Virtual Reality Program to Reduce Stress in Neonatal Nurses

INTRODUCTION In 2021-2022, there were 368,792 births in Canada, with 83,300 (22.5%) in Quebec (Canada). At the CHU Sainte-Justine, the neonatal intensive care unit admits 869 babies during the 2021-22 period. Out of these, 385 babies (44%) were born prematurely and 484 (56%) were admitted for perinatal issues or congenital pathologies. Some of these babies had to be hospitalized for several weeks or even months after birth.

The complexity of care for this population is well-documented and has consequences for nurses working daily in neonatal care units. Nurses in these units reportedly experience significant work-related stress from various stressors. Given the impact of stress on the performance of healthcare organizations, it becomes imperative for nursing unit managers, to implement measures to help nurses better manage and reduce stress in the workplace. In this context, the use of virtual reality (VR) has proven effective in stress reduction for caregivers by providing a relaxing experience. VR is a technology that simulates the user's presence in a virtual environment, visualized using a three-dimensional immersive screen inside a virtual reality headset.

To date, no studies have been identified proposing an intervention using VR for the stress management of caregivers during working hours.

AIMS \& OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY This pilot study aims to test and evaluate the feasibility, acceptability, and preliminary effects of a virtual reality activity on the stress of nursing staff in the neonatal unit at CHU Sainte-Justine during their breaks.

Objectives:

• Verify the feasibility of the intervention among participants.
• Evaluate the feasibility of the clinical trial.
• Verify the acceptability and satisfaction of nurses and nursing assistants regarding the use of VR.
• Evaluate the preliminary effects of the VR intervention on the stress levels of neonatal intensive care staff.
• Assess the feasibility of the clinical trial.

METHODS

DESIGN This is a crossover clinical trial with randomized sequences. Each participant will serve as their own control, receiving both an experimental treatment sequence (virtual reality) and a control treatment sequence (tablet game). The order of the sequences will be determined randomly. A period with no intervention (Wash out period) is planned between the two sequences to prevent the effect of the first sequence from influencing the second.

SETTING The study will take place in the neonatal intensive care unit at CHU Sainte-Justine, a reference center and one of the six tertiary and quaternary neonatal critical care units in Quebec, Canada.

INTERVENTIONS CONTROL TREATMENT Tablet gaming sessions where participants will be able to choose from several games installed on a tablet dedicated to the project.

EXPERIMENTAL TREATMENT Virtual reality sessions using the therapeutic virtual reality program INSPIRE.

VARIABLES AND MEASUREMENT INSTRUMENTS

STATE-TRAIT ANXIETY INVENTORY (STAI, TRAIT SUBSCALE ONLY) The State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) is a tool used to measure general and habitual anxiety. This scale distinguishes anxiety into emotional response (state subscale) and trait anxiety (trait subscale). Trait anxiety is defined as "relatively stable individual differences in the predisposition to perceive several situations as dangerous or threatening and to respond to these situations with an elevation of situational anxiety". The trait subscale consists of a total of 20 items where participants are asked to indicate, using a four-point Likert scale ("almost never" to "almost always"), how often they experience the mentioned emotional state. For statistical analyses, the scale results will be considered on a total of 80 points. The scores assigned to all 20 items will be summed.

NURSE STRESS SCALE (NSS) The Nurse Stress Scale (NSS) is a tool used to measure nursing stress. This questionnaire measures the frequency and sources of stress experienced by nurses during their work on care units. In this research, version 28 of the tool, consisting of 48 items, will be used. The questionnaire was pre-tested with a cohort of nurses and nursing assistants in the neonatology unit.

A 4-point Likert scale is used to indicate the frequency with which nurses experience stress factors, ranging from "never stressful" to "very often stressful." Nurses also have the option to respond N/A (not applicable) if they have never experienced the stressful item in the neonatal unit. For statistical analyses, the total score of this instrument will be considered. The scores assigned to all 43 items will be summed and then divided by the total number of items. A higher score indicates greater stress. The internal consistency of the NSS is very good (Cronbach's alpha 0.89).

An open-ended question at the end of the questionnaire will be added, asking, "In your opinion, are there other elements related to stress that you experience at work that have not been addressed by the scale and would be important to mention?"

STRESS NUMERICAL RATING SCALE-11 (SNRS-11) The perceived level of immediate stress will also be assessed using the Stress Numerical Rating Scale-11 (SNRS-11). This stress scale is a tool used to measure immediate perceived stress on a scale of 0 to 10.

SALIVARY ALPHA-AMYLASE Salivary alpha-amylase is a physiological measure of the psychosocial stress level of a participant. A decrease (or the same value as at T0 or slightly increased) or an increase between two measurement times indicates a reduction or an increase in the perceived stress level.

SOCIODEMOGRAPHIC AND CONTEXTUAL DATA A sociodemographic questionnaire will be completed by the nurses before their first gaming session. This questionnaire will be useful for describing the sample.

INTERVENTION ACCEPTABILITY AND PARTICIPANT SATISFACTION After their final gaming session, participants will be invited to complete a questionnaire regarding their appreciation of virtual reality, the ease of technology use, the support or obstacles they encountered during their participation, and their overall satisfaction with the intervention.

ANALYSES The analyses will be performed using the statistical analysis software SPSS 29th edition, IBM, Armonk, NY, USA. Descriptive statistics will be used to present sociodemographic and contextual data as well as the satisfaction levels of healthcare professionals. To control for intra- and inter-subject variability, the investigators will use RM-Anova for comparison between different stress measurement times.

The investigators will proceed with a subgroup analysis for the number of years of experience in intensive care, as well as by job title. The investigators will use a significance threshold of 0.05, but considering that this project is a pilot study, they do not aim to verify the effectiveness of VR.

ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS This project was approved by the Research Ethics Board (REB) of CHU Sainte-Justine in Montreal, Canada.