Postprandial GlycemiaNCT06107231
WHNRC (Western Human Nutrition Research Center) Honey Study
A study testing Honey, Sucrose and Honey plus almonds in people with Postprandial Glycemia and Metabolic Stress, run by USDA, Western Human Nutrition Research Center at 1 site in United States.
Trial summary
The purpose of this research is to compare two snacks, one with honey and nuts and the other with sugar and nuts, on glucose levels before and after eating these snacks. The investigators hypothesize that honey and nuts will have an additive effect on the reduction of postprandial glucose response. Read more about this study
- Who is it for?
- Ages 18 to 40 yearsHealthy volunteers can take part
- Conditions the study is for
- Postprandial Glycemia, Metabolic Stress, Cognitive Change
- What is being tested?
- Honey, Sucrose and Honey plus almonds
- Could I receive a placebo?
- No, everyone receives an active treatment
- How many people
- 58 participants
- Where
- 1 siteUnited States
- Study dates
- 16 Jan 2024to 30 Oct 2026
- Phase
- Interventional
- Are there results?
- Not yet: the study is under way
Key requirements
Who can take part, as listed by the sponsor. Only the study team can confirm whether you are eligible, so take this list to your doctor.
- Ages 18 to 40 years
- All sexes
- Healthy volunteers accepted
- Adult
Who may be able to join
- Women must be pre-menopausal
- Willing to consume snacks that contain honey, table sugar, and tree nuts
Who cannot join
- Body Mass Index (BMI) <18.5 or >40
- Allergies to tree nuts
- Current medical diagnoses of chronic diseases including cardiovascular or pulmonary diseases, renal diseases, cancer, type 1 or type 2 diabetes, thyroid disease requiring medication, inflammatory or irritable bowel diseases, or those with recent major surgeries
- No individuals who fall in to the vulnerable categories of adults including those unable to consent, pregnant women, children, or prisoners will be eligible for this study
- Routinely taking medications known to affect glucose response.
- Caffeine and alcohol use will not be excluded, but should be carefully reported by each subject.
Show all 9Show fewer
- Regarding female candidates:
- Post-menopausal
- Women who have been pregnant or nursing within the last 6 months or plan to become pregnant during the trial will be ineligible
Trial locations and contacts
1 site in 1 country.
United States1 site
USDA, ARS, Western Human Nutrition Research Center
Davis, California, 95616
About this study
The purpose of this research is to compare two snacks, one with honey and nuts and the other with sugar and nuts, on glucose levels before and after eating these snacks.
The investigators hypothesize that honey and nuts will have an additive effect on the reduction of postprandial glucose response. The investigators further hypothesize that consumption of honey paired with nuts will retain the benefit of sugar consumption in satiety and reduction of metabolic stress.
Read the detailed description
Consuming sugar creates a feeling of satiation, and may buffer metabolic stress. However, prolonged postprandial hyperglycemia has been identified as a potential risk factor in type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Nuts, which are recommended to be consumed as part of a Mediterranean diet, up to 2 servings per day, have been shown to dramatically reduce postprandial glucose response to carbohydrates. Additionally, honey, which is typically used as an added sugar within a Mediterranean diet pattern, has a lower glycemic index than table sugar and may result in a reduced postprandial glucose response relative to other nutritive sweeteners. However, it is not yet known whether honey can work additively with nuts to further reduce postprandial glucose response over the reduction caused by nuts alone.
Honey has been shown to produce equivalent or greater satiety to regular table sugar and there is some indication that honey can improve immediate/working memory. Therefore, combined consumption of honey and nuts may offer a way to maximize the benefits of carbohydrate consumption on satiety and metabolic stress reduction while minimizing its negative effects on metabolism. However, it is not yet known whether sugars contained in the more complex food matrix of honey, consumed together with a food like nuts can impact satiety and metabolic stress in the way that has been observed for sugar.
- Being tested
- Honey, Sucrose, Honey plus almonds, Sucrose plus almonds
- Keywords
- Satiety, Cognition, Cortisol, Glucose, Honey, Nuts, Saliva, Stool, Almonds, Sucrose
- Medical subject headings
- Personal Satisfaction
What participants receive
What participants receive. In a randomised study each person is assigned to one group by chance.
HoneyOther
Honey representing 7% of total energy (kilocalorie) needs (40-70 grams)
SucroseOther
Sucrose representing 7% of total energy (kilocalorie) needs (40-70 grams)
Honey plus almondsOther
Honey representing 7% of total energy (kilocalorie) needs (40-70 grams) plus 1 ounce almonds (28 grams)
Sucrose plus almondsOther
Sucrose representing 7% of total energy (kilocalorie) needs (40-70 grams) plus 1 ounce almonds (28 grams)
| Study group | Role | What they receive |
|---|---|---|
| Honey alone and honey with almonds, then sucrose alone and sucrose with almonds | Experimental | Participants will be provided honey alone once each day for 3 days, then honey plus almonds for an additional 3 days while wearing a continuous glucose monitor. After a 14 day wash-out, participants will be provided sucrose alone once each day for 3 days, then sucrose plus almonds for an additional 3 days while wearing a continuous glucose monitor. Receives: Other: Honey; Other: Sucrose; Other: Honey plus almonds; Other: Sucrose plus almonds |
| Sucrose alone and sucrose with almonds, then honey alone and honey with almonds | Experimental | Participants will be provided sucrose alone once each day for 3 days, then sucrose plus almonds for an additional 3 days while wearing a continuous glucose monitor. After a 14 day wash-out, participants will be provided honey alone once each day for 3 days, then honey plus almonds for an additional 3 days while wearing a continuous glucose monitor. Receives: Other: Honey; Other: Sucrose; Other: Honey plus almonds; Other: Sucrose plus almonds |
What is being measured
The primary outcome is the main question the study is designed to answer.
Change in postprandial glucose response
Interstitial glucose response measured by a continuous glucose monitor
Measured: Measured continuously over days 0-8 and 23-31
Secondary outcomes (15)
Change in Self-reported hunger
Responses regarding hunger will be collected using a visual analog scale on a tablet with a 0-100 scale depicting the extremes (0= not at all to 100= extremely)
Measured: Fasting and 30, 60, and 90 min after consumption of standard breakfast on days 4, 8, 27, and 31
Change in Self-reported fullness
Responses regarding fullness will be collected using a visual analog scale on a tablet with a 0-100 scale depicting the extremes (0= not at all to 100= extremely)
Measured: Fasting and 30, 60, and 90 min after consumption of standard breakfast on days 4, 8, 27, and 31
Change in Self-reported desire to eat
Responses regarding desire to eat will be collected using a visual analog scale on a tablet with a 0-100 scale depicting the extremes (0= not at all to 100= extremely)
Measured: Fasting and 30, 60, and 90 min after consumption of standard breakfast on days 4, 8, 27, and 31
Change in Self-reported satisfaction with snack
Responses regarding satisfaction with snack will be collected using a visual analog scale on a tablet with a 0-100 scale depicting the extremes (0= not at all to 100= extremely)
Measured: Fasting and 30, 60, and 90 min after consumption of standard breakfast on days 4, 8, 27, and 31
Change in Self-reported prospective consumption
Responses regarding prospective consumption will be collected using a visual analog scale on a tablet with a 0-100 scale depicting the extremes (0= not at all to 100= extremely)
Measured: Fasting and 30, 60, and 90 min after consumption of standard breakfast on days 4, 8, 27, and 31
Change in Self-reported nausea
Responses regarding nausea will be collected using a visual analog scale on a tablet with a 0-100 scale depicting the extremes (0= not at all to 100= extremely)
Measured: Fasting and 30, 60, and 90 min after consumption of standard breakfast on days 4, 8, 27, and 31
Change in Cognitive testing for Spatial Working Memory
Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated battery (CANTAB) software will be used to assess Spatial Working Memory (SWM)
Measured: Days 4, 8, 27, and 31
Change in Cognitive testing for Paired Associates Learning
CANTAB software will be used to assess Paired Associates Learning (PAL)
Measured: Days 4, 8, 27, and 31
Change in Cognitive testing for Rapid Visual Processing
CANTAB software will be used to assess Rapid Visual Processing (RVP)
Measured: Days 4, 8, 27, and 31
Change in Salivary cortisol
Metabolic stress will be analyzed by measuring cortisol in saliva samples
Measured: Day 0 and 23 fasting only. Days 4, 8, 27, and 31 at fasting, 30, 60 and 90 min after consumption of snack provided in standard breakfast
Assessment of Fasted Salivary Estradiol
Passive drool will be assayed for estradiol as they impact metabolic stress throughout study days
Measured: Days 0, 4, 8, 23, 27,and 31 at fasting only
Assessment of Fasted Salivary Progesterone
Passive drool will be assayed for progesterone as they impact metabolic stress throughout study days
Measured: Days 0, 4, 8, 23, 27,and 31 at fasting only
Change in Stool marker of inflammation
Fecal calprotectin measured in stool samples
Measured: Stool collected on study days 0, 4, 8, 23, 27, and 31
Change in Stool bacterial metagenomics
Honey responsive genes identified by metagenomics
Measured: Stool collected on study days 0, 4, 8, 23, 27, and 31
Change in Dietary Intake
Food records collected using Automated Multi-pass Method (AMPM) on the platform ASA24
Measured: Days 1-3, 5-7, 24-26, and 28-30
Timeline
From the start of the study to its completion; the mark is today. Estimated dates are the sponsor’s plan.
- First posted30 Oct 2023
- Study start16 Jan 2024
- Primary completion31 Oct 2025
- Study completion30 Oct 2026 (estimated)
Resources
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govThe registry entry this page is built from, with its full change history.
- Publications (11)Papers the sponsor has linked to this study.
- Other trials for Postprandial GlycemiaStudies of the same condition, open and under way.
- What the trial phases meanHow a treatment moves from first tests in people to approval.
More details
For doctors and researchers: how the study is designed, who runs it, and its registry IDs.
Study design
- Study type
- Interventional
- Phase
- Phase N/A
- Primary purpose
- Basic science
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Crossover
- Masking
- Double blind
- Who is masked
- Participant, Investigator
- Enrolment
- 58 participants (actual)
Sponsor and investigators
- Lead sponsor
- USDA, Western Human Nutrition Research Center
- Sponsor type
- US federal agency
- Collaborators
- National Honey Board
- Responsible party
- Sponsor
- Investigators
- Mary Kable, PhD, Principal investigator, USDA, ARS, Western Human Nutrition Research CenterNancy Keim, PhD, Principal investigator, USDA, ARS, Western Human Nutrition Research CenterKevin Laugero, PhD, Principal investigator, USDA, ARS, Western Human Nutrition Research Center
IDs, dates and publications
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT06107231
- Sponsor's protocol ID
- FL118
- Status last verified
- May 2026
- First submitted
- 24 Oct 2023
- Last updated
- 29 May 2026
- Results posted
- No
- Data monitoring committee
- No
- FDA-regulated drug
- No
- FDA-regulated device
- No
Publications
Anderson GH, Woodend D. Consumption of sugars and the regulation of short-term satiety and food intake. Am J Clin Nutr. 2003 Oct;78(4):843S-849S. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/78.4.843S.
PubMed 14522748Tryon MS, Stanhope KL, Epel ES, Mason AE, Brown R, Medici V, Havel PJ, Laugero KD. Excessive Sugar Consumption May Be a Difficult Habit to Break: A View From the Brain and Body. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2015 Jun;100(6):2239-47. doi: 10.1210/jc.2014-4353. Epub 2015 Apr 16.
PubMed 25879513Virani SS, Alonso A, Benjamin EJ, Bittencourt MS, Callaway CW, Carson AP, Chamberlain AM, Chang AR, Cheng S, Delling FN, Djousse L, Elkind MSV, Ferguson JF, Fornage M, Khan SS, Kissela BM, Knutson KL, Kwan TW, Lackland DT, Lewis TT, Lichtman JH, Longenecker CT, Loop MS, Lutsey PL, Martin SS, Matsushita K, Moran AE, Mussolino ME, Perak AM, Rosamond WD, Roth GA, Sampson UKA, Satou GM, Schroeder EB, Shah SH, Shay CM, Spartano NL, Stokes A, Tirschwell DL, VanWagner LB, Tsao CW; American Heart Association Council on Epidemiology and Prevention Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee. Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics-2020 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2020 Mar 3;141(9):e139-e596. doi: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000000757. Epub 2020 Jan 29.
PubMed 31992061Gallwitz B. Implications of postprandial glucose and weight control in people with type 2 diabetes: understanding and implementing the International Diabetes Federation guidelines. Diabetes Care. 2009 Nov;32 Suppl 2(Suppl 2):S322-5. doi: 10.2337/dc09-S331. No abstract available.
PubMed 19875573Bach-Faig A, Berry EM, Lairon D, Reguant J, Trichopoulou A, Dernini S, Medina FX, Battino M, Belahsen R, Miranda G, Serra-Majem L; Mediterranean Diet Foundation Expert Group. Mediterranean diet pyramid today. Science and cultural updates. Public Health Nutr. 2011 Dec;14(12A):2274-84. doi: 10.1017/S1368980011002515.
PubMed 22166184Josse AR, Kendall CW, Augustin LS, Ellis PR, Jenkins DJ. Almonds and postprandial glycemia--a dose-response study. Metabolism. 2007 Mar;56(3):400-4. doi: 10.1016/j.metabol.2006.10.024.
PubMed 17292730Larson-Meyer DE, Willis KS, Willis LM, Austin KJ, Hart AM, Breton AB, Alexander BM. Effect of honey versus sucrose on appetite, appetite-regulating hormones, and postmeal thermogenesis. J Am Coll Nutr. 2010 Oct;29(5):482-93. doi: 10.1080/07315724.2010.10719885.
PubMed 21504975Gourdomichali T, Papakonstantinou E. Short-term effects of six Greek honey varieties on glycemic response: a randomized clinical trial in healthy subjects. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2018 Dec;72(12):1709-1716. doi: 10.1038/s41430-018-0160-8. Epub 2018 Apr 24.
PubMed 29686412Othman Z, Shafin N, Zakaria R, Hussain NH, Mohammad WM. Improvement in immediate memory after 16 weeks of tualang honey (Agro Mas) supplement in healthy postmenopausal women. Menopause. 2011 Nov;18(11):1219-24. doi: 10.1097/gme.0b013e31821e2044.
PubMed 21926932Gonzalez-Rodriguez M, Pazos-Couselo M, Garcia-Lopez JM, Rodriguez-Segade S, Rodriguez-Garcia J, Tunez-Bastida C, Gude F. Postprandial glycemic response in a non-diabetic adult population: the effect of nutrients is different between men and women. Nutr Metab (Lond). 2019 Jul 17;16:46. doi: 10.1186/s12986-019-0368-1. eCollection 2019.
PubMed 31346341Carroll JF, Kaiser KA, Franks SF, Deere C, Caffrey JL. Influence of BMI and gender on postprandial hormone responses. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2007 Dec;15(12):2974-83. doi: 10.1038/oby.2007.355.
PubMed 18198306
Study at a glance
From the registry record, last updated by the sponsor on 29 May 2026. Recruitment status is as the sponsor reported it: confirm with the study team.
- Official title
- WHNRC (Western Human Nutrition Research Center) Honey Study
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT06107231
- Acronym / sponsor ID
- FL118
- Keywords
- Satiety, Cognition, Cortisol, Glucose, Honey, Nuts, Saliva, Stool
- Study type
- Interventional
- Recruitment status
- Active, not recruiting
- Enrolment
- 58 participants (actual)
- Lead sponsor
- USDA, Western Human Nutrition Research CenterUS federal agency
- Collaborators
- National Honey Board
- Study start
- 16 Jan 2024 (actual)
- Primary completion
- 31 Oct 2025 (actual)
- Study completion
- 30 Oct 2026 (estimated)
- First posted
- 30 Oct 2023 (actual)
- Results
- Not posted in the source record
Clinical summary
The research question as the sponsor registered it. This describes what the study plans to test, not what it found.
The purpose of this research is to compare two snacks, one with honey and nuts and the other with sugar and nuts, on glucose levels before and after eating these snacks.
The investigators hypothesize that honey and nuts will have an additive effect on the reduction of postprandial glucose response. The investigators further hypothesize that consumption of honey paired with nuts will retain the benefit of sugar consumption in satiety and reduction of metabolic stress.
Detailed description
Consuming sugar creates a feeling of satiation, and may buffer metabolic stress. However, prolonged postprandial hyperglycemia has been identified as a potential risk factor in type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Nuts, which are recommended to be consumed as part of a Mediterranean diet, up to 2 servings per day, have been shown to dramatically reduce postprandial glucose response to carbohydrates. Additionally, honey, which is typically used as an added sugar within a Mediterranean diet pattern, has a lower glycemic index than table sugar and may result in a reduced postprandial glucose response relative to other nutritive sweeteners. However, it is not yet known whether honey can work additively with nuts to further reduce postprandial glucose response over the reduction caused by nuts alone.
Honey has been shown to produce equivalent or greater satiety to regular table sugar and there is some indication that honey can improve immediate/working memory. Therefore, combined consumption of honey and nuts may offer a way to maximize the benefits of carbohydrate consumption on satiety and metabolic stress reduction while minimizing its negative effects on metabolism. However, it is not yet known whether sugars contained in the more complex food matrix of honey, consumed together with a food like nuts can impact satiety and metabolic stress in the way that has been observed for sugar.
Study design
- Primary purpose
- Basic science
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Crossover
- Masking
- Double blind (participant, investigator)
- Number of arms
- 2
| Arm | Type | Receives |
|---|---|---|
| Honey alone and honey with almonds, then sucrose alone and sucrose with almonds | Experimental | Other: Honey, Other: Sucrose, Other: Honey plus almonds, Other: Sucrose plus almondsParticipants will be provided honey alone once each day for 3 days, then honey plus almonds for an additional 3 days while wearing a continuous glucose monitor. After a 14 day wash-out, participants will be provided sucrose alone once each day for 3 days, then sucrose plus almonds for an additional 3 days while wearing a continuous glucose monitor. |
| Sucrose alone and sucrose with almonds, then honey alone and honey with almonds | Experimental | Other: Honey, Other: Sucrose, Other: Honey plus almonds, Other: Sucrose plus almondsParticipants will be provided sucrose alone once each day for 3 days, then sucrose plus almonds for an additional 3 days while wearing a continuous glucose monitor. After a 14 day wash-out, participants will be provided honey alone once each day for 3 days, then honey plus almonds for an additional 3 days while wearing a continuous glucose monitor. |
Who may qualify
- Ages
- 18 to 40 years
- Sex
- All
- Healthy volunteers
- Accepted
- Age groups
- Adult
Key inclusion criteria (2 listed)
- Women must be pre-menopausal
- Willing to consume snacks that contain honey, table sugar, and tree nuts
Key exclusion criteria (9 listed)
- Body Mass Index (BMI) <18.5 or >40
- Allergies to tree nuts
- Current medical diagnoses of chronic diseases including cardiovascular or pulmonary diseases, renal diseases, cancer, type 1 or type 2 diabetes, thyroid disease requiring medication, inflammatory or irritable bowel diseases, or those with recent major surgeries
- No individuals who fall in to the vulnerable categories of adults including those unable to consent, pregnant women, children, or prisoners will be eligible for this study
- Routinely taking medications known to affect glucose response.
Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening; this overview does not establish that a patient qualifies. Full inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Interventions
| Intervention | Type | Arms |
|---|---|---|
| HoneyHoney representing 7% of total energy (kilocalorie) needs (40-70 grams) | Other | Honey alone and honey with almonds, then sucrose alone and sucrose with almonds, Sucrose alone and sucrose with almonds, then honey alone and honey with almonds |
| SucroseSucrose representing 7% of total energy (kilocalorie) needs (40-70 grams) | Other | Honey alone and honey with almonds, then sucrose alone and sucrose with almonds, Sucrose alone and sucrose with almonds, then honey alone and honey with almonds |
| Honey plus almondsHoney representing 7% of total energy (kilocalorie) needs (40-70 grams) plus 1 ounce almonds (28 grams) | Other | Honey alone and honey with almonds, then sucrose alone and sucrose with almonds, Sucrose alone and sucrose with almonds, then honey alone and honey with almonds |
| Sucrose plus almondsSucrose representing 7% of total energy (kilocalorie) needs (40-70 grams) plus 1 ounce almonds (28 grams) | Other | Honey alone and honey with almonds, then sucrose alone and sucrose with almonds, Sucrose alone and sucrose with almonds, then honey alone and honey with almonds |
Primary outcome
Change in postprandial glucose response
Time frame: Measured continuously over days 0-8 and 23-31
Interstitial glucose response measured by a continuous glucose monitor
15 secondary outcomes
Change in Self-reported hunger
Time frame: Fasting and 30, 60, and 90 min after consumption of standard breakfast on days 4, 8, 27, and 31
Change in Self-reported fullness
Time frame: Fasting and 30, 60, and 90 min after consumption of standard breakfast on days 4, 8, 27, and 31
Change in Self-reported desire to eat
Time frame: Fasting and 30, 60, and 90 min after consumption of standard breakfast on days 4, 8, 27, and 31
Change in Self-reported satisfaction with snack
Time frame: Fasting and 30, 60, and 90 min after consumption of standard breakfast on days 4, 8, 27, and 31
Change in Self-reported prospective consumption
Time frame: Fasting and 30, 60, and 90 min after consumption of standard breakfast on days 4, 8, 27, and 31
Change in Self-reported nausea
Time frame: Fasting and 30, 60, and 90 min after consumption of standard breakfast on days 4, 8, 27, and 31
Change in Cognitive testing for Spatial Working Memory
Time frame: Days 4, 8, 27, and 31
Change in Cognitive testing for Paired Associates Learning
Time frame: Days 4, 8, 27, and 31
Change in Cognitive testing for Rapid Visual Processing
Time frame: Days 4, 8, 27, and 31
Change in Salivary cortisol
Time frame: Day 0 and 23 fasting only. Days 4, 8, 27, and 31 at fasting, 30, 60 and 90 min after consumption of snack provided in standard breakfast
Assessment of Fasted Salivary Estradiol
Time frame: Days 0, 4, 8, 23, 27,and 31 at fasting only
Assessment of Fasted Salivary Progesterone
Time frame: Days 0, 4, 8, 23, 27,and 31 at fasting only
Change in Stool marker of inflammation
Time frame: Stool collected on study days 0, 4, 8, 23, 27, and 31
Change in Stool bacterial metagenomics
Time frame: Stool collected on study days 0, 4, 8, 23, 27, and 31
Change in Dietary Intake
Time frame: Days 1-3, 5-7, 24-26, and 28-30
Results and safety
This study is still under way. Results are not available in the source record yet.
Research links
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govLast updated by the sponsor 29 May 2026.
- Background: PubMed 14522748Anderson GH, Woodend D. Consumption of sugars and the regulation of short-term satiety and food intake. Am J Clin Nutr. 2003 Oct;78(4):843S-849S. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/78.4.843S.
- Background: PubMed 25879513Tryon MS, Stanhope KL, Epel ES, Mason AE, Brown R, Medici V, Havel PJ, Laugero KD. Excessive Sugar Consumption May Be a Difficult Habit to Break: A View From the Brain and Body. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2015 Jun;100(6):2239-47. doi: 10.1210/jc.2014-4353. Epub 2015 Apr 16.
- Background: PubMed 31992061Virani SS, Alonso A, Benjamin EJ, Bittencourt MS, Callaway CW, Carson AP, Chamberlain AM, Chang AR, Cheng S, Delling FN, Djousse L, Elkind MSV, Ferguson JF, Fornage M, Khan SS, Kissela BM, Knutson KL, Kwan TW, Lackland DT, Lewis TT, Lichtman JH, Longenecker CT, Loop MS, Lutsey PL, Martin SS, Matsushita K, Moran AE, Mussolino ME, Perak AM, Rosamond WD, Roth GA, Sampson UKA, Satou GM, Schroeder EB, Shah SH, Shay CM, Spartano NL, Stokes A, Tirschwell DL, VanWagner LB, Tsao CW; American Heart Association Council on Epidemiology and Prevention Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee. Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics-2020 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2020 Mar 3;141(9):e139-e596. doi: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000000757. Epub 2020 Jan 29.
- Background: PubMed 19875573Gallwitz B. Implications of postprandial glucose and weight control in people with type 2 diabetes: understanding and implementing the International Diabetes Federation guidelines. Diabetes Care. 2009 Nov;32 Suppl 2(Suppl 2):S322-5. doi: 10.2337/dc09-S331. No abstract available.
- Background: PubMed 22166184Bach-Faig A, Berry EM, Lairon D, Reguant J, Trichopoulou A, Dernini S, Medina FX, Battino M, Belahsen R, Miranda G, Serra-Majem L; Mediterranean Diet Foundation Expert Group. Mediterranean diet pyramid today. Science and cultural updates. Public Health Nutr. 2011 Dec;14(12A):2274-84. doi: 10.1017/S1368980011002515.
- Background: PubMed 17292730Josse AR, Kendall CW, Augustin LS, Ellis PR, Jenkins DJ. Almonds and postprandial glycemia--a dose-response study. Metabolism. 2007 Mar;56(3):400-4. doi: 10.1016/j.metabol.2006.10.024.
- Background: PubMed 21504975Larson-Meyer DE, Willis KS, Willis LM, Austin KJ, Hart AM, Breton AB, Alexander BM. Effect of honey versus sucrose on appetite, appetite-regulating hormones, and postmeal thermogenesis. J Am Coll Nutr. 2010 Oct;29(5):482-93. doi: 10.1080/07315724.2010.10719885.
- Background: PubMed 29686412Gourdomichali T, Papakonstantinou E. Short-term effects of six Greek honey varieties on glycemic response: a randomized clinical trial in healthy subjects. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2018 Dec;72(12):1709-1716. doi: 10.1038/s41430-018-0160-8. Epub 2018 Apr 24.
- Background: PubMed 21926932Othman Z, Shafin N, Zakaria R, Hussain NH, Mohammad WM. Improvement in immediate memory after 16 weeks of tualang honey (Agro Mas) supplement in healthy postmenopausal women. Menopause. 2011 Nov;18(11):1219-24. doi: 10.1097/gme.0b013e31821e2044.
- Background: PubMed 31346341Gonzalez-Rodriguez M, Pazos-Couselo M, Garcia-Lopez JM, Rodriguez-Segade S, Rodriguez-Garcia J, Tunez-Bastida C, Gude F. Postprandial glycemic response in a non-diabetic adult population: the effect of nutrients is different between men and women. Nutr Metab (Lond). 2019 Jul 17;16:46. doi: 10.1186/s12986-019-0368-1. eCollection 2019.
- Background: PubMed 18198306Carroll JF, Kaiser KA, Franks SF, Deere C, Caffrey JL. Influence of BMI and gender on postprandial hormone responses. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2007 Dec;15(12):2974-83. doi: 10.1038/oby.2007.355.
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Referral and contact
AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals. Contact the study team or a site listed below; they decide who can take part. This study is not recruiting at the moment.
Mary Kable, PhD principal investigator
USDA, ARS, Western Human Nutrition Research Center
Nancy Keim, PhD principal investigator
USDA, ARS, Western Human Nutrition Research Center
Kevin Laugero, PhD principal investigator
USDA, ARS, Western Human Nutrition Research Center
1 site in 1 country: see every site and its status.
Questions about this trial
What is this clinical trial studying?
A study testing Honey, Sucrose and Honey plus almonds in people with Postprandial Glycemia and Metabolic Stress, run by USDA, Western Human Nutrition Research Center at 1 site in United States.
The full registered description is in the About this study section and the official record.
Who may be eligible to take part?
The sponsor lists 2 inclusion and 9 exclusion criteria. Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening, so read the full criteria and contact a listed site.
Is this clinical trial currently recruiting?
The record says: under way, not looking for participants, as of the sponsor's last update on 29 May 2026. Status can change between updates, so confirm with the study contact before making plans.
Where is the study taking place?
The record lists 1 site in United States. Whether a site is taking part right now should be confirmed with that site. See every site.
What are the possible benefits and risks?
They depend on the study and the treatment, and no study can promise a benefit. The study team explains the known risks during informed consent, before anyone joins; the record itself does not list them.
Are results available for this study?
This study is still under way. Results are not available in the source record yet.
How can a doctor refer a patient or contact the research team?
The record lists no contact. The official record names the sponsor, who can be asked directly. AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals.
What does the primary outcome measure?
Change in postprandial glucose response (time frame: Measured continuously over days 0-8 and 23-31). It is what the study was designed to measure, not a finding.
Where can I read the original study information?
On the ClinicalTrials.gov record for NCT06107231, which also lists 11 linked publications.
Does a listing mean the treatment is approved or proven to work?
No. A listing means the study is registered. It does not show that the treatment is safe, works, or is approved by a regulator.
How often is this information updated?
AzTrials copies changed records from ClinicalTrials.gov every night and reloads the whole registry every week. The sponsor last updated this record on 29 May 2026.