Blind Vs US Guided Manual Pressure Points

Each experimental day will include a maximum of 30 male subjects. Following the signing of an informed consent form and a questionnaire detailing possible exclusion criteria, subjects' demographics including age, gender, weight and height will be recorded. Right- or left-hand dominance, as well as the duration of service and previous training in MPP, will be determined by questioning and documented. This will be performed in a separate setting, ensuring subjects' privacy.

Then, all participants will undergo hands-on training in small groups concerning the pressure point technique - both blind application and ultrasound-guided application of the technique. Each participant will have the opportunity to try each technique at least once at each point.

Following the training session, participants will serve as both providers and models based on convenience (the order in which they approach the enrollment station), with each provider ideally becoming the subject for the next provider, although not necessarily. Each subject (medic) will perform two sets of attempts for pressure points application, on the same side of the model subject, which will be randomly determined (to avoid a bias created by the convenience of approach correseponding with providers' hand dominance). Before each set, the model subject's blood pressure and heart rate will be measured (on the contralateral side to the pressure application) and recorded. Each set will consist of three 180 seconds long attempts. Each attempt will be performed at a different point: Supraclavicular and femoral, with at least 120 seconds break between attempts. One of the sets will be performed using the blind, manual technique, using the provider's hands, and the other sets will be done using an ultrasound device guiding the location, direction and amount of pressure and using the probe itself to exert the pressure. The order in which the sets will be performed will be randomly determined.

At any point, any of the subjects can stop and end the attempt due to discomfort or any other reason. His participation will cease immediately, without the need for an explanation or taking any steps on his part. In that case, the same attempt (e.g. blind supraclavicular pressure) will not be repeated. However, this will not preclude the subject from participating in the following attempts as long as he is willing to.

At the end of each attempt, both the model and provider will be requested to rate their level of discomfort between 0 and 10 (NRS - Numerical Rating Score) During each attempt (including a 10-second baseline recording before each attempt), a sonographer will use a second ultrasound device to monitor blood flow distal to the pressure point using pulse-wave doppler. The sonographer will be blinded to the pressure technique used by the participant using a fabric blind and noise-cancelling headphones. The sonographer will vocally declare each time occlusion has been achieved or lost. A member of the experiment team will use a stopwatch to measure the total time of flow within each 180 seconds attempt. In addition, screen recording of the ultrasound device screen will be performed to allow for retrospective flow rate analysis using image analysis software. Screen recording of the pressing ultrasound screen will also be performed for potential retrospective analysis. Following each attempt, the cross-sectional area and mean flow rate of the artery in the intended pressure location will be measured by a sonographer to determine baseline flow through the artery, and clips will be collected to map the anatomy of the area for possible future analysis. This will be done after the attempt so that no markings will be left to guide the providers in their attempt.