Predictors of Response to Manual Physiotherapy Using Somatosensory Profiles in Patients With Cervicobrachial Pain

Neck and arm pain over the last 24 hours will be assessed with the NPRS. 0 is considered as no pain and 10 as the worst pain imaginable.

It is a unidimensional questionnaire consisting of 10 sections on different activities and measuring functionality.

CSI is a 25-item questionnaire to assess the presence of signs and symptoms consistent with central sensitisation.

Questionnaire consisting of temporal and spatial pain descriptors and sensory descriptors. The PD-Q classifies patients into 3 groups as follows:

• The result is negative = The neuropathic pain component is unlikely (Score 0 to 12).
• The result is unclear = The result is ambiguous, however, the neuropathic pain component may be present (Score 13 to 18).
• The result is positive = Neuropathic pain is likely to be present (Score 19 to 38).

The intensity of the most intense and average pain during the last 4 weeks is recorded on an NPRS as part of the PD-Q.

PSFS is a scale that measures a patient's functional status by asking about activities that are difficult to perform based on their condition and scoring the level of limitation of each activity.

It is an 11-item questionnaire developed to identify fear of of movement.

It is a 13-item questionnaire developed to identify catastrophising thoughts or feelings in relation to painful experiences.

An increasing scale of 0-10 will be used to assess the quality of sleep. 0 is considered to be very poor sleep quality as a result of the pain, and 10 is considered to be no sleep disturbance.

Is one of the most widely used tests to measure anxiety and depression in a general population of patients.

The clinical examination will include a detailed anamnesis considering items published by other studies.

The sensitivity to touch of the different dermatomes involved in the upper extremity will be evaluated by means of a piece of cotton and with a toothpick by means of the neuropen. The sensitivity of the healthy limb will be compared with that affected in upper extremity dermatomes. The patient should tell us if there are alterations in sensitivity and if he perceives the stimulus in a more noticeable, similar or lesser way. Results will be noted as hyperesthesia, normoestesia, or hypoesthesia.

The reflex hammer will be used to evaluate the response of the roots of C5 and C6 by percussion in the biceps tendon and percussion in the triceps tendon for the evaluation of the roots of C6 and C7. The healthy and affected limb will be examined and compared for asymmetries indicating pathology

The loss of strength will be manually examined that would indicate a loss of function of different nerve roots.

It consists of performing a homolateral inclination that aims to reduce the intervertebral foramen along with a compression. The test is considered positive with reproduction of symptoms.

It consists of slightly pulling the cervical spine with the patient in supine position. The reduction of symptoms during the test is considered positive.

With the patient in supine position, an extension and homolateral rotation is performed. The reproduction of the symptoms suggests facet involvement in the patient's clinical picture.

The patient will be asked to perform a bilateral active rotation. Limitation of mobility to the symptomatological ipsilateral side will be considered positive.

It will be evaluated using neurodynamic tests of the upper extremity (ULNT1, ULNT 2 and ULNT 3) and palpation of the median, radial and ulnar nerves. ULNTs are passive brachial plexus and nerve provocation tests to be evaluated performed supine, involving a sequence of movements that gradually add tension to the nerve trunk. The test will be considered positive with reproduction of arm symptoms at least partially and with the presence of structural differentiation. Structural differentiation involves modifying some of the movements of the sequence away from the area of onset of symptoms. It is a feature frequently used to involve nerve tissue in the symptoms reproduced.

The participant will be asked to draw, on an electronic body map, the location and intensity of their symptoms.

Part of the QST protocol standardised by the German Research Network on Neuropathic Pain will be applied.This includes detection and thermal pain thresholds.

The thermal thresholds will be measured using the MSA Thermotest (Somedic) with 9 cm thermode. The reference temperature will be set at 32°C. The cutting temperatures will be 5ºC and 50ºC. All thresholds will be obtained with ramp stimuli (1ºC/sec) that will stop voluntarily when the subject presses a button. Firstly, the cold and heat detection thresholds will be evaluated, and finally the measurement of the cold and heat pain thresholds. The average threshold temperature of 3 valid consecutive measurements will be calculated for each parameter.

It will be measured with a Rydel-Seiffer tuning fork (64 Hz, 8/8 scale). The threshold will be determined as a threshold of disappearance of perception with 3 repetitions of stimuli. Measurements will be taken over bony prominences unless the area of maximum pain does not exhibit a bony surface, in which case, measurements will be taken over adjacent soft tissue.

It will be determined with a pressure algometer with a contact surface of 1 cm2 and a ramp speed of 50kPa/s (Somedic). Subjects will be asked to press a button when the sensation changes from pressure to pressure pain. The average value of the measurements in triplicate shall be used for the analysis.

It will be measured by a repetitive pinprick stimulus at a controlled intensity using the set of pinprick stimulators (MRC systems). The perceived magnitude of a single puncture stimulus (256mN) will be compared to that of a series of 10 puncture stimuli of the same force repeated at a rate of 1/sec.

The cold pressor test will be used to evaluate the efficacy of endogenous pain inhibitory mechanisms. Patients will immerse the healthy limb's hand in an insulated container filled with cold water. The pressure pain threshold (PPT) test will be applied as a test stimulus to determine the potential effect of conditioned pain modulation during the application of the cold stimulus.

Using the thermode, we will identify the value for the heat pain threshold to obtain a value of 5/10 in the NPRS and then raise it by 1°C to obtain a new supra-threshold NPRS value. After a few seconds the temperature will be lowered back to the initial value and we will assess for changes in pain perception in the NPRS.

The patient will be asked for permission to access the tests performed as part of the medical diagnosis, in order to study whether the morphological changes produced by the aging of the patient (baseline situation) can be predictors of the response to treatment