion criteria

Trial locations and contacts

1 site in 1 country.

Netherlands1 site
  • Utrecht University

    Utrecht, Utrecht, 3584CS

Other trials in Netherlands

About this study

Official title: The Effectiveness of a Classroom-based Intervention Promoting Proscial Classroom Climate in Children

The purpose of this study is to investigate whether a classroom-based program promoting a prosocial classroom climate is more effective than treatment-as-usual (control condition).

Read the detailed description

A positive, prosocial classroom climate is associated with improved social competence and academic achievement, as well as decreased internalizing and externalizing problems and antisocial behavior in children. It is expected that motivation to behave prosocially is needed to achieve a prosocial climate in the classroom, and that such motivation can be enhanced through three components of self-determination theory (SDT): competence, relatedness, and autonomy. The goal of this study is to examine the effectiveness of a classroom-based program based on SDT that aims to promote prosocial classroom climate, through a cluster Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT). SterkWerk is hypothesized to be more effective than treatment-as-usual (TAU) in creating more prosocial classrooms, through improving prosocial (intrinsic) motivation and behavior, social autonomy, social competence, and social relatedness.

The design of the current study is a cluster Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT) with two conditions: the intervention condition and a waitlist control condition (TAU: treatment-as-usual). Schools in the intervention condition receive the materials and training to implement the intervention in the school year 2023/2024. Schools in the control group do not receive the intervention (do not receive material or training), and function as normal (TAU). Control schools are requested to not start any social-emotional program during the school year 2023/2024.

Conditions
Child Behavior
Being tested
SterkWerk, Treatment-as-usual
Medical subject headings
Child Behavior

What participants receive

What participants receive. In a randomised study each person is assigned to one group by chance.

  • SterkWerkBehavioural

    Classroom-based intervention program

  • Treatment-as-usualBehavioural

    Also called TAU

    Active control group

Study groups in NCT05891067
Study groupRoleWhat they receive
SterkWerkExperimentalSterkWerk is a classroom-based approach (throughout the school year) for primary school groups 5-8 (children aged 8-12 years old) in which children are given specific roles to actively work on responsibility, ownership and prosocial behavior. SterkWerk consists of three main components: meaningful roles, classroom meeting and compliments.
Receives: Behavioral: SterkWerk
Treatment-as-usualActive comparatorSchools in the control group do not receive the intervention (do not receive material or training), and function as normal (treatment-as-usual). Control schools are requested to not start any social-emotional program during the school year 2023/2024.
Receives: Behavioral: Treatment-as-usual

What is being measured

The primary outcome is the main question the study is designed to answer.

  1. Change in prosocial behavior as an injunctive form assessed with three items specifically developed for this study

    It is a self-reported instrument rated on a 3-point scale from 1 (not true) to 3 (definitely true), measuring children's attitudes towards prosocial behavior that are on average held in the classroom. Higher scores reflect a higher injunctive norm of the group towards prosocial behavior.

    Measured: T1 (baseline); T2 (mid-intervention) approximately 5 months after the start of the intervention; T3 (postintervention) approximately 10 months after the start of the intervention

  2. Change in individual prosocial behavior assessed with four items based on the subscale prosocial behavior of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire

    The adapted SDQ subscale prosocial behavior is a self-reported instrument rated on a 4-point scale from 1 (never) to 4 (always). Higher scores reflect more prosocial behavior.

    Measured: T1 (baseline); T2 (mid-intervention) approximately 5 months after the start of the intervention; T3 (postintervention) approximately 10 months after the start of the intervention

  3. Change in prosocial relations in the classroom assessed with sociometric nominations

    Children see a list with the names of all classmates and select the classmates that fit the question best according to them. Two items are used, assessing the child's prosocial behavior according to classmates. The number of received nominations is devided by the number of possible nominations, resulting in a proportion score for prosocial relations.

    Measured: T1 (baseline); T2 (mid-intervention) approximately 5 months after the start of the intervention; T3 (postintervention) approximately 10 months after the start of the intervention

  4. Change in cooperation and conflict in the classroom assessed with the Classroom Peer Context Questionnaire (CPCQ), subscales cooperation and conflict.

    The CPCQ is a self-reported instrument. The cooperation subscale consists of four items assessing the extent to which children experience positive behavior. The conflict subscale consists of two items assessing the extent to which children experience negative behavior. The items are rated on a 4-point scale ranging from 1 (not true) to 4 (completely true). Higher scores on the cooperation subscale reflects more positive behavior, while for the conflict subscale it reflects more negative behavior.

    Measured: T1 (baseline); T2 (mid-intervention) approximately 5 months after the start of the intervention; T3 (postintervention) approximately 10 months after the start of the intervention

  5. Change in intrinsic (prosocial) motivation assessed with four items specifically developed for this study

    This instrument is a self-reported instrument, rated on a 3-point scale ranging from 1 (not true) to 3 (definitely true). Higher scores reflect more intrinsic (prosocial) motivation.

    Measured: T1 (baseline); T2 (mid-intervention) approximately 5 months after the start of the intervention; T3 (postintervention) approximately 10 months after the start of the intervention

  6. Change in social competence assessed with five items based on the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES)

    The adapted RSES is a self-reported istrument, rated on a 3-point scale ranging from 1 (not true) to 3 (definitely true). Higher scores reflect more social competence.

    Measured: T1 (baseline); T2 (mid-intervention) approximately 5 months after the start of the intervention; T3 (postintervention) approximately 10 months after the start of the intervention

  7. Change in social autonomy assessed with five items based on the School as a Caring Community Profile-II (SCCP-II) and the Child Development Project

    It is a self-reported instrument, rated on a 4-point scale ranging from 1 (never) to 4 (always). Higher scores reflect more autonomy.

    Measured: T1 (baseline); T2 (mid-intervention) approximately 5 months after the start of the intervention; T3 (postintervention) approximately 10 months after the start of the intervention

  8. Change in social relatedness assessed with the Classroom Peer Context Questionnaire (CPCQ), subscales comfort and cohesion.

    The CPCQ is a self-reported instrument. The comfort subscale consists of four items assessing the extent to which children feel at ease in the classroom. The cohesion subscale consists of two items assessing the extent to which the children in the classroom spend time together. The items are rated on a 4-point scale ranging from 1 (not true) to 4 (completely true). Higher scores on both subscales reflect more positive behavior.

    Measured: T1 (baseline); T2 (mid-intervention) approximately 5 months after the start of the intervention; T3 (postintervention) approximately 10 months after the start of the intervention

Secondary outcomes (7)
  1. Change in school wellbeing assessed with seven items specifically developed for this study

    This is a self-reported instrument. School belonging is measured with 7 items, rated on a 4-point scale ranging from 1 (never) to 4 (always). Higher scores reflect positive school wellbeing.

    Measured: T1 (baseline); T2 (mid-intervention) approximately 5 months after the start of the intervention; T3 (postintervention) approximately 10 months after the start of the intervention

  2. Change in school wellbeing assessed with one item specifically developed for this study

    This is a self-reported instrument. School safety is measured with 1 item, rated on a 7-point scale ranging from 1 (very unsafe) to 7 (very safe). Higher scores reflect positive school wellbeing.

    Measured: T1 (baseline); T2 (mid-intervention) approximately 5 months after the start of the intervention; T3 (postintervention) approximately 10 months after the start of the intervention

  3. Change in social position (kindness, leadership, unkindness, popularity, best friends) assessed with sociometric nominations

    Children see a list with the names of all classmates and select the classmates that fit the question best according to them. Five items are used, assessing the child's social position according to classmates. The number of received nominations is devided by the number of possible nominations, resulting in a proportion score for each social position (kindness, leadership, unkindness, popularity, best friends).

    Measured: T1 (baseline); T2 (mid-intervention) approximately 5 months after the start of the intervention; T3 (postintervention) approximately 10 months after the start of the intervention

  4. Change in bullying and bullying victimization assessed with the Olweus Bully-Victim Questionnaire (OB-VQ)

    The OB-VQ is a self-reported instrument, consisting of items related to bullying, bullying victimization and the perceived behavior and attitudes of the teacher. Nine items related to bullying and victimization are rated on a 5-point Likert scale ranging from 1 (I did not bully / I was not bullied) to 5 (several times a week). Higher scores reflect more bullying and victimization.

    Measured: T1 (baseline); T2 (mid-intervention) approximately 5 months after the start of the intervention; T3 (postintervention) approximately 10 months after the start of the intervention

  5. Change in bullying and bullying victimization (where child is victimized) assessed with the Olweus Bully-Victim Questionnaire (OB-VQ)

    The OB-VQ is a self-reported instrument, consisting of items related to bullying, bullying victimization and the perceived behavior and attitudes of the teacher. One item asks where the child is bullied. with answer options such as: in the halway, on the way to school, in the classroom (with the teacher present).

    Measured: T1 (baseline); T2 (mid-intervention) approximately 5 months after the start of the intervention; T3 (postintervention) approximately 10 months after the start of the intervention

  6. Change in bullying and bullying victimization assessed with the Olweus Bully-Victim Questionnaire (OB-VQ)

    The OB-VQ is a self-reported instrument, consisting of items related to bullying, bullying victimization and the perceived behavior and attitudes of the teacher. Three items relate to the perceived behavior and attitude of the teacher. Higher scores reflect more negative attitudes/behavior of the teacher.

    Measured: T1 (baseline); T2 (mid-intervention) approximately 5 months after the start of the intervention; T3 (postintervention) approximately 10 months after the start of the intervention

  7. Change in bullying and bullying victimization assessed with sociometric nominations

    Regarding sociometric nominations,10 questions related to bullying victimization and one question related to bullying will be asked to children. Children see a list with the names of all classmates and select the classmates that fit the question best according to them. The number of received nominations is devided by the number of possible nominations, resulting in a proportion score for bullying.

    Measured: T1 (baseline); T2 (mid-intervention) approximately 5 months after the start of the intervention; T3 (postintervention) approximately 10 months after the start of the intervention

Timeline

From the start of the study to its completion; the mark is today. Estimated dates are the sponsor’s plan.

  1. First posted6 Jun 2023
  2. Study start11 May 2023
  3. Primary completion31 Jul 2024
  4. Study completion30 Sep 2025

Resources

More details

For doctors and researchers: how the study is designed, who runs it, and its registry IDs.

Study design
Study type
Interventional
Phase
Phase N/A
Primary purpose
Prevention
Allocation
Randomised
Intervention model
Parallel groups
Model description
The design of the current study is a cluster Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT) with two conditions: the intervention condition and a waitlist control condition (TAU: treatment-as-usual). Schools are randomized into the intervention or control condition.
Masking
None (open label)
Enrolment
2,337 participants (actual)
IDs, dates and publications
ClinicalTrials.gov ID
NCT05891067
Sponsor's protocol ID
UtrechtU
Other IDs
23-0082
Status last verified
May 2026
First submitted
28 Apr 2023
Last updated
12 May 2026
Results posted
No
Data monitoring committee
No
FDA-regulated drug
No
FDA-regulated device
No
Individual data sharing
Yes: The datasets generated during and/or analysed during the current study will be stored in a publicly available repository.

Publications

  • van Loon AWG, Kaufman TML. The effectiveness of the Dutch Meaningful Roles program in children: a study protocol for a cluster randomized controlled study. BMC Public Health. 2023 Jul 27;23(1):1440. doi: 10.1186/s12889-023-16362-8.

    PubMed 37501078
  • van Loon, A., & Kaufman, T. (2025). Eindrapportage: De effectiviteit van SterkWerk in het basisonderwijs. Nationaal Kennisinstituut Onderwijs. https://www.nko.nl/sites/nro/files/media-files/eki_eindrapportage_sterkwerk.pdf

  • van Loon, A. ., & Kaufman, T. (2026). De Effectiviteit van een Schoolinterventie voor het Vergroten van een Prosociaal Klasklimaat voor Basisschoolkinderen. Jeugd in Ontwikkeling , 2. https://doi.org/10.54447/JiO.23463

  • Sun Y, van Loon AWG, Kaufman TML. Pathways to Prosociality: How Classroom Strategies That Support Basic Psychological Needs Foster Prosocial Behavior in Children. Prev Sci. 2026 Mar;27(3):451-463. doi: 10.1007/s11121-026-01895-2. Epub 2026 Mar 18.

    PubMed 41851565

Questions about this trial

What is this clinical trial studying?

A study testing SterkWerk and Treatment-as-usual in people with Child Behavior, run by Utrecht University at 1 site in Netherlands.

The full registered description is in the About this study section and the official record.

Who may be eligible to take part?

The sponsor lists 2 inclusion and 1 exclusion criteria. Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening, so read the full criteria and contact a listed site.

Is this clinical trial currently recruiting?

The record says: finished, as of the sponsor's last update on 12 May 2026. Status can change between updates, so confirm with the study contact before making plans.

Where is the study taking place?

The record lists 1 site in Netherlands. Whether a site is taking part right now should be confirmed with that site. See every site.

What are the possible benefits and risks?

They depend on the study and the treatment, and no study can promise a benefit. The study team explains the known risks during informed consent, before anyone joins; the record itself does not list them.

Are results available for this study?

The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.

How can a doctor refer a patient or contact the research team?

The record lists no contact. The official record names the sponsor, who can be asked directly. AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals.

What does the primary outcome measure?

Change in prosocial behavior as an injunctive form assessed with three items specifically developed for this study (time frame: T1 (baseline); T2 (mid-intervention) approximately 5 months after the start of the intervention; T3 (postintervention) approximately 10 months after the start of the intervention). The study lists 8 primary outcomes in all. It is what the study was designed to measure, not a finding.

Where can I read the original study information?

On the ClinicalTrials.gov record for NCT05891067, which also lists 4 linked publications.

Does a listing mean the treatment is approved or proven to work?

No. A listing means the study is registered. It does not show that the treatment is safe, works, or is approved by a regulator.

How often is this information updated?

AzTrials copies changed records from ClinicalTrials.gov every night and reloads the whole registry every week. The sponsor last updated this record on 12 May 2026.

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